(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) a contrastive analysis of friendship related idioms in english and vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI KIM CHUNG A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FRIENDSHIP RELATED IDIOMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Field : English Linguistics Code : 8220201 Supervisor: TRUONG VAN DINH, Ph.D BINH DINH – 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN THỊ KIM CHUNG PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU THÀNH NGỮ BIỂU THỊ TÌNH BẠN TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT Chuyên ngành : Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã số : 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS TRƯƠNG VĂN ĐỊNH download by : skknchat@gmail.com BINH DINH – 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that the present thesis “A contrastive analysis of friendship related idioms in English and Vietnamese” is entirely the result of my own work This paper has not been submitted for any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Binh Dinh, 2021 Nguyễn Thị Kim Chung download by : skknchat@gmail.com ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all people who contributed in some way to the work described in this thesis First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Truong Van Dinh, who has helped me throughout my thesis with his valuable advice, encouragement and generous insightful comments and suggestions Without him, my thesis would not have been completed I am also grateful to all the lecturers of courses for their scholarly knowledge and experience I would also like to thank my dear friends, who supported me a lot during the time I take part in this course Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my family, who have given me their help and encouragement throughout my course and the study of my thesis download by : skknchat@gmail.com iii ABSTRACT This research focused on English and Vietnamese idioms for friendship Under the light of contrastive analysis, the author discover the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms of friendship based on their syntactic and semantic features The data used for analysis in this study were primarily gathered from dictionaries, books, magazines, and other sources It is concluded from an analysis of forms of idioms of friendship in English and Vietnamese that idioms are extremely important in communication Idioms are metaphorical expressions of ideas They add vibrancy and richness to the speakers' speeches This is the reason why the more skillfully a person uses idioms in his conversations, the more effectively he can establish his communicative relationship The thesis findings illustrate some implications for teachers and English learners from the use of linguistic features of idioms related to friendship in English, with a focus on the meanings of English idioms of friendship and a comparative analysis with Vietnamese ones Hopefully, the study will assist students and teachers in avoiding difficulties in translating idioms into Vietnamese and vice versa download by : skknchat@gmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF CHARTS x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Organization of the study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKROUND 2.1 Literature review 2.2 Idioms 2.2.1 Definition of idiom 2.2.2 Idioms denoting friendship 12 2.3 Features of English Idioms 13 2.3.1 Syntactic features 13 2.3.2 Semantic features 18 2.4 Features of Vietnamese idioms 19 download by : skknchat@gmail.com v 2.4.1 Syntactic features 19 2.4.2 Semantic features 22 2.5 Distinction between idioms and proverbs 23 2.5.1 Definition of proverbs 23 2.5.2 Distinction between idioms and proverbs 24 2.6 Culture and the Relationship between Language and Culture 24 2.6.1 Culture 24 2.6.2 Relationship between language and culture 26 CHAPTER METHODS AND PROCEDURES 29 3.1 Research methods 29 3.2 Data collection 30 3.3 Data analysis 30 3.4 Validity and Reliability 30 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 32 4.1 Syntactic and semantic features of idioms denoting friendship in English 32 4.1.1 Syntactic features 32 4.1.2 Semantic features 38 4.2 Syntactic and semantic features of idioms denoting friendship in Vietnamese 42 4.2.1 Syntactic features 43 4.2.2 Semantic features 46 4.3 Similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of idioms in English and Vietnamese 49 4.3.1 Similarities 49 4.3.2 Differences 50 4.4 Similarities and differences in the use of idioms in English and Vietnamese 57 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vi 4.4.1 Similarities 57 4.4.2 Differences 57 4.5 Friendship idioms in practical 57 4.5.1 In teaching 58 4.5.2 In daily life 59 4.5.3 In studying 59 4.5.4 Summary 61 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 63 5.1 Concluding remarks 63 5.2 Limitations of the study 64 5.3 Recommendations for further study 64 REFERENCES 66 APPENDIX download by : skknchat@gmail.com vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Adj : adjective Adj.P : Adjective phrase Adv : adverb EIDF : English idioms denoting friendship e.g : example IDF : Idioms denoting friendship NP : noun phrase Prep : preposition Prep.P : prepositional phrase S : subject V : verb VNIDF : Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship VP : verb phrase download by : skknchat@gmail.com 61 communicating with foreigners In general, it is indispensable for learners to have the cultural background knowledge to help them have a better understanding of idioms Secondly, because the learners have not been familiar with idioms' types, features, and usages in the English language, there should be a list of compulsory courses for undergraduate level in idioms and their functions in spoken and written contexts Learners should use idioms in practising different communicative skills and choose appropriate idioms in specific contexts Also, learners have attempted to rely on their first language to find out the meanings of unfamiliar idioms by looking for similar expressions in their first language Thirdly, students should be offered the context to enhance the interpretation of idioms denoting friendship Learning EIDF in a meaningful context is more effective than learning isolated items through memorization and drilling Besides, learners should employ knowledge about history, culture and customs related to the idioms in the process of dealing with English idioms denoting friendship In other words, learners should realize the usefulness and necessity of learning and applying idioms and English idioms denoting friendship Using English idioms denoting friendship in communication inspires confidence in students and language users 4.5.4 Summary In short, the conclusions of this chapter are as follows Firstly, some phrasal structures of IDF in English and Vietnamese are analyzed to draw some typical idioms in terms of syntax in the two languages Secondly, a statistical summary of syntactic features of English and Vietnamese IDF has been shown Thirdly, this chapter also illustrates semantic fields of friendship download by : skknchat@gmail.com 62 in both languages, which are also handled to help us understand the meaning transfer of natural language like idioms Furthermore, the similarities and differences of IDF in English and Vietnamese have been proposed to provide an overall understanding of idioms in two languages Lastly, some possible implications are also suggested for teachers and learners to help them teach and learn English idioms in general and idioms denoting friendship in particular better and more effectively download by : skknchat@gmail.com 63 CHAPTER CONCLUSION In this chapter, the author presents a brief review of what has been studied Then, the limitations of the study and some suggestions for further studies will also be mentioned 5.1 Concluding remarks The study focuses on the fundamental ideas and various perspectives on the structural and semantic characteristics of the Vietnamese and English idioms on friendship in order to identify similarities and differences in both languages In terms of syntactic, both English and Vietnamese idioms on friendship can be constructed by phrase structures, including noun, verb, and adjective phrases However, English idioms on friendship have some particular structures and vice versa Firstly, English idioms have their prepositional phrase structures and sentence structures, which are not present in Vietnamese idioms Secondly, VNIDF has parallel structures that not belong to EIDF In terms of semantic, the English and Vietnamese IDF have the same four types of meaning: affection, solidarity and ties, loyalty, and sharing and understanding Nevertheless, there are some distinctions between English and Vietnamese Some English idioms about friendship have agreement and conflict, forgiveness, choice, happiness, and indifference VNIDF, on the other hand, has betrayal meanings Interestingly, some English idioms have Vietnamese equivalents, demonstrating that English and Vietnamese speakers see the world in different ways However, the images chosen to refer to the same subject differ in the two languages We can tell the difference between idioms based download by : skknchat@gmail.com 64 on their structure and meaning As a result, people can learn more about the lives and cultures of English and Vietnamese speakers To summarize, the research accomplished the following objectives: determining the syntactic and semantic characteristics of idioms related to friendship in English and Vietnamese and finding out the similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of friendship idioms in English and Vietnamese The study's overall goal was to discover IDF's syntactic and semantic features in English and Vietnamese The study presents and resolves two research questions about the similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic characteristics of idioms related to friendship in English and Vietnamese 5.2 Limitations of the study The thesis investigates syntactic features and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship Although the author has made the best research efforts, it is obvious that there are some unavoidable limitations Firstly, the study focuses on the syntactic and semantic features rather than idioms' cultural and pragmatic features denoting friendship Moreover, under the constraint of ability, the researcher was able to compare idioms under some criteria, which may not be adequate for a thorough understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences Due to the limitation of time and reference materials and the constraints faced by the researcher, the research comes to an end However, the author hopes that the serious work had well served the research questions to contribute to the rich collection of other previous studies in the same area 5.3 Recommendations for further study This research focuses only on studying idioms' semantic and syntactic download by : skknchat@gmail.com 65 features denoting friendship in English and Vietnamese Therefore, there will be some topics left for further research:  An investigation into cultural features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship  An investigation into the pragmatic features of English and Vietnamese idioms denoting friendship download by : skknchat@gmail.com 66 REFERENCES English: Ammer, C (2003) The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Baker, M (1992) In other words: A coursebook on translation London and New York: Routledge Bell, R T (1974a) Translation and translating: theory and practice Bell, R T (1974b) Translation and translating: theory and practice London: Longman Group, Print Broukal, M (1994) Idioms for everyday uses National textbook company/ Contemporary Publishing Group, Inc Cacciari, Cristina, & Tabossi, P (1988) Comprehension of Idioms Journal of Memory and Language, 668–683 Carter, R (1985) Vocabulary: Applied Linguistics Perspectives (2nd edin) London and New York: Routledge Chang, C (2006) Idiomatic expressions in English: a textual analysis Cowie, A P., & Mackin, R (1983) Oxford dictionary of current idiomatic English (English Id, Vol 2) London: Oxford University Press Cristina Cacciari, & Patrizia Tabossi (1988) Comprehension of Idioms Journal of Memory and Language, 668–683 Cruse (1987) Idioms in terms of syntax and semantics Culicover, P., & Jackendoff, R (2005) Simpler syntax Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Dean, C (1994) Illustrated American Idioms United State Information AgencyWashington D.C.20547 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 67 Domıngueza, P J C., & Nerlich, B (2002) False friends: their origin and semantics in some selected languages Everaert, M., Linden, E.-J van der, Schreuder, R., & Schenk, A (1995) Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives Fellbaum, C (2007) Idioms and Collocations: Corpus based Fernado, & Flavell (1981) On Idiom: Critical Views and Perspectives Fraser (1970a) Idioms within a Transformational Grmamar Fraser, B (1970b) Foundations of language 6, 22–42 Gairns, R., & Redman, S (2011) Idioms and Phrasal Verbs: Advanced Geertz, C (1973) The interpretation of cultures New York: Basic Books Glucksberg, S (2001) Understanding figurative language: From metaphors to idioms Oxford: Oxford University Press Hoang Thi Nhung (2011) A study of idioms containing terms for plants in English and Vietnamese M.A Thesis in the English language, University of Da Nang Hoang Van Hanh (2004) A study on Vietnamese Iidioms Jackendoff, R (1997) The architecture of the language faculty Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Jonathan, C (1995) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Oxford: Oxford University Press Kramsch, C (2000) Language and Culture Oxford: Oxford University Press Kunin, A V (2006) Comprehensive English – Russia phraseological Dictionary Moscow: Moscow Higher school publishing house Le Thi Hong (2011) English and Vietnamese idioms of comparison Ho Chi download by : skknchat@gmail.com 68 Minh University of Education Lockwood, D (2002) Syntactic analysis and description: A constructional approach London: Continuum Makkai (1972) Idiom Structure in English Mccullough, C (2003) The Thorn Birds HarperCollins Publishers, Inc Mitchell, M (1936) Gone With the Wind Houghton Mifflin Harcourt USA Mollanazar, H (2004) Principles and Methodology of Translation Tehran: SAMT Newmark, P (1988) Approaches to Translation Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd Nguyen Quang (1998) Intercultural Communication Vietnam National University, Hanoi College of Foreign Languages Press Nguyen Thi Kim Anh (2017) A study on idioms denoting social relationships in Vietnamese and English from the perspectives of cognitive linguistics Nguyen Thi Mong Cam (2012) An investigation into English and Vietnamese idioms related to love and marriage M.A Thesis in the English language, University of Da Nang Nida, E., & C Taber (1964) The theory and practice of translation Leiden, E.J Brill O’Dell, F., & McCarthy, M (2005) English Collocations in Use Intermediate O’Dell, F., & McCarthy, M (2010) English idioms in use advanced Cambrigde University press O’Dell, F., & McCarthy, M (2010) English phrasal verb in use download by : skknchat@gmail.com 69 Ortony, A., Schallert, D L., Reynolds, R E., & Antos, S J (1978) Interpreting Metaphors and Idioms: Some Effects of Context on Comprehension University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 456 – 475 Radford, A (2004) English syntax: An introduction Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Riemsdijk, H van, & Kenesei, I (2013) Syntax of Dutch Adjectives and Adjective Phrases Routledge (2002) English Grammar Seidl, J., & Mc Mordie, W (1978) English idioms and how to use them Oxford University Press Sweet, H (1971) The Indispensable Foundation: A Selection from the Writings of Henry Sweet Oxford University Press Tkatchuk, & Tetyana (2005) Idioms Inside Out: Money in English Idioms In Brno Studies in English Brno: Masarykova univerzita Tran Ngoc Que Chau (2011) A study of idioms denoting family in English and Vietnamese M.A Thesis in the English language, University of Da Nang Tylor, & Burnett, E (1871) Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom Tytler, A F (1907) Essay on the Principles of Translation London: J M Dent & co.; New York, E P Dutton & co Venuti, L (2001) The Translation Studies Reader Routledge-London and New York Vinogradov, V V (1977) Fundamentals of General Linguistics Moscow: download by : skknchat@gmail.com 70 Moscow Higher school publishing house Vo Ngoc Anh (2012) An investigation into English and Vietnamese idioms containing words denoting mental M.A Thesis in the English language, University of Da Nang Yule, G (2015) Grammar for advanced level Vietnamese: Cù Đình Tú (1997) Phong cách học đặc điểm tu từ tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Đà Nẵng Diệp Quang Ban (1998) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt Diệp Quang Ban (2002) Ngữ pháp Việt Nam Đái Xuân Ninh (1978) Hoạt động từ tiếng Việt NXB KHXH, Hà Nội Hồ Lê (2003) Vấn đề cấu tạo từ tiếng việt đại Lã Thành (1988) Tữ điển thành ngữ Anh - Việt Lương Văn Đang (1978) Thành ngữ Tiếng Việt NXB KHXH, Hà Nội Nguyễn Đình Hùng (2002) Tuyển tập thành ngữ, tục ngữ, ca dao Việt Nam Anh thơng dụng NXB Hồ Chí Minh Nguyễn Đức Dân (1986) Ngữ nghĩa thành ngữ tục ngữ, vận dụng Ngôn ngữ (3) Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1975) Về khái niệm thành ngữ tiếng Việt Ngôn ngữ (3) Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1985) Từ vựng học tiếng Việt NXB Đại Học Trung học chuyên nghiệp Nguyễn Trung Dũng (1997) Thành ngữ Anh-Việt - The Oxford Dictionaries NXB Thanh Hóa Nguyễn Văn Tu (1978) Từ vốn từ tiếng việt đại download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.1 APPENDIX English A friend at court (2) 21 To get on swimmingly (3) To be on the same page (4) 22 Make friends (1) A shoulder to cry on (6) 23 To know someone inside out (3) Birds of a feather (3) 24 To make strange bedfellows (1) Bosom friends (1) 25 To move in the same circles (4) Fair-weather friend (2) 26 To look out for you (4) Featherd friends (2) 27 Speak the same language (6) Friend-zone (1) 28 Two peas in a pod (6) Close-knit (4) 29 Stab someone in the back (6) 10 Friends in high places (2) 30 Lose your touch (4) 11 Strike up a friendship (4) 31 To be closefisted (4) 12 Get on like a house on fire (2) 32 Side by side (6) 13 As thick as thieves (4) 33 Man’s best friend (2) 14 To be joined at the hip (3) 34 Cross someone’s path (6) 15 The more merrier (6) 35 New one in, old one out (6) 16 Build bridges (6) 36 Share sb’s sorrow and mirth (6) 17 To bury the hatchet (3) 37 Open one’s heart to sb (3) 18 To hit it off (1) 38 Friendship is the wine of life (1) 19 To get on famously (3) 39 With open arms (3) 20 To clear the air (3) 40 Behind someone’s back stab (2) download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.2 41 Read somebody like a book (6) 56 A man is known by his friend (6) 42 A friend in need is a friend 57 Friendship is love with indeed (1) understanding (1) 43 A friend of Dorothy (1) 58 Hold someone at arm’s length (3) 44 Friend or foe (3) 59 Keep someone at arm’s length (3) 45 Be in the same boat (3) 60 Stick to one’s last (6) 46 A good friend is like a like 61 A friend at hand is better than a four-leaf clover (1) relative at s distance (1) 47 45 Lend your money and lose 62 Strangers are just friends waiting your friend (4) to happen (1) 48 Bosom buddy (2) 63 Make your enemy your friend (6) 49 Be slow in choosing a friend 64 A friend to all is a friend to but slower in changing him (6) none (6) 50 Fast friends (2) 65 To see eye to eye with someone (4) 51 Friends are thieves of time (1) 66 Flexible friend (2) 52 Count your age by friends, not 67 The sparrow near a school sings years (3) the primer (6) 53 Friendship that flames goes out 68 False friends are worse than open in a flash (4) enemies (4) 54 A sweet friendship refreshes the 69 Slow in choosing a friend but souls (6) slower in changing him (3) 55 A friend’s eye is a good 70 Short reckonings make long mirror (1) friends (1) download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.3 Vietnamese Bạn nối khố (7) 22 Quý vàng (6) Chọn bạn mà chơi (7) 23 Dốc bầu tâm (6) Tứ hải giai huynh đệ (7) 24 Như môi với (7) Có chung tiếng nói (6) 25 Như hình với bóng (7) Có nới cũ (7) 26 Cho vay bạn (6) Giàu đổi bạn, sang đổi bạn (6) 27 Làm bạn bạn (7) Giàu bạn, sang vợ (6) 28 Học thầy khơng tày học bạn (7) Trọng tình trọng nghĩa (6) 29 Chia sẻ bùi (6) Ăn chọn nơi, chơi chọn bạn (7) 30 Giống hai giọt nước (6) 10 Chim bay có bạn (7) 31 Một ngựa đau tàu bỏ cỏ (7) 11 Kết thù thành bạn (6) 32 Tình bạn mối duyên trời cho (5) 12 Qua cầu rút ván (6) 33 Vàng tìm vàng làm bạn (6) 13 Sống chết có (5) 34 Quân sư quạt mo (6) 14 Bớt thù thêm bạn (5) 35 Bạn bè nghĩa tương tri (6) 15 Cạn tình cạn nghĩa (5) 36 Chọn bạn mà chơi, chọn nơi mà (6) 16 Cùng hội thuyền (6) 37 Bạn bè xấu khiến ta khôn (6) 17 Ân đoạn nghĩa tuyệt (5) 38 Thân cắn đau (5) 18 Chín bỏ làm mười (6) 39 Ở chọn nơi, chơi chọn bạn (7) 19 Kề vai sát cánh (7) 40 Càng đông vui (6) 20 Dĩ hòa vi quý (6) 41 Có có lại toại lịng (5) 21 Thêm bạn bớt thù (5) 42 Có chúng, có bạn (7) download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.4 43 Tham vàng bỏ nghĩa (5) 57 Bn có bạn, bán có phường (8) 44 Thay lòng đổi (6) 58 Kẻ thù kẻ thù bạn (6) 45 Sống chết có (6) 59 Ăn mâm, nằm chiếu (7) 46 Trong hoạn nạn rõ bạn 60 Gần mực thời đen, gần đèn thời chân tình (6) sáng (7) 47 Đã bạn, mãi bạn (6) 61 Tình bạn nghĩa tương thân (5) 48 Vạch áo cho người xem lưng (5) 62 Gá nghĩa anh em (7) 49 Thân hóa lờn (7) 63 Xem bạn biết nết người (6) 50 Tình bạn dễ đến dễ (6) 64 Thương chấy cắn đôi (5) 51 Tin bạn vợ (6) 65 Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã (7) 52 Đồng cam cộng khổ (6) 66 Thân bằng, cố hữu (7) 53 Trong hoạn nạn biết bạn 67 Bán anh em xa mua láng giềng tốt (6) gần (7) 54 Làm ơn nên ốn, làm bạn thiệt 68 Trong khốn khó biết bạn (7) tốt (6) 55 Đồng tương ứng, đồng khí 69 Lắm kẻ yêu nhiều người tương cầu (6) ghét (6) 56 Thua trời vạn khơng 70 Đi bn có bạn, bán thua bạn ly (7) (7) (1) Angus Stevenson Oxford Dictionary of English (2) Christine Ammer (1997) Dictionary of Idioms (3) Judith Siefring Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (4) Jennifer Seidl & W McMordie English Idioms download by : skknchat@gmail.com AP.5 (5) Le Thi Hong (2011) English and Vietnamese idioms of comparison Ho Chi Minh University of Education (6) Nguyen Dinh Hung (2002) Tuyển tập thành ngữ, tục ngữ, ca dao Việt –Anh thông dụng (7) Nguyễn Lân (2014) Từ điển thành ngữ, tục ngữ Việt Nam NXB Văn Học download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... structures in English and Vietnamese IDF Statistical analysis of syntactic features of English and Vietnamese IDF Statistical analysis of semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms download by... syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese friendship – related idioms? ?? and “find out similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese friendship- related. .. contrastive analysis of friendship related idioms in English and Vietnamese? ?? such as: “An download by : skknchat@gmail.com investigation into syntactic and semantic features of idioms denoting work in English