(LUẬN án TIẾN sĩ) development of commercial agriculture in laos a case study of savannakhet province

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY

 PHOUTHALATH XAYYALATH DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN LAO PDR: A CASE STUDY OF SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE PHD DISSERTATION IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANOI, 2022 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY

 PHOUTHALATH XAYYALATH DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN LAO PDR: A CASE STUDY OF SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE Specialization: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Specialization Code: 9620115 PHD DISSERTATION Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr VU THI MINH HANOI, 2022 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat i DECLARATION I have read and understood the University’ policy on plagiarism I hereby declare on my honor that this PhD dissertation is my own work and does not violate the guidelines on good academic practices PhD Student Phouthalath Xayyalath TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ABBREVIATION vi LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES ix INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the dissertation Research objectives 2.1 Overall objective .3 2.2 Specific objectives .3 2.3 Research questions 3 Research scopes 3.1 Scope of contents of the study 3.2 Scope of area and timing of study .4 Key findings of the research Dissertation structure CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Literature Review .7 1.1.1 Research results of commercial agriculture in the world .7 1.1.2 Research results on commercial agriculture in Laos 18 1.1.3 The gaps for this research .20 1.2 Research methodology 21 1.2.1 Research approaches 21 1.2.2 Data collection methods .27 1.2.3 Data analysis methods 30 CHAPTER THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES ON DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 31 2.1 Related definitions and concepts .31 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat iii 2.1.1 Definition of agriculture .31 2.1.2 Definition of commercial agriculture 31 2.1.3 Definition of development of commercial agriculture 33 2.2 Characteristics of commercial agriculture .34 2.3 Role of development of commercial agriculture 35 2.4 Contents of development of commercial agriculture 37 2.4.1 The formation of areas of specialization agriculture and the development of cash crops and livestock production .37 2.4.2 Development of different types of agricultural production organizations 38 2.4.3 Development of linkage & cooperation in supply chains of agricultural products 39 2.4.4 Increase in eficiency of commercial agriculture 41 2.5 Main indicators of development of commercial agriculture 41 2.6 Main factors influencing development of commercial agriculture 42 2.6.1 Legal policy system for commercial agriculture 42 2.6.2 Demand of agro-products and competitive advantages in agricultural markets 42 2.6.3 Human resources in agricultural sector and related sectors 43 2.6.4 Sources of investment capital and credit 44 2.6.5 Development of agricultural extension network 44 2.6.6 The coordinaiton among concerned stakeholders in agricultural value chains 44 2.6.7 Natural conditions and natural resources .44 2.7 International and domestic experiences in developing commercial agriculture .45 2.7.1 Several international experiences 45 2.7.2 Experiences of several provinces in developing commercial agriculture 61 2.7.3 Lessons for Savanakhet province in development of commercial agriculture 71 CHAPTER CURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE, LAO PDR 73 3.1 Overview of Savannakhet province 73 3.1.1 Natural conditions 73 3.1.2 Social and economic conditions 74 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat iv 3.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Savanakhet province in development of commercial agriculture 75 3.2 Curent development of commercial agriculture in Savanakhet province 76 3.2.1 Development of specialized cultuvating areas and cash crops in the 20112020 period .76 3.2.2 Development of production organization models in the last 10 years 87 3.2.3 Development of linkage and cooperation within agricultural suppy chains in the last 10 years 91 3.2.4 Efficiency of commercial agriculture development in Savanakhet province 100 3.3 Factors influencing development of commercial agriculture in Savanakhet 108 3.3.1 Improvement of state and provincial policies of encouraging development of cash crops to increase farmers’ income 108 3.3.2 Increase in market demand for agricultural products 110 3.3.3 Qualifications of human resource in agricultural sector .111 3.3.4 Increase of investment and credits in the agricultural sector and rural development 112 3.3.5 Development of agricultural extension network and services 115 3.3.6 Cooperation among partners in agricultural value chains 117 3.3.7 Change of natural conditions and diseases 119 3.4 General evaluation on developemt of commercial agriculture in the province 120 3.4.1 Achievements and causes 120 3.4.2 Shortages and causes 121 CHAPTER SUGESSTED SOLUTIONS TO SPEED UP DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE 124 4.1 Forecasted contexts for commercial agriculture development in the province .124 4.1.1 Opportunities for development of commercial agriculture in the province .124 4.1.2 Challenges to develop commercial agriculture in comming years 126 4.1.3 Orientation for agricultural development in Savannakhet to the year 2025 and vission to 2030 .128 4.2 Recommended solutions to speed up the development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province 131 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat v 4.2.1 Concretize and effectively implement policies for agricultural and economic development especially investment attraction policy 131 4.2.2 Promote development and widen application of science and technology advances and standards to agricultral production .133 4.2.3 Improve skills of farmers through education and agricultural extention systems133 4.2.4 Encourage cooperation to develop the linkages within agricultural value chains 134 4.2.5 Promote stakeholder participation in various forums to improve models of contract agriculture system 135 4.2.6 Continue to improve agricultural and rural infrastructure in the province 137 4.2.7 Expand markets for local agricultural products 137 4.2.8 Strengthening local capacity to prevent natural harzads and adapt to climate change 138 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 139 LIST OF WORKS THAT THE PHD CANDIDATE HAS PUBLISHED 141 REFERENCE 142 APPENDIX 152 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat vi ABBREVIATION 7th NEADEP 7th National Economic and Social Development Plan 8th NEADEP 8th National Economic and Social Development Plan ACMECS Ayeyawady Chao Phraya Mekong Economics Cooperation Strategy ADB ASEAN Development Bank AFTR Asean Free Trade Areas APB Agriculture Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATIGA ASEAN Trades in Goods Agreement CARD Commercial Agriculture and Rural Development CF Contract Farming DCAP Development of Commercial Agricultural Production DOAF District Office of Agriculture and Forestry FDI Foreign Direct Investments GDP Gross domestic product GOL Government of Lao Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LDB Lao Development Bank LDD Land Developmetn Department LPRP Lao People’s Revolutionary Party MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Department MDGs Millennium Development Goals MOA Ministry Of Agriculture NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NEM New Economic Mechamism TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat vii NEW National Econimics University ODA Official Development Assistance PCPP Promotion of Commodity Production Program PDAF Provice Department of Agriculture anfd Forestry REDD Reduced Emission from Deforestation an Forest Degradation SAFD Savannakhet Agriculture and Forestry Department SPS Sanitary and Phyto Sanitary TBT Technical Barriers to Trade UNDB United Nations Development Business UNDP United Nationals Statistical Development Program USD US Dollar USDA United States Department of Agriculture VND Vietnamese Dong WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organization TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat viii LISTOF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Logical framework for the research on Development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province 26 Figure 1.2 Map of study areas of three Districts in Savannakhet Province 28 Figure 2.1 Production cost of cane sugar in 2015 46 Figure 2.2 Yield of processed sugar calculated per hectare of harvested sugarcane 47 Figure 2.3 Production cost of sugar and purchase price of sugarcane 49 Figure 2.4 Structure of world sugarcane production costs 49 Figure 2.5 Sugar cane procurement into the production process of sugar mill operator 56 Figure 2.6 The Role of the Chief Quota sugarcane 57 Figure 2.7 Benefit allocation pattern of Thai cane and sugar industry 58 Figure 2.8 Share of sugar imports by China, Indonesia and Malaysia .60 Figure 2.9 Allocation and cultivating areas of main crops in Lao PDR 64 Figure 2.10 Laos’ agricultural export in total export during 2012-2018 .68 Figure 3.1 Wet Season paddy production in Savannakhet 79 Figure 3.2 Dry paddy production in Savannakhet 79 Figure 3.3 Wet and Dry Season Paddy production in Savannakhet 80 Figure 3.4 Cash crops production in Savannakhet .82 Figure 3.5 Sugarcane production in Savannakhet 83 Figure 3.6 Cassava production in Savannakhet 84 Figure 3.7 Watermelon production in Savannakhet 85 Figure 3.8 Banana production in Savannakhet .85 Figure 3.9 Structure of main cash crops in terms of prodution value in 2020 .86 Figure 3.10 Percentage of types of agriculture products exported in 2011-2020 104 Figure 3.11 Growth rate of Savannakhet’s Gross.Domestic Product (%) .106 Figure 3.12 GDP per Capita in the period of 2011-2020 (USD/Capita/Year) 107 Figure 3.13 Economic structure of Savannakhet in 2016, 2020 and Plan 2020 108 Figure 3.14 Better education results in higher labor productivity 112 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 156 C: Output Calculation detail from SPSS program Frequency Table Districts Frequency Percent Valid Xaibouly Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 120 40.0 40.0 40.0 Outhomphone 90 30.0 30.0 70.0 Adsaphone 90 30.0 30.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total Gender Frequency Valid Male Female Total Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent 234 78.0 78.0 78.0 66 22.0 22.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Age Frequency Percent Valid Under 30 years old Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 29 9.7 9.7 9.7 31 to 40 year old 87 29.0 29.0 38.7 41 to 50 year old 114 38.0 38.0 76.7 51 year old over 70 23.3 23.3 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 157 Education Level Valid Percent Frequency Percent Valid Illiterate Cumulative Percent 96 32.0 32.0 32.0 Primary School 84 28.0 28.0 60.0 Secondary School 66 22.0 22.0 82.0 High School 39 13.0 13.0 95.0 Diploma 15 5.0 5.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total Member of Household Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Less than people 27 9.0 9.0 9.0 to people 171 57.0 57.0 66.0 More than people 102 34.0 34.0 100.0 Total 300 100.0 100.0 Main Activities for Income Frequency Percent Valid Crops Cultivation Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 165 55.0 55.0 55.0 Livestock 60 20.0 20.0 75.0 Fishery 18 6.0 6.0 81.0 Trade 13 4.3 4.3 85.3 Service 11 3.7 3.7 89.0 General labor 24 8.0 8.0 97.0 Forest product 3.0 3.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 158 Period of Contract farming Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid to years 201 67.0 67.0 67.0 to years 72 24.0 24.0 91.0 to 11 years 27 9.0 9.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total Distance between Farm and Sugar Factory Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid Less than 10 km 129 43.0 43.0 43.0 11 to 20 km 69 23.0 23.0 66.0 21 to 30 km 57 19.0 19.0 85.0 More than 30 km 45 15.0 15.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 159 Descriptives DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Toatal_A /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std .Deviation A1 300 4.71 606 A2 300 4.65 655 A3 300 4.18 728 A4 300 3.98 814 A5 300 4.44 899 A6 300 4.66 668 A7 300 3.85 728 Toatal_A 300 3.43 5.00 4.3529 29358 Valid N (listwise) 300 DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 Toatal_B /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std .Deviation D1 300 4.76 532 D2 300 4.62 705 D3 300 4.15 573 D4 300 4.67 602 D5 300 3.91 1.236 D6 300 3.32 928 D7 300 4.04 906 Toatal_D 300 3.00 4.86 4.2100 32764 Valid N (listwise) 300 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 160 D: Commercial Agriculture Crops Production in Savannakhet Province Paddy Yield Dry Season Year Harvested Arae 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total Average Max Min (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 29,469 132,022 4.48 31,286 138,190 4.42 31,286 138,915 4.44 28,548 140,958 4.94 29,770 145,336 4.88 27,783 149,811 5.39 29,270 151,800 5.19 28,000 155,740 5.56 26,060 165,000 6.33 29,145 167,545 5.75 290,617 1,485,317 51 29061.7 148531.7 5.14 31,286 167,545 6.33 26,060 132,022 4.42 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 161 Sugarcane Production Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 12,985 795,200 61.24 2012 13,850 849,070 61.30 2013 13,714 854,830 62.33 2014 13,990 876,960 62.68 2015 14,565 910,110 62.49 2016 15,230 950,155 62.39 2017 15,695 987,525 62.92 2018 15,595 978,925 62.77 2019 15,540 983,525 63.29 2020 15,600 989,064 63.40 Total 146,764 9,175,364 624.82 Average 14676.4 917536.4 62.48 Max 15,695 989,064 63.40 Min 12,985 795,200 61.24 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province 162 Cassava Production Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 4,472 109,865 24.57 2012 4,572 115,865 25.34 2013 4,891 129,950 26.57 2014 5,120 140,269 27.40 2015 5,270 145,365 27.58 2016 5,270 156,460 29.69 2017 5,981 167,460 28.00 2018 6,015 197,575 32.85 2019 7,930 239,929 30.26 2020 8,636 269,380 31.19 Total 58,157 1,672,118 283 Average 5815.7 167211.8 28.34 Max 8,636 269,380 32.85 Min 4,472 109,865 24.57 Watermelon Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 3,189 28,500 8.94 2012 3,289 29,606 9.00 2013 3,305 30,825 9.33 2014 3,885 32,455 8.35 2015 3,929 33,025 8.41 2016 3,880 39,995 10.31 2017 3,949 43,110 10.92 2018 4,130 45,920 11.12 2019 4,363 46,995 10.77 2020 4,577 50,015 10.93 Total 38,496 380,446 98 Average 3849.6 38044.6 9.81 Max 4,577 50,015 11.12 Min 3,189 28,500 8.35 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province (LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province(LUAN.an.TIEN.si).development.of.commercial.agriculture.in.laos.a.case.study.of.savannakhet.province