(Luận văn) a contrastive analysis of interpersonal meaning in american and vietnamese sitcoms

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ THANH THẢO lu an va n A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF tn to ie gh INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN AMERICAN AND p VIETNAMESE SITCOMS d oa nl w nf va an lu lm ul MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS z at nh oi z m co l gm @ an Lu n va Binh Dinh - 2019 ac th si MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ THANH THẢO lu an n va tn to ie gh A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF p INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN AMERICAN AND d oa nl w VIETNAMESE SITCOMS nf va an lu Field: lm ul Code: The English Linguistics 22 02 01 z at nh oi z l gm @ Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN THỊ THU HIỀN m co an Lu n va ac th si BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN THỊ THANH THẢO lu an va n PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU NÉT NGHĨA LIÊN tn to p ie gh NHÂN TRONG CÁC BỘ PHIM HÀI KỊCH TÌNH d oa nl w HUỐNG MỸ VÀ VIỆT NAM lu nf va an CHUYÊN NGÀNH: NGÔN NGỮ ANH MÃ SỐ: 22 02 01 z at nh oi lm ul z Người hướng dẫn: PGS.TS NGUYỄN THỊ THU HIỀN m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si I STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that the thesis “A contrastive analysis of interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese sitcoms”, is entirely my original work I have not used any sources other than those listed and identified as references I further declare that I have not submitted this thesis at any other institution in order to obtain a degree Quy Nhon, July 2019 lu an Signature n va to p ie gh tn Nguyễn Thị Thanh Thảo d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Thu Hien for her enthusiastic and continuous support of my thesis and for her patience, encouragement, and immense knowledge Thankfully, it is her dedication that gives me motivation to fulfill this research I am also grateful to my friends for their constant encouragement and their lu help during the period of carrying out the research work an va n Last but not least, my thanks go to my family, my parents and my brother to gh tn for their love, caring, preparing me for my future and supporting me spiritually throughout my life p ie d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si III ABSTRACT This study mainly concentrates on the contrastive analysis of interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese sitcoms based on the framework of systemic functional grammar by M.A.K Halliday Based on eight sitcom episodes of American and Vietnamese, the present study aims at discussing the interpersonal resources realized by mood, modality, and grammatical interpersonal metaphor and identifying the similarities and dissimilarities of interpersonal features in American and Vietnamese sitcom lu conversations The quantitative and qualitative methods were also employed to an Vietnamese sitcoms The outcomes show that although there are differences in n va determine the proportion of the linguistic resources used in American and tn to the ways of expressing mood, modality, and grammatical metaphor, the primary gh p ie similarities between American and Vietnamese sitcoms are providing w information in the communication, showing the attitude, opinion, and oa nl judgement, and expressing the implication of speakers in the interaction through d the interpersonal realizations: Mood, modality, and grammatical metaphor nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si IV TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACT .III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV lu an LIST OF TABLES VI n va LIST OF FIGURES VII tn to CONVENTIONS VIII ie gh CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION p 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the study nl w oa 1.2.1 Aims of the study d 1.2.2 Objectives lu nf va an 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study lm ul 1.5 Significance of the Study z at nh oi 1.6 The Organization of the Study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW z 2.1 Sitcom as a genre @ gm 2.2 Overview of Systemic Functional Grammar l 2.2.1 Mood system 11 m co 2.2.2 Modality System 18 an Lu 2.2.3 Interpersonal grammatical metaphor 21 2.2.4 Perspectives of interpersonal meaning in Vietnamese 22 n va ac th si V 2.3 Previous studies related to the research 24 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 29 3.1 Research method 29 3.2 Data collection 29 3.3 Data analysis 30 3.4 Reliability and Validity 30 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 32 4.1 Mood in ASs and VSs 32 lu 4.1.1 Mood in American sitcoms 32 an 4.1.2 Mood in Vietnamese Sitcoms 41 va n 4.1.3 A comparison of Mood in ASs and VSs 50 gh tn to 4.2 Modality in ASs and VSs 53 p ie 4.2.1 Modality in ASs 53 4.2.2 Modality in VSs 59 oa nl w 4.2.3 A comparison of Modality in ASs and VSs 63 4.3 Interpersonal grammatical metaphor 65 d an lu 4.3.1 Interpersonal grammatical metaphor of mood 66 nf va 4.3.2 Interpersonal grammatical metaphor of modality 73 lm ul CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 81 z at nh oi 5.1 Main findings 81 5.2 Implications 82 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further study 82 z gm @ 5.3.1 Limitations of the study 82 5.3.2 Suggestions for further study 83 l co REFERENCES 84 m APPENDIX IX an Lu APPENDIX XVII n va ac th si VI LIST OF TABLES Table Name of Tables Page Number lu an n va Relation of Mood selection to Mood structure 12 2.2 Speech functions and commodities exchange 16 2.3 Speech function pairs 16 2.4 Speech functions and typical mood of clause 17 2.5 System of types of modality 19 2.6 Modal verbal operators 20 2.7 Modal adjuncts 20 Examples of mood metaphor 21 Expressions of modality in Vietnamese 23 Mood in ASs 32 gh tn to 2.1 2.8 ie p 2.9 The occurrence of interrogative structures in Ass 36 Percentage of affirmative and negative imperative in 39 d oa Proportion of Mood structure in VSs 41 4.5 Distribution of interrogative mood structures in VSs 45 4.6 Distribution of imperative structures in VSs 4.7 Modal operators used in ASs 54 4.8 z at nh oi 48 Modal operators used in VSs 59 4.9 Frequency of metaphor of mood in Ass 66 4.10 Distribution of metaphor of mood in VSs 69 4.11 Frequency of values of metaphor of modality in Ass 74 4.12 Distribution of values of metaphorical modality in VSs 76 z 4.4 lm ul nf va ASs an lu 4.3 nl 4.2 w 4.1 m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si VII LIST OF FIGURES Figure Name of Figures Page Number lu an Metafunctions in relation to field, mode and tenor 4.1 Distribution of full and elliptical declarative in ASs 35 4.2 Distribution of full and elliptical interrogative in ASs 38 4.3 Distribution of full and elliptical imperative in ASs 40 4.4 Proportion of full and elliptical declarative in VSs 44 4.5 Distribution of full and elliptical interrogative structures 47 n va 2.1 tn to in VSs Proportion of full and elliptical imperative structures in 49 VSs p ie gh 4.6 4.7 Frequency of mood in Ass and VSs 50 w Frequency of modality in Ass 53 4.9 Distribution of modal adjunct in ASs 56 4.10 Frequency of modality in VSs 4.11 Proportion of modal adjuncts in VSs 4.12 Distribution of modality in Ass and VSs 4.13 Frequency of values of modal operators in Ass and VSs 65 4.14 Metaphorical mood in Ass and VSs 72 4.15 Distribution of value metaphor of modality in Ass and 79 d oa nl 4.8 lu nf va an 59 62 lm ul 64 z at nh oi z m co l gm @ VSs an Lu n va ac th si xi 41 Robin: (i) No, (ii) Kelly works with the news breakers [The Apartment Ted/Lily/Marshall] (Ted walks out of his room, well-dressed) 42 Lily: (i) Oh, no, Ted, you’re blazer! 43 Ted: (i) What, what, what ? 44 Lily: (i) Somebody spilled gorgeous all over it (ii) Love it! 45 Ted: (i) Thank you 46 Barney: (enters) (i) And his hair was perfect 47 Lily: (i) Hey we're wearing the same shirt! (ii) Oh, no that's just my shirt (iii) reflected in yours lu an 48 Barney: (i) One of the twenty-four similarities between girls and fish is that (ii) they're both attracted to shiny objects (iii) You really never read my blog, you? va n 49 Ted: (i) Alright, Tin-Man, Let's hit it p ie gh tn to 50 Marshall: (i) Alright, well, have fun at your little disco, guys d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si xii RESULT OF ANALYSIS MOOD CHOICE, MODALITY, AND GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN AS-2 lu an Cl# 1/Narrat or 2/Son i i Wh-interrogative: full 3/ Daughter i Declarative: full (+) ii Declarative: full (+) i Declarative: full(+) ii i Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full(+) Mood choice Realization of modality Finite Modal modal adjunct operator Median: inclination Mood adjunct: intensity ie gh tn to 4/Narrat or p 5/Narrat or Minor Metaphorical interrogative Mood adjunct: time Metaphorical modality Declarative: elliptical (+) Imperative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Declarative: full (+) 6/Robin nf va lm ul z Wh-interrogative: full Polar interrogative: full √ √ z at nh oi ii an 10/Ted i i ii i lu 8/Robin 9/Barney d 7/Ted i ii i ii oa nl w ii Gram met Metaphorical modality n va Turn no./ Speaker ii Declarative: full (+) iii Declarative: full (+) Comment Metaphorical adjunct: modality desiderativ e Mood m Declarative: full (+) co i l 11/ Barney gm @ Mood adjunct: time an Lu n va ac th si xiii adjunct: usuality iv 12/Ted i 13/Barne y i 14/ Robin Declarative: full (-) High: probability Metaphorical declarative √ lu Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) ii Declarative: full (+) iii iv Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) i Declarative: elliptical (+) Metaphorical modality Mood adjunct: time an ii i va n 15/Ted p ie gh tn to √ Declarative: full (+) *Non-finite clause Declarative: full (+) Mood adjunct: intensity Mood adjunct: intensity i Declarative: full (+) d oa 17/Barne y nl w 16/Robin ii iii iv i i ii Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: full (+) iii i Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Metaphorical interrogative z Median: probability co l gm @ Median: inclination an Lu Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) m ii i ii Metaphorical modality z at nh oi 22/Narra tor lm ul 21/Narra tor Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: full (+) nf va 20/Robin i an lu 18/ Robin 19/Barne y ii iii i n va ac th si xiv ii Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: elliptical (+) Imperative: full (+) i ii iii 24/Mars hall 25/Lily i 26/Lily i 27/Lily i Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (-) ii Declarative: full (+) iii iv v Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) i Declarative: full (+) lu 23/Claire i Metaphorical modality an Mood adjunct: intensity n va ie gh tn to p 28/Mars hall d oa 29/Lily Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (-) Declarative: full (+) Median: obligation Mood adjunct: probability an lu i Declarative: full (+) ii iii iv Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) v vi vii nf va 30/Mars hall Mood adjunct: probability nl w ii i ii Median: obligation ii iii Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) m co l Declarative: full (+) Mood adjunct: time gm i @ 32/Barne y z i z at nh oi lm ul 31/Ted Imperative: full (+) Imperative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) Low: probability an Lu n va ac th si xv 33/Ted i ii 34/ Robin i ii iii 35/ Ted 36/Robin lu an n va p ie gh tn to 37/Barne y iv i ii i ii iii iv i ii iii iv i 38/Robin √ Declarative: full (+) Median: probability Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) √ Metaphorical declarative Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) i Polar interrogative: full √ co l gm an Lu Mood adjunct: intensity √ m Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) @ Declarative: full (+) √ z i ii Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Declarative: full (+) Imperative: full (+) z at nh oi i ii i i Low: ability lm ul 45/Ted 46/Barne y 47/Lily Declarative: full (+) nf va 44/Lily ii i ii i i Metaphorical modality an 42/Lily 43/Ted Declarative: full (+) lu 40/Barne y 41/Robin i d 39/Ted oa nl w Mood adjunct: degree n va ac th si xvi 48/Barne y 49/Ted 50/Mars hall iii i *Non-finite clause Declarative: full (+) ii iii Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full: tagged (-) i i Imperative: full (+) Imperative: full (+) Mood adjunct: intensity Mood adjunct: usuality Metaphorical imperative lu an n va p ie gh tn to d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si xvii APPENDIX AN EXTRACTED TRANSCRIPT OF VIETNAMESE SITCOM (VS-1) Đức Hạnh: (i) Aiya aiya Đức Minh: (i) dzậy ba? Đức Hạnh: (i) dọp bẻ Đức Minh: (i) Ba chi khó dzậy ba, (ii) đơn giản mà ba Đức Phúc: (i) Mọi người làm dzậy? lu Đức Hạnh: (i) từ từ để đứa cháu dzơ đội hình (ii) anh thơng báo nè an Đức Phúc: (i) Thơng báo dzậy? va n Đức Hạnh: (i) Đứng đội hình đàng hồng coi, (ii) tập sao? gh tn to Đức Hạnh, Đức Minh, Đức Mẫn: Hai ba…Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to you… p ie Đức Phúc: (i) dzậy trời, (ii) đâu phải ngày sinh nhật em đâu (iii) Tự nhiên đem dàn giao hưởng bị lỗi tới chi vậy? w d oa nl 10 Đức Hạnh: (i) Tại ăn mừng phòng mới, (ii) hổng lẽ tui hát gì? (iii) Hổng có mừng phịng hết (iv) Đây hoa nè, (v) nhận an lu 11 Đức Phúc: (i) Vậy anh thích khơng? (ii) để tui đổi phòng cho nf va 12 Đức Hạnh: (i) Thôi bỏ đi, (ii) hưởng nha z at nh oi lm ul 13 Đức Mẫn: (i) Mà phòng đẹp thiệt (ii) Con thấy nội giỏi (iii) Nội sáng tác kiệt tác (iv) Quả nhiên bà nội (v) Đáng lẽ hồi trẻ nội phải làm kiến trúc sư tài ba phải không ba? 14 Đức Hạnh: (i) Nội nấu ăn ngon 15 Đức Phúc: (i) Ông trả lời xàm dzậy z gm @ 16 Đức Hạnh: (i) nghĩ sao, (ii) mẹ làm làm kiến trúc sư (iii) Mẹ có nấu (iv) ăn thơi m co l 17 Đức Phúc: (i) chuyện đứa đừng nói cho đứa trường biết nghe chưa, (ii) xấu hổ an Lu 18 Đức Minh: (i) Trời ơi, khơng nói sớm? (ii) ngun trường hổng biết (iii) bị dzợ đuổi khỏi nhà n va ac th si xviii 19 Đức Phúc: (i) Cái dzụ zậy? (ii) Ai nói? 20 Đức Hạnh: (i) Anh với mẹ khơng nói (ii) Anh với mẹ có ăn (iii) uống thơi 21 Đức Phúc: (i) Em biết rơi (ii) Ai nói? 22 Đức Minh: (i) hông biết 23 Đức Mẫn: (i) Con hông biết 24 Đức Hạnh: (i) có cần tui gọi điện lên hỏi thầy Quyền hiệu trưởng hông? 25 Đức Phúc: (i) Thôi khỏi 26 Đức Hạnh: (i) dzậy? (ii) đâu dzậy? (iii) Ê… lu an [Cảnh trường] n va tn to 27 Cơ Diệu Hiền: (i) đó, tui dạy trường thầy Phúc (ii) chồng Kim Chi mà gh 28 Đức Phúc: (nói với thầy hiệu trưởng) (i) Em chào thầy p ie 29 Cơ Diệu Hiền: (nói chuyện điện thoại) (i) mà biết hông? (ii) tui du học, (iii) tui mướn nhà Kim chi (iv) tui (v) Mà tự nhiên thầy Phúc nói (vi) nhà thầy Phúc,(vii) hai dzợ chồng tranh chấp dzới (viii) Chắc tui phải nhờ tòa giải dzụ (ix) Chời, thầy Phúc hả? (x) Hơi bị tội nghiệp (xi) Giận (xii) dzề nhà mẹ ruột (xiii) Ở nhà kho đó, (xiv) thấy thương chưa? (xv)Tại dzì ba thầy Phúc dzẫn cịn giận thầy Phúc (xvi) dzì dzụ li dị đó, (xvii) tội d oa nl w nf va an lu 30 Đức Phúc: (vỗ tay) (i) Hay 32 Đức Phúc: (i) Tui nói hay mà z at nh oi lm ul 31 Cô Diệu Hiền: (i) bà điên hả? (ii) tự nhiên hai dzợ chồng người ta li dị mà hay bà nội 33 Cô Diệu Hiền: (i) Em xin lỗi thầy Phúc z l gm @ 34 Thầy Quyền hiệu trưởng: (i) Chúc mừng thầy, (ii) tuyển thơng tín dziên, (iii) đưa tin trung thực, (iv) “Hai người chẳng biết làm sao…(v) lẽ gặp mặt, (vi) lẽ làm ngơ” m co 35 Cô Diệu Hiền: (i) Th… thầy Phúc (ii) em xin lỗi thầy an Lu 36 Đức Phúc: (i) Xin lỗi xong hả? (ii) Nhờ cô đó, (iii) thầy Quyền tất người trường biết sống đời tư tui n va ac th si xix 37 Cô Diệu Hiền: (i) E em… khơng có ý đâu thầy 38 Đức Phúc: (i) khơng có ý (ii) mà cịn nói dzậy hả? 39 Cơ Diệu Hiền: (i) Em lựa cột này, (ii) kín đáo rồi, (iii) mà không hiểu (iv) thầy Quyền ngang qua (v) mà nghe được, (vi) dzới lại có thầy Quyền biết thầy, (vii) đâu có biết đâu thầy 40 Đức Phúc: (i) Một thầy Quyền biết, (ii) trường biết 41 Cô Diệu Hiền: (i) Ủa thầy Quyền nhiều chuyện dzậy thầy? 42 Đức Phúc: (i) Cô người nhiều chuyện lu 43 Cô Diệu Hiền: (i) Em xin lỗi thầy Phúc, (ii) mà thầy Phúc ơi, (iii) em hứa (iv) thầy Phúc thầy Quyền đâu thầy an 44 Đức Phúc: (i) đủ va n [Cảnh phòng tập nhạc] p ie gh tn to 45 Kim Chi: (i) Trời ơi, đầu to, mà óc nho dzậy trời? (ii) Nghĩ quài hổng ò (iii) Uiii, đây? (iv) Làm lại lần nữa, (v) dần (vi) Uhmmm sai rồi, (vii) zậy? (viii) không lẽ cách ông trời trừng phạt mình? (ix)Tại dzì bỏ chồng, (x) bỏ con, (xi) số phận hay chứ? (xii) Huhu khơng cam tâm, (xiii) khơng cam tâm d oa nl w nf va an lu z at nh oi lm ul z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si xx RESULT OF ANALYSIS MOOD CHOICE, MODALITY, AND GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN VS-1 lu an va Turn no./ Speaker Cl# 1/Đức Hạnh 2/Đức Minh 3/Đức Hạnh 4/Đức Minh i i i n ii gh tn to i p ie i i Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Imperative: full (+) an Wh-interrogative: elliptical Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: full (-) Wh-interrogative: elliptical nf va m co an Lu Declarative: elliptical (-) Declarative: full (+) Metaphorical interrogative l iv Mood adjunct: probability gm iii @ ii Comment adjunct: evaluative z Declarative: elliptical (+) z at nh oi lm ul i lu i ii iii 10/Đức Hạnh Minor d i ii 9/Đức Phúc Gram met oa nl w ii 7/Đức Phúc 8/Đức Hạnh Realization of modality Finite Modal modal adjunct operator √ i 5/Đức Phúc 6/ Đức Hạnh Mood choice n va ac th si xxi v i 11/Đức Phúc Imperative: full (+) Polar interrogative: full Imperative: full (+) Imperative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: Full (+) ii i 12/Đức Hạnh ii 13/ Đức Mẫn i lu an ii Declarative: full (+) iii Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Low: ability v Declarative: full: tagged High: obligation i Declarative: full (+) n va iv ie gh tn to p 14/ Đức Hạnh Declarative: full (+) d oa nl i i m co l an Lu ii iii Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: full (-) Declarative: full (+) gm i Mood adjunct: intensity @ 18/Đức Minh z ii Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full: tagged Declarative: elliptical (+) z at nh oi 17/Đức Phúc Mood adjunct: intensity lm ul iv nf va ii iii Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (-) Declarative: full (+) an i lu 16/Đức Hạnh Metaphorical modality Mood adjunct: probability Mood adjunct: probability Mood adjunct: intensity Mood adjunct: intensity w 15/ Đức Phúc Mood adjunct: intensity Mood adjunct: intensity n va ac th si xxii 19/ Đức Phúc i Wh-interrogative: full Wh-interrogative: elliptical Declarative: full (-) ii 20/ Đức Hạnh i 21/Đức Phúc ii Declarative: full (+) iii i Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Declarative: full (-) i Declarative: full (-) i ii lu an n va i gh tn to 22/Đức Minh 23/Đức Mẫn 24/ Đức Hạnh 25/Đức Phúc 26/Đức Hạnh Mood adjunct: intensity High: obligation p ie i l gm Comment adjunct: evaluative m co an Lu Declarative: full @ vi z v z at nh oi iv Embedded clause* Declarative: full (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) lm ul iii Mood adjunct: time nf va ii Declarative: full (+) an i √ lu ii i d 28/Đức Phúc 29/Cô Diệu Hiền iii i Imperative: elliptical (-) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Wh-interrogative: full oa nl w i ii 27/Cô Diệu Hiền Metaphorical modality Metaphorical modality Metaphorical interrogative n va ac th si xxiii (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) vii viii ix High: obligation Mood adjunct: probability Declarative: full: tagged Declarative: elliptical (+) x xi Mood adjunct: degree Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Polar interrogative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) xii lu an xiii va n xiv to p ie gh tn xv xvi Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Mood adjunct: intensity i i m co l gm an Lu iii Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) @ ii z i Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) z at nh oi i Comment adjunct: evaluative lm ul 32/Đức Phúc 33/Cô Diệu Hiền 34/Thầy Quyền hiệu trưởng nf va ii an i Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full: tagged Declarative: full (+) lu 30/ Đức Phúc 31/Cô Diệu Hiền d oa nl w xvii Mood adjunct: time n va ac th si xxiv iv Wh-interrogative: full Declarative: elliptical (+) v vi 35/Cô Diệu Hiền Declarative: elliptical (+) √ i ii 36/ Đức Phúc Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical: tagged Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: full (+) i lu ii an n va iii Declarative: full (-) i Declarative: elliptical (-) Declarative: elliptical: tagged Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (-) Embedded clause* Embedded clause* Declarative: full (+) m co l an Lu i gm i @ 41/Cô Diệu Hiền 42/Đức Phúc Declarative: elliptical: tagged Declarative: full (+) Declarative: full (+) Polar interrogative: full Declarative: full (+) z ii Mood adjunct: intensity z at nh oi i lm ul 40/Đức Phúc nf va vii an iv v vi lu iii d ii oa i nl w ii 39/Cô Diệu Hiền Mood adjunct: time i p ie gh tn to 37/Cô Diệu Hiền 38/ Đức Phúc Mood adjunct: probability Mood adjunct: probability n va ac th si xxv 43/Cô Diệu Hiền i Declarative: full (+) √ ii iii Declarative: full (+) Embedded clause* Declarative: elliptical (+) iv i 44/Đức Phúc 45/Kim Chi i Metaphorical interrogative ii Declarative: elliptical (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Wh-interrogative: elliptical iii lu iv an n va v tn to vi p ie gh vii √ Median: probability viii nl w Mood adjunct: Probability xii Declarative: full (+) Declarative: elliptical (+) Polar interrogative: full Declarative: full (-) xiii Declarative: full (-) nf va Metaphorical modality Metaphorical modality z at nh oi lm ul xvii xviii an xi lu x d oa ix Metaphorical interrogative √ √ z m co l gm @ an Lu n va ac th si