INTRODUCTION
Chapter Overview
This introductory chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the thesis, starting with the rationale behind the research and its primary objectives It delineates the subject matter and scope of the study while highlighting its contributions to the field The chapter concludes with a structured outline of the thesis, providing readers with a clear understanding of its organization.
Rational of the Study
Tourism has emerged as one of the fastest-growing industries worldwide over the past few decades, significantly contributing to the economies of many developing countries This sector serves as a vital source of income, generating substantial revenue through tourist spending on local goods and services.
According to the UNWTO (2017), tourism represents 30% of global service trade and 7% of total goods and services exports This sector also creates significant employment opportunities across various industries, including construction, agriculture, and telecommunications, with one in every eleven jobs linked to tourism Consequently, the tourism industry generates an impressive USD 1.5 trillion in export earnings (UNWTO, 2017).
Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) is a vital industry in Cambodia, significantly contributing to the country's economy Prior to the pandemic, over 50% of tourists visited cultural and heritage sites, highlighting the importance of CHT as a key tourism resource (MOT, 2019) Over the past two decades, CHT has been essential for equitable growth and poverty reduction, with the poverty rate decreasing from 100% in 1979 to just 11% in 2019 The sustained economic growth, coupled with peace and stability, has created opportunities for improved living standards, underscoring the substantial role of CHT in Cambodia's development.
The rapid growth of tourism, particularly in the context of Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT), raises concerns among experts about its potential negative impacts It is crucial to remain vigilant to ensure that heritage sites do not suffer as a result of tourism development CHT presents a dual aspect: while it can drive economic growth, create jobs, and generate revenue for local regions, it also forces cultural destinations into fierce competition with one another.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites like Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with the conservation of cultural heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history for future generations.
2 which can cause imbalance between the three dimensions of sustainable tourism (Peng,
2011) This, accordingly, has provoked a lot of discussions about its sustainability
The sustainable development paradigm in tourism is increasingly relevant, especially in developing countries where industrial capacity is limited Collaboration among key stakeholders is essential for planning, managing, and developing cultural heritage in a way that preserves local culture and ecosystems Understanding the attitudes of tourism stakeholders towards cultural heritage protection and sustainable tourism development is crucial Ensuring sustainable management of tourism sites, generating sustainable income for local communities, and maintaining high-quality tourist experiences are vital components of sustainable tourism Therefore, exploring Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) is an important area for discussion and research.
This study offers significant insights into the tourism literature in Cambodia, particularly regarding Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) Despite the introduction of the synergy between culture and tourism, limited research has been conducted on Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) in Cambodia Existing studies have primarily concentrated on the potential of cultural resources, focusing more on the development and promotion of tourism products rather than the advancement of SCHT.
The study aims to highlight the significance of sustainable cultural heritage tourism for key stakeholders, offering vital insights to tackle ongoing challenges at cultural heritage sites It emphasizes the need to balance economic development with social values and environmental concerns, while also promoting collaboration among stakeholders to prevent competition that could harm these valuable sites.
Purpose of the Study
This study aims to examine stakeholders' perceptions regarding the significance of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia It also investigates strategies for implementing SCHT at three key archaeological sites: Angkor, Preah Vihear (PVH), and Sambo Preikuk (SPK).
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of Cambodia but also highlight the importance of preserving these heritage sites for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, these case studies demonstrate how cultural heritage can be leveraged to enhance local economies while ensuring the protection of invaluable historical resources.
To achieve these objectives, the following research questions were formulated:
1 What are the importance of SCHT in Cambodia?
2 How do stakeholders perceive SCHT in Cambodia?
3 How do they collaborate in managing SCHT in Cambodia?
4 What is the current situation of SCHT in Cambodia?
5 How could SCHT be achieved in Cambodian context?
The study employed an interpretive research paradigm through a qualitative multiple-case study to explore critical research questions Data collection involved focus groups with officials from various ministries, including the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Environment, to gather comprehensive insights on current cultural heritage tourism (CHT) practices Semi-structured interviews with international tourists, local communities, and private sector stakeholders provided additional perspectives on their roles in promoting sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) Observations at three selected sites facilitated data triangulation, revealing information not captured in interviews or focus groups Furthermore, documentation of policies and management plans was utilized to enhance understanding of SCHT management across the sites.
Subject and Scope of the Study
This study examines sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia through three specific case studies: the Angkor site, PVH, and SPK archaeological sites, intentionally excluding other cultural heritage tourism locations.
Cultural heritage encompasses two key elements: tangible and intangible This study specifically focuses on tangible cultural heritage, which includes physical manifestations of human creativity and values, such as historical buildings, artworks, temples, archaeological sites, machinery, handicrafts, and cultural landscapes found within three selected World Heritage sites.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the protection and longevity of its rich historical assets.
In regards to the sustainability of the sites, the study discussed on the three aspects of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental aspects
The study focused solely on participants actively engaged with three specific world heritage sites, neglecting to incorporate perspectives from a broader range of individuals across the country Including insights from a wider array of stakeholders could have enriched the analysis and provided a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Contribution of the Study
This research enhances the existing literature on Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia, emphasizing its role in preserving cultural heritage, natural environments, and fostering cultural understanding SCHT is recognized as a tourism model that promotes long-term development and income generation for local communities by engaging relevant stakeholders.
This research presents a comprehensive analytical framework highlighting the significance of managing Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing that the development of SCHT is a collective responsibility Furthermore, it asserts that the three dimensions of sustainability—economic, social, and environmental—must be integrated from a unified perspective to ensure effective management of SCHT.
Transforming cultural assets into tourist attractions is crucial Local communities and the private sector play a vital role in appreciating, conserving, and managing cultural heritage tourism (CHT) However, the government, the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), and relevant authorities must take on greater responsibility and provide more substantial support for cultural sites, particularly those designated as world heritage sites.
The author presents a model for managing Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) that can be effectively adapted to the unique developmental contexts of different regions across the country This model emphasizes the importance of a participatory approach, which is crucial for fostering sustainable development at world heritage sites By promoting community involvement, the model aims to enhance local development, improve community well-being, and ensure environmental preservation in Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) initiatives.
This study analyzes the microeconomic factors of world heritage sites to provide a realistic understanding of development, rather than relying on idealized recommendations Utilizing semi-structured interviews, including in-depth discussions and focus groups with representatives from the private sector, tourists, and local communities, the research aims to capture diverse perspectives on the impact of heritage sites.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with the conservation of cultural heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history and traditions This approach not only benefits the local economy but also ensures the protection of invaluable cultural assets for future generations.
Five studies provide valuable empirical data that inform the development of concrete policies and strategies for the Cambodian government, particularly for the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA), Agricultural and Natural Resources Authority (ANA), Provincial Health Network Association (PVHNA), and the Social Protection and Knowledge Network Association (SPKNA).
The concept of coopetition can emerge from varying perspectives of stakeholders involved in the management and development of sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) at world heritage sites In Cambodia, particularly in the three case studies examined, the Royal Government plays a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of coopetition through its various institutions, such as the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA) and the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) The ICC mechanism serves as an effective coordination platform, facilitating discussions and cooperation while minimizing negative effects from competitive activities among stakeholders This contribution is illustrated in the proposed model of (3Ps+1C).
Context of the Study
Tourism is a key focus in the Royal Government of Cambodia's Rectangular Strategy Phase 3, recognized as "Green Gold" and essential to the green economy This sector directly boosts the national economy by contributing to GDP growth and improving the trade balance In 2019, Cambodia welcomed approximately 6.6 million international tourists, marking a 6.6% increase from 2018, although this figure dramatically declined in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Cambodia, known as the Kingdom of Wonder, holds significant potential for tourism development centered on its rich culture and natural beauty The Royal Government of Cambodia is dedicated to enhancing the tourism sector, which plays a crucial role in strengthening the economy and alleviating poverty The vision is to establish Cambodia as a responsible and sustainable tourism destination that maximizes economic growth, creates job opportunities, and respects cultural values To achieve this, tourism development must focus on both quantity and quality, ensuring that the benefits of tourism are widely distributed while honoring the nation's heritage.
1.6.1 Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia
1 The rectangular strategy is a political platform of the Cambodian government for the third, fourth and fifth term
The article outlines an integrated framework consisting of four key components: the development of the agricultural sector, the rehabilitation and construction of physical infrastructure, the promotion of private sector growth and job creation, and the enhancement of human resources through capacity building Central to this reform initiative is the principle of good governance, which serves as the foundation for achieving these objectives.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting responsible tourism practices By balancing visitor engagement with conservation efforts, Cambodia aims to enhance the economic benefits of tourism while safeguarding its rich heritage for future generations.
Cambodia boasts significant potential for cultural heritage tourism (CHT), being the only country in Asia with over 1,000 ancient temples, including the renowned world heritage sites of Angkor, PVH, and SPK This rich cultural heritage positions Cambodia as a globally recognized destination for cultural tourism.
Cambodia, often referred to as the Kingdom of Wonder and Culture, attracts over 50% of its tourists to cultural and heritage sites such as Siem Reap-Angkor, PVH Temple, and SPK Temple This close relationship between tourism and culture enhances the country's appeal and competitiveness in the global tourism market The essence of valuable culture lies in "Community Culture," which is vital for creating unique tourism products that stand out in an increasingly competitive landscape Additionally, tourism serves as a significant source of income, facilitating the preservation and development of cultural heritage in an era marked by innovation and globalization, under the guiding principle of "Conservation for Development and Development for Conservation."
In 2015, Cambodia, in collaboration with UNWTO and UNESCO, hosted the inaugural World Conference on Tourism and Culture, attended by representatives from 100 countries This event led to the establishment of the Siem Reap Declaration on Tourism Culture, fostering a new partnership in the sector The outcomes and essence of this landmark conference have been shared globally each year, contributing to Siem Reap-Angkor's recognition as the world's best tourist destination annually, thanks to its rich cultural heritage.
As of now, three significant intangible heritage sites have been recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Angkor Wat Archaeological Park (1992), Preah Vihear Temple (2008), and the Temple Zone of Sambor Preikuk (2017).
Along with world intangible heritages, the listed intangible cultural heritages include Royal Ballet (2003), Sbek Thom or Khmer Shadow Puppetry (2005), Tug-of-war game
(2015), Chapei Dang Veng, a long-necked, two-stringed lute (2016) and Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet (2018)
According to the Ministry of Culture (MC), Cambodia has eight sites on its tentative list for World Heritage designation These include Koh Ker in Preah Vihear province, the Kulen site in Siem Reap province, Angkor Borei and Phnom Da in Takeo province, Oudong in Kandal province, and the Beng Mealea grouping in Siem Reap province, as well as the Prah Khan grouping of Kompong Svay.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainability, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical and cultural assets for future generations The integration of local communities in tourism planning is essential for fostering economic benefits and ensuring the conservation of these invaluable sites.
Kompong Thom province, Grouping of Banteay Chmar in Banteay Meanchey province and Grouping of Banteay Prei Nokor in Kampong Cham province
1.6.2 Dimensions of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia
Cambodia's tourism policy emphasizes "culture and nature," with a significant focus on cultural heritage sites, especially the renowned Angkor complex, which stands out as the primary attraction Thanks to robust government initiatives, Cambodia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world.
The tourism sector in Cambodia plays a crucial role in export-led development strategies, as outlined in the national tourism policy and the 2012-2020 Tourism Strategic Plan The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to fostering sustainable tourism to drive economic growth and alleviate poverty while respecting national social and cultural values and promoting environmental conservation This approach aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations, aligning with sustainable development principles Ultimately, the RGC prioritizes delivering high-quality tourist experiences that reflect Cambodia's unique values, attractions, and sights, positioning tourism as a key focus for national development.
The influx of international tourists to Siem Reap, PHV, SPK, and other historic sites highlights the crucial role of cultural heritage tourism (CHT) in advancing Cambodia's tourism sector This success stems from the country's rich cultural assets, both tangible and intangible, including numerous ancient temples and architectural wonders, many of which are recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage sites Notable cultural elements such as Koh Keh Temple, Banteay Chhmar Temple, Bokator boxing, and traditional Cambodian noodles are currently being considered for UNESCO listing In response to this cultural wealth, the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has designated four priority zones for tourism development, with Siem Reap and its vicinity being the foremost cultural destination.
Tourism is increasingly prioritized in Cambodia to boost foreign exchange earnings and showcase the country globally However, the rapid growth of this sector over the past decade has created pressures on popular destinations, highlighting the necessity for a comprehensive diversification strategy Consequently, efforts are being made to expand tourist attractions beyond Angkor Wat, focusing on the southern coastal areas and the forested northeastern regions.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a crucial role in preserving historical sites while promoting local economies This article examines case studies of three significant locations: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk Each site offers unique insights into the balance between tourism development and cultural conservation By focusing on sustainable practices, these case studies highlight the importance of protecting Cambodia's rich heritage for future generations.
8 region, focusing on ecotourism, where environmental protection of the natural resources base becomes increasingly important
1.6.3 The Importance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia
Outline of the Study
This study is presented in five chapters
Chapter 1 (this chapter) gives the introduction to the study It justified the reason for conducting this study Moreover, itpoints out the purpose of the study following by the research questions to be investigated The scope and subject of study and the contribution of the study are also presented Furthermore, it provides a brief context of CHT in Cambodiaand the outline of the study to give a clear organizational structure of the whole thesis
Chapter 2 is the literature review This chapter discusses the concepts of CHT in relation to the concept of sustainable development with various existing literature and draws lessons that can be applied in the study The discussion includes the conceptions of key terms (tourism, culture, heritage and sustainability), the impacts of CHT on social, economic and environment, the challenges in promoting sustainable CHT, and luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites illustrate the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its historical assets, and support local communities The integration of cultural preservation and tourism development is crucial for maintaining the integrity of these significant sites.
11 the mechanism for managing sustainable CHT The conceptual framework of the study is also provided
Chapter 3 contains the research methodology This chapter describes the theoretical and methodological framework that underpins the study It also explains how the study was conducted and how the data was collected, analyzed, and presented In addition, this chapter includes ways in which research trustworthiness and research ethical could be obtained
Chapter 4 reports the findings of the three case studies: Angkor, PVH and SBPK from all sources of data collection such as semi-structured interviews, focus group, observation and documentation
Chapter 5 discusses the findings of the three case studies in reference to the conceptual framework of the research and existing literature regarding SCHT management and draws some conclusions of the importance of CHT in Cambodia and the necessity to develop sustainably Also, it provides recommendations for better management with a proposed model of managing SCHT for policy and practice Next, it states the limitation and perspective of the study The chapter finally finishes by concluding statements luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter Overview
This chapter begins by defining cultural heritage tourism, highlighting its key terms, essential elements, and significance It subsequently delves into the concept of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT), outlining its definitions, dimensions, and importance Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing strategies to effectively achieve SCHT.
The Concept of Cultural Heritage Tourism
2.2.1 Definition of Cultural Heritage Tourism
Cultural and Heritage Tourism (CHT) encompasses a wide range of meanings, reflecting the diverse interpretations of culture and heritage In this study, CHT is specifically defined as visits by individuals from outside the host community, driven either entirely or partially by an interest in the historical, artistic, scientific, or lifestyle offerings of a community, region, group, or institution (Silberberg).
Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) encompasses travel experiences that highlight historical, cultural, and natural resources, showcasing authentic stories and facts about people from both the past and present.
In addition to the above meaning, Ivanovic (2008) viewed cultural heritage tourism as
Cultural heritage tourism involves exploring destinations that authentically showcase the stories and people of both the past and present This encompasses historic architecture, monuments, traditional landscapes, battlefields, cultural events, lifestyles, and culinary arts The World Heritage Convention's 2007 definition supports this by recognizing both tangible and intangible elements as integral to cultural heritage.
UNESCO (2003) defines intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, and associated objects and cultural spaces recognized by communities and individuals as part of their heritage This form of heritage is transmitted across generations and revitalized by social groups within their living environment, while reflecting their original identity.
Cultural heritage has emerged as a leading trend in the tourism industry, according to Landorf (2009) These heritage sites are rich in beauty and significance, making them valuable assets for tourism development Tourists are drawn to experience the traditions, history, and cultural heritage of their host countries, creating meaningful connections between them and the local culture.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities and protects historical sites By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the longevity of its rich cultural legacy.
The tourism sector involved with the cultural and heritage values gives the tourists a significant number of opportunities to understand an unfamiliar place, people and time
Heritage value becomes increasingly significant as more visitors arrive, leading to enhanced preservation opportunities for cultural sites Cultural and heritage tourism plays a vital role in boosting the local economy by creating job opportunities and promoting the unique cultures and values of the community (National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2011).
2.2.2 The Elements of Cultural Heritage Tourism
Cultural heritage encompasses the valuable aspects of a community's past and present that are irreplaceable and meant to be passed down to future generations Engaging with cultural heritage tourism (CHT) involves traveling to different cultures to learn about their people, lifestyles, and arts in a way that authentically represents their historical contexts This type of travel fosters connections to social values, beliefs, religions, and customs, promoting a sense of unity and belonging while deepening understanding of one's own history and ancestry.
The social beliefs, arts, traditions and history of people differ from country to country
Cultural heritage serves as a vital component of a nation's identity, with each country defining its heritage through specific laws that can differ significantly from one another (Ruoss & Alfare, 2013, 2).
Cultural heritage is categorized into two main types: tangible and intangible Tangible heritage includes physical artifacts created by humans, such as historical buildings, artworks, temples, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes, which can be further divided into movable (e.g., books, handicrafts) and immovable (e.g., historical structures, cultural landscapes) In contrast, intangible heritage refers to the non-physical aspects of culture, including the values, practices, beliefs, and traditions passed down from previous generations that shape contemporary cultural identity.
Intangible heritage encompasses various elements such as customs, languages, music, dance, festivals, and religious or spiritual beliefs, highlighting the cultural richness and diversity of communities (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNECAP), 2008, 6-7).
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with the conservation of cultural heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while protecting its rich history and traditions for future generations.
(Source: Adapted from Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2008)
Figure 2.1 Classification of Cultural Heritage
The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage defines intangible heritage as a vital source of cultural diversity and sustainable development This heritage encompasses oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, knowledge of nature, and traditional craftsmanship, all of which are passed down through generations Continuously shaped by communities in response to their environments and histories, intangible heritage fosters a sense of identity and continuity, promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity (UNESCO, 2012a).
Cultural heritage is formed through the synchronized interconnection of society, its norms, and values The interactions among people, represented by symbols, technologies, and objects, serve as tangible evidence of these inherent norms and values, creating a symbiotic relationship between tangible and intangible heritage In recent decades, a comprehensive approach has emerged, recognizing intangible heritage as a vital source of cultural identity, creativity, and diversity This intangible heritage provides a broader context, while tangible heritage offers specific meanings and significance Together, tangible and intangible heritages represent two interconnected aspects of cultural identity, carrying the memories and meanings of humanity.
Intangible Heritage cultureal values and practices (customs, language, music, dance, festivals, spiritual beliefs) luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history and traditions The integration of local communities in tourism development is essential for fostering economic growth and environmental conservation Through these efforts, Cambodia seeks to balance tourism with the preservation of its invaluable cultural assets.
2.2.3 The Importance of Cultural Heritage Tourism
Many tourism studies highlight the negative and positive impacts of heritage tourism
The Concept of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism
Over the past two decades, the influence of tourism on World Heritage Sites (WHS) has garnered considerable attention in both research and practical applications The designation of a site as a World Heritage Site often leads to a significant rise in tourist numbers Although the actual impact of this phenomenon remains a topic of debate (Buckley, 2004), the potential for increased tourist interest is frequently highlighted as a driving force behind the nomination of new World Heritage Sites.
Tourism can significantly impact World Heritage sites, a challenge compounded by conflicting perspectives within the World Heritage Convention This convention emphasizes the importance of preserving World Heritage not only for future generations but also for its role in contemporary community life, as stated by UNESCO in 1972.
Therefore, keeping World Heritage Site available for current and future generations, and sustainably managing tourism, are still a major problem to be discussed (Garrod & Fyall, 2000; Pedersen, 2002)
It was in 1993 that the management of WHS was first elaborated by Fielden and luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting the rich historical sites of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies illustrate the importance of integrating local communities in tourism development to ensure economic benefits while safeguarding cultural integrity By emphasizing responsible travel practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while protecting its invaluable heritage for future generations.
The Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, as outlined by Jokilehto, emphasize the importance of integrating heritage into community life Research has highlighted the need for strategic collaboration with local authorities and the development of comprehensive tourism policies tailored to each region (Fielden & Jokilehto, 1998).
The primary goal of the World Heritage Convention, established in 1972, is to ensure the identification, protection, conservation, presentation, and transmission of cultural and natural heritage for future generations (UNESCO) Consequently, the Management Guideline's focus was predominantly on the conservation of tangible heritage, often overlooking the significance of intangible heritage and visitor engagement (Rodwell, 2002; Wilson & Boyle, 2006).
In 1997, UNESCO revised its approach to World Heritage Site (WHS) nominations by introducing a standard nomination form that mandates a management plan as a prerequisite for all new proposals and requires all inscribed sites to submit their management plans by 2005 This shift emphasized the importance of formal planning and stakeholder engagement, as detailed in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO, 2005) The guidelines highlight the necessity for WHS to engage in a continuous cycle of implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and feedback, ensuring active participation from stakeholders throughout the planning process.
The attainment of an integrated management plan to realize “an appropriate and equitable balance between conservation, sustainability and development”, and ensuring
“…the active involvement of […] local communities” are emphasized on the Budapest
Declaration on World Heritage (World Heritage Committee, 2002) However, the debate continues since little guidance or advice is being developed, especially on realizing this ambition in practice (Wilson & Boyle, 2006)
2.3.1 Definition of Sustainable Heritage Tourism
This dissertation defines SCHT as a partnership that effectively meets the goals of both heritage tourism and conservation For heritage tourism to be sustainable, it is essential for stakeholders in both tourism and conservation to recognize and embrace their mutual benefits.
These guidelines aim to assist in the effective implementation of the World Heritage Convention (1972) Management actions for World Heritage sites should align with the traditions and legal frameworks of the State Party, which is encouraged to review and update its legislation as needed.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its rich heritage, and foster economic growth The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives ensures that cultural traditions are respected and maintained, ultimately benefiting both the environment and the economy.
Sustainable heritage tourism thrives on a symbiotic partnership between stakeholders, emphasizing the long-term protection of heritage assets while delivering a high-quality visitor experience Respecting local communities' wishes and balancing the needs of residents and visitors is crucial to ensure that heritage tourism is beneficial for all Understanding the capacity of the local community to accommodate tourism is essential for fostering responsible and sustainable practices.
2.3.2 The Dimensions of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism
Sustainability gained public attention in 1980, as noted by Hall and Lew (1998), and has since evolved significantly, leading to the development of various models aimed at promoting sustainable tourism Brebbia and Beriatos (2011) highlighted that while numerous concepts have emerged to define sustainability, the three pillars model remains the most widely recognized framework in the field.
Figure 2.2: The Three Pillars of Sustainability
The three pillars of sustainability are essential for developing sustainable tourism, encompassing critical aspects that must be integrated for a balanced approach According to Thwink (2016), if any one pillar is weak, the entire system becomes unsustainable Therefore, sustainable tourism development relies on the integration of quality, continuity, and balance (Bulin & Calaretu, 2012) Quality emphasizes providing valuable experiences for travelers at the destination, ultimately enhancing their overall satisfaction.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance its tourism sector, ensuring that its rich history and cultural identity are maintained for future generations Implementing responsible tourism strategies at these heritage sites will not only attract visitors but also contribute to the local economy and cultural preservation.
Sustainable tourism relies on the quality of life for local communities and the preservation of the natural environment It is essential to maintain a continuous supply of natural resources while respecting the culture and customs of host destinations A balance must be achieved between the tourism industry, local communities, and environmental conservation efforts Neglecting any part of this model can adversely affect the others, highlighting the interconnectedness of these elements in fostering sustainable tourism practices.
Sustainable development focuses on creating strategies that harmonize economic, social, and environmental factors Its goal is to achieve a lasting equilibrium among these three critical areas, ensuring a balanced approach to growth and well-being (O'Connor, 2002; Robinson).
2004) These three pillars of sustainable development correspond to different types of aspects that could be defined as follows (Zuindeau, 2000)
Economic aspect corresponds to any goods and services made by people/human beings
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Sustainable development hinges on the equilibrium of three key pillars: economic, social, and environmental To effectively promote sustainable cultural heritage, it is essential to harmonize resource conservation, tourism development, and the well-being of local communities (Bjeljac et al., 2013).
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of the region but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the protection of its invaluable heritage Engaging local communities in tourism initiatives fosters economic growth and cultural exchange, making sustainable tourism a vital component of Cambodia's development strategy.
Heritage tourism is often viewed as a strategy to promote conservation of heritage resources and foster sustainable local development; however, its practical application is frequently inadequate, particularly in underdeveloped countries, posing significant challenges in an economically driven world (Bjeljac et al., 2013).
The Berlin Declaration (1997) emphasizes that tourism should benefit local communities, enhance local economies, and utilize local resources and skills sustainably Resident opinions on cultural heritage are crucial for integrating local areas into broader social and tourism networks When heritage is respected and managed by locals, it is more likely to be preserved Local communities significantly influence tourism sustainability through their provision of information, services, and overall attitudes towards visitors, which directly affect tourist experiences Ignoring the well-being of resident communities during tourism development can jeopardize the overall success of the initiative.
To investigate stakeholder perceptions regarding the significance of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia, particularly at Angkor, PVH, and SPK, the researcher utilized the three pillars of the sustainability model for data analysis Collaboration among the public sector, private sector, and local communities is crucial for achieving sustainable cultural heritage tourism Insights into their understanding and participation in promoting SCHT were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus groups Additionally, effective site management through strategic planning is essential for sustainability.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its historical sites, and support local communities The integration of cultural heritage into tourism strategies not only fosters economic growth but also ensures the preservation of Cambodia's rich history for future generations.
28 organizing, and monitoring is considered another important measure to achieve sustainable cultural heritage tourism of the site
This chapter explores the significance of Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) and Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) within the tourism sector The literature clearly indicates that CHT plays a crucial role in tourism; however, without careful management, it risks deterioration Achieving sustainability in heritage resources necessitates a balanced approach that considers social, economic, and environmental factors.
Morever, the site’s sustainability also requires the collaboration from related stakeholders
The Balance of the Three Pillars
Measures to Achieve SCHT Figure 2.4 The Conceptual Framework of the Study luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these locations aim to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding their historical significance The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that economic benefits are shared, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards cultural preservation.
This chapter outlines the research methodology utilized in the study, detailing the research design and methods employed It offers an in-depth look at the specific approaches taken, including sampling and recruitment procedures, data collection tools such as semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and documentation, as well as the techniques used for data analysis.
Then, it discusses the strategies used to ensure the trustworthiness of the research and ethical considerations.
Research Design
The research design determines the methods used to undertake the inquiry within
“specific methodological practices” (Denzin & Lincoln, 2008, p 34) Thus, the choice of research design is very important as it can entirely affect research findings
This study lied solely on a qualitative approach in the forms of multiple case studies to to seeking in-depth understanding of the perceptions of sustainable cultural heritage
Semi-structured Interviews Focus Group Interviews Observation
Result luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites, such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit while safeguarding their heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich historical legacy for future generations.
30 tourism management from tourism-related stakeholders at the three selected sites:
In the case studies of Angkor, PHV, and SPK, data was collected using four methods: focus groups, semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation The gathered data was then analyzed through coding and triangulation, leading to the presentation of the findings (Figure 3.1).
Qualitative research provides a deep understanding of phenomena within their natural contexts by interpreting the meanings individuals assign to them (Denzin & Lincoln, 2008) Researchers must approach their fieldwork with an open mind, actively listening and observing to interpret events relevant to their inquiry (Yin, 2009) The aim is to comprehend how people make sense of their lives and the processes involved in meaning-making (Merriam, 2002) This approach utilizes diverse evidence sources, such as interviews, focus groups, and observations (Yin, 2009; Patton, 2002), to achieve a contextualized understanding Ultimately, qualitative research explores and interprets the meanings attributed to social or human problems, making it an appropriate method for this study.
Case study design is a prominent qualitative research strategy, allowing a single researcher to engage deeply with the cases Its strength lies in its focus on real-world actions, providing insights that can be directly applied According to Merriam (1998), a case study is defined as a comprehensive examination of a specific instance, contributing valuable understanding to the field of inquiry.
This article explores a specific phenomenon, which could be a program, event, individual, process, institution, or social group The chosen case is significant as it represents a particular concern, issue, or hypothesis.
Similarly, Stake (2010) viewed a case study as a “specific, unique, and bounded system”
(p 436), in which the unanticipated variables were treated as unique features worth luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich heritage for future generations The balance between tourism development and cultural preservation is crucial in ensuring the longevity of these historical sites.
31 further interpretation and analysis In this sense, a case study involves typically an
An intensive and holistic analysis of a specific instance or phenomenon allows for a deep exploration of real people in real situations This approach facilitates the examination of complex dynamics and interactions among events, human relationships, and various influencing factors within a unique context.
This study employs a qualitative multiple case study methodology to explore the management and achievement of sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia, focusing on three key sites: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk By utilizing multiple case studies, the research aims to provide rich, in-depth data and insights rather than generalizations, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of both the similarities and differences among the cases This approach enables the researcher to analyze data within and across different contexts, enhancing the robustness of the findings Additionally, the careful selection of sites and participants contributes to a richer presentation of results, making the methodology compelling and effective for drawing meaningful comparisons.
According to Yin (2003), conclusions can emerge independently from two powerful experiments, highlighting the significance of varying contexts in case studies Each case study aims to provide distinct perspectives influenced by the geographical locations involved.
Research Methods
Research methods are crucial in gathering data for studies, as they encompass the tools utilized by researchers (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) In this study, an interpretive approach was adopted, employing data collection methods such as semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and documentation to obtain comprehensive insights that address the primary research questions The subsequent sections will detail the specific data collection tools utilized in this research.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect historical sites, and support local communities The integration of cultural preservation and responsible tourism practices is essential for the long-term viability of these significant heritage sites.
In qualitative research, there is no definitive rule for determining sample size; however, a logical approach to representativeness based on research questions is essential (Patton, 2002; Yin) The sample size can fluctuate depending on factors such as the research topic, objectives, available time and resources, and the theoretical framework applied to interpret the data For this study, which aimed to compare three case studies, a total of 93 participants were involved in data collection These participants included officials from relevant institutions—such as MOT, MCFA, MOE, MLMUPC, ANA, PHVNA, SPKNA, and PA—along with international tourists, local communities, and private sector representatives from the three selected sites.
Table 3.1 The Characteristics of Research Participants Description Number of
Number of Participants at PVH site
Number of Participants at SPK site
Participants in this study were selected due to their involvement in CHT, highlighting the importance of collaboration among stakeholders to achieve SCHT Insights from these stakeholders offer valuable information for analyzing each case effectively.
The total number of research participants in this study was divided into two main parts,
A total of 75 participants were involved in semi-structured interviews, while 18 participants took part in focus group discussions across three selected sites Each site comprised 25 interviewees and 6 individuals for focus group discussions, as detailed in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of integrating conservation efforts with tourism development to ensure the longevity of these cultural treasures By fostering responsible tourism practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich heritage for future generations.
This research utilized purposive and convenience sampling methods to effectively recruit participants Purposive sampling enabled the researcher to identify individuals with specific characteristics relevant to the study, while convenience sampling facilitated the easy recruitment of willing participants (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) Dornyei (2007) emphasizes that the aim of qualitative sampling is to uncover diverse insights into the phenomenon being studied For this study, officials were recruited through a contact list from the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and the researcher's network, focusing on their roles related to cultural heritage tourism Local community members and private sector representatives were selected based on the services they offered at various sites, including homestays, guest houses, hotels, restaurants, and local tour operators Prior to interviews, the researcher conducted site visits to identify key informants and gather necessary contacts Lastly, international tourists were conveniently approached during the data collection phase at the respective sites.
3.3.2 Data Collection Tools and Procedures
In qualitative studies, utilizing multiple data collection methods is essential for triangulating data and gaining a comprehensive understanding of the research phenomenon (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Yin, 2009) Yin (2003) emphasized that to achieve an accurate understanding of a case, researchers should gather various forms of qualitative data, including documents, observations, and interviews, as each source complements the others For example, while interviews can reveal participants' feelings and thoughts that observations may miss, relying solely on observational data can introduce researcher bias To mitigate this bias, interviews and focus group discussions are employed to ensure consistency in interpretation between the researcher and participants.
To enhance the study's focus, the researcher employed specific data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and observations These interviews and focus groups aimed to capture participants' views on the significance of sustainable cultural heritage tourism management and strategies for its development Additionally, observations during field studies and site visits provided deeper insights into participants' actual practices and engagement in fostering sustainable cultural heritage tourism management at various locations.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities and the environment By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical and cultural legacy.
This study utilized a comprehensive data collection approach, which encompassed semi-structured interviews with international tourists, local communities, and the tourism private sector; focus group interviews with officials; observations at three selected sites; and an analysis of relevant documentation, including management plans, practice guidelines, codes of conduct, and other related materials.
Piloting interview questions is essential for refining the interview process, as it allows researchers to adjust their protocols before conducting actual interviews (Harding, 2013) Castillo-Montoya (2016) emphasizes that this practice enhances both the interview protocols and interviewing techniques Additionally, piloting helps identify flaws or limitations in the interview design, enabling necessary modifications for the main study (Kvale, 2007) Ultimately, a well-structured interview protocol serves as a crucial tool for researchers to maintain consistency throughout their interviews (Krauss et al., 2009).
Prior to conducting the semi-structured interviews, the researcher developed an interview protocol based on themes identified in the literature review To refine the interviewing process, pilot interviews were conducted with a tourism sector official, a private sector representative, and an international tourist in Sambo Preikuk This small sample size of three participants was chosen to ensure smooth interview flow and to practice interviewing techniques Consequently, the interview protocol for the main interviews was revised, incorporating insights gained from the pilot interviews and aligning with the themes derived from the literature review.
Interviews are a crucial data collection method in case study research, as emphasized by Yin (2009), because they provide insights that observations alone cannot offer According to Patton (1980), interviews gather information about individuals' feelings, thoughts, and intentions, which are essential for understanding the case in depth Wisker (2001) highlights that interviewing is a targeted form of communication designed to achieve specific research objectives while supplying detailed and contextual information Furthermore, Anderson and Arsenault (1998) assert that interviews serve a purposeful function that transcends ordinary conversation, making them an invaluable tool in research.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences, protect historical sites, and support local communities The integration of cultural preservation and tourism development is crucial for maintaining the integrity of these significant landmarks.
35 interviews: unstructured, semi-structured, and structured interview (Wilkinson &
Research Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness is crucial in qualitative research as it ensures reliability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) Since qualitative research heavily depends on the researcher’s interpretation of the studied phenomenon or individuals (Denscombe, 1998; Merriam, 2002), researcher bias poses a significant threat To mitigate this bias, Lincoln and Guba (1985) introduced criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of interpretive research, which include credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
In qualitative research, credibility is defined as the believability and appropriateness of the research findings (Gibbs, 2007) It involves assessing the accuracy of results from the perspectives of the researcher, participants, and readers (Creswell & Miller, 2000) To enhance the credibility of the research outcomes, this study implemented triangulation and member checking methods (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).
Triangulation encourages the researcher to continuously question their data analysis and research findings to conclude if alternative findings are applicable (Stake, 2010)
To enhance the study's trustworthiness, triangulation was employed through various data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and observations, utilizing diverse sources of data from participants across different sites and all aspects of the tourism industry.
Membership checking is a crucial process in research where the researcher validates their interpretations with the actual participants, enhancing interpretive validity by accurately reflecting the participants' meanings (Merriam, 2002; Johnson & Christensen, 2008) In this study, all participants, excluding international tourists, were provided with their transcripts to verify accuracy and to modify the content as they deemed necessary.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical legacy The integration of local culture and heritage into tourism strategies is essential for maintaining the integrity of these significant sites.
Dependability in qualitative studies, as defined by Bradley (1993), involves the coherence of internal processes and the researcher's ability to account for changes in phenomena (p.437) This consistency is essential across various researchers and projects (Gibbs, 2007) To ensure dependability, qualitative research must focus on the consistency of data collection and analysis methods (Zhang & Wildemuth, 2009) Effective strategies include utilizing high-quality recording devices for interviews, cross-checking coding among researchers, and accurately transcribing interviews (Cresswell, 2013) In this study, dependability was achieved through conducting pilot interviews and meticulously cross-checking transcriptions and translations.
Before the semi-structured interviews commenced, pilot interviews were conducted with colleagues in the office and the tourism private sector during the initial site visit These pilot interviews were instrumental in allowing the researcher to practice essential skills such as question-asking, probing, listening, and clarifying Both the trial and actual interviews were recorded, enabling the researcher to gather detailed information from the interviews and focus group discussions.
To ensure the accuracy of the semi-structured interview and focus group transcripts, the researcher provided participants with copies for review Participants had the opportunity to verify the transcripts, suggest changes, or add additional comments While some participants confirmed the transcripts were accurate without any modifications, others chose to enhance their responses with further insights.
All transcripts were translated into English to ensure accuracy Esposito (2001, p.571) emphasized that translators must grasp the meaning of the original language and effectively convey that understanding before translating into the target language.
Transferability refers to the ability to generalize research findings across different contexts (Schwandt, 2007) It emphasizes how the results of one study can be relevant to other situations (Merriam, 2002) Lincoln and Guba (1985) highlighted the importance of providing detailed descriptions of the research setting and participants, allowing other researchers to evaluate the transferability of findings to their own contexts To facilitate this assessment, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 participants.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities and the environment By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical and cultural resources for future generations.
A study involving 42 participants across three different sites was conducted to offer a detailed description of the research context This comprehensive overview aims to assist other researchers in determining the applicability of the study's findings to similar environments.
Confirmability refers to the degree to which the findings of a research study are created by the participants and not by the researcher’s bias, motivation, or interest (Denscombe,
2007) It is also suggested that having other persons besides the researcher examining the data and interpretations could be a strategy to promote confirmability (Schwandt,
2007) To reduce the effect of researcher’s bias in this study, multiple data collection methods and a review of initial finding by colleagues were employed.
Ethical Consideration
Research involving human participants must prioritize their rights, dignity, health, and safety (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) Key considerations in qualitative research include ethics and sensitivities (Wisker, 2001) Alderson and Morrow (2004) emphasize that ethics involves respecting participants by adhering to agreed standards throughout the research process (p.11) Given the potential for physical and psychological harm, the treatment of participants is a crucial concern for researchers (Johnson & Christensen, 2008).
In conducting the research, it is crucial to address ethical considerations and sensitivities related to the topics discussed in semi-structured interviews and focus groups Participants in this study were safeguarded against potential harm, treated with care and respect, and provided with clear information about the research prior to their participation They were encouraged to make an informed decision regarding their involvement, ensuring that their participation was voluntary and without obligation.
Informed consent is an important ethical principal For this reason, Blaxter (cited in Bell,
2005) makes clear, “ethical research involves getting the consent form of those you are going to question” (p.46) The premise of consent form, according to Denscombe
In 2007, it was emphasized that individuals' participation in research must be voluntary, ensuring they have adequate information to make informed decisions about their involvement.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit while protecting their heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance the visitor experience and safeguard its rich cultural legacy for future generations.
43 or not they want to participate” (p.145)
To obtain consent for the study, participants received an information sheet (Appendix A) or an introduction from the researcher, detailing the study's background, purpose, and their required participation.
To ensure informed consent, all participants were provided with comprehensive information about the research, including its purpose, methodology, and significance, allowing them to fully understand the study before agreeing to participate and signing the consent form (Appendix B).
To minimize risk, special care was taken to ensure participants would not be identifiable
The participants’ personal information and other information they contribute to this study were kept confidential
Explicit assurances were given regarding all information gathered, data storage and use
The researcher securely stores transcripts and recordings on a password-protected personal laptop, ensuring that access to all research data is limited solely to themselves Additionally, all written data and voice recordings will be destroyed upon the completion of the research project to maintain confidentiality and data integrity.
Chapter Summary
This chapter outlines the research design, detailing the empirical material collection methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and documentation for triangulation A deductive approach was employed for data analysis, with coding based on key themes and research questions The research's trustworthiness was evaluated using four criteria: credibility through triangulation and member-checking, dependability via pilot interviews and transcription/translation crosschecks, transferability through a detailed context description, and confirmability through researcher reflexivity and sharing initial findings Additionally, ethical considerations, such as informed consent and participant confidentiality and anonymity, were thoroughly addressed.
THE RESULT OF FINDINGS
Chapter Overview
This chapter aims to present key findings from the research conducted at the three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Angkor, PVH, and SPK The analysis is centered around five critical research questions, following the established methodology.
The findings from the case studies are categorized into six key themes: firstly, a detailed profile of each site is presented; secondly, the significance of Sustainable Community Health Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia is highlighted; thirdly, the perception of SCHT among the Cambodian populace is examined; fourthly, the involvement and collaboration of relevant stakeholders in SCHT are discussed; fifthly, the current state of SCHT across various sites in Cambodia is assessed; and finally, various strategies and recommended management mechanisms for enhancing SCHT in Cambodia are outlined.
Profile of Case Studies
Angkor has Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to humanity is rarely contested At the time of inscription, Cambodia was still in the process of recovery from years of war
In 1992, UNESCO placed Angkor on its Danger List of World Heritage Sites, urging the implementation of corrective measures for the preservation and restoration of its monuments Thanks to the significant efforts of the Cambodian government and collaboration with the international community, Angkor was successfully removed from the Danger List in 2004, marking a major milestone in its conservation.
Angkor, recognized by ANA as an archaeological landscape, features stunning monuments, temples, and ancient cities dating from the ninth to fifteenth centuries This cultural landscape is defined by a mix of contemporary rice fields, historic roadways, canals, moats, bridges, and modern infrastructure The environment surrounding Angkor is intricately linked to its temples, encompassing forests, natural scenery, and agricultural areas Additionally, the connection between Phnom Kulen and Tonle Sap Lake with the Siem Reap River enhances the site's context and design, showcasing an impressive ancient irrigation system that highlights advanced engineering capabilities.
Angkor Archaeological Park, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, showcases the rich cultural and historical significance of the Angkor region This remarkable area features stunning temples and monuments that reflect the architectural brilliance of the Khmer Empire The park's designation emphasizes its importance in preserving the heritage and legacy of this ancient civilization.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving historical sites while promoting economic growth This article explores case studies of three significant locations: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk Each site offers unique insights into how responsible tourism can enhance cultural appreciation and support local communities By implementing sustainable practices, these heritage sites can maintain their integrity and attract visitors seeking authentic experiences Ultimately, the focus on sustainability ensures that Cambodia's rich cultural heritage is preserved for future generations.
The Angkor complex, which includes Roluos and Banteay Srei, spans 400 square kilometers between the Kulen mountains to the north and Tonle Sap to the south Recent research, however, has revealed that Angkor was a systematic city covering an impressive 1,000 square kilometers, significantly larger than the current central and buffer zones of the World Heritage site.
The Temple of Preah Vihear, situated at an elevation of 625 meters on a dramatic cliff, offers stunning views of the surrounding countryside Nestled in the Dangrek mountain range in northwest Preah Vihear province, it lies approximately 414 kilometers from the capital city This historic temple is firmly established within Cambodian territory, making it a significant cultural landmark.
On July 7, 2008, the PVH temple and its surrounding area in Canada were designated as a World Heritage site Subsequently, on November 11, 2013, the International Court of Justice reaffirmed its 1962 ruling in The Hague, confirming that the PVH temple is part of Cambodia and falls under Cambodian sovereignty.
This remarkable decision has changed the direction of the development of the PVH area
Cambodia is increasingly recognizing the significance of its cultural heritage sites, particularly following the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime The integration of all armed forces into the National Unity of Cambodia has highlighted the cultural and economic potential of these temples for socio-economic development This growing awareness underscores the need for careful development and preservation efforts to protect these valuable assets.
Sambo Preikuk, situated 7 kilometers southwest of Sambo commune and 28 kilometers north of Kampong Thom provincial town, boasts a rich history dating back to the pre-Angkorian period This site highlights the historical connections between the Funan and Chenla Kingdoms from the 5th century, as well as the significance of the Chenla period during the 6th and 7th centuries.
On 08 July 2017, UNESCO World Heritage Committee listed SPK temple as a World Heritage site - the third Khmer monument inscribed on the World Heritage list The main temple area consists of numerous monuments, ten of which are octagonal, unique specimens of their genre in Southeast Asia Decorated sandstone elements in the site are characteristic of the pre-Angkorian decorative idiom, known as Sambo Preikuk Style
Some of these elements, including lintels, pediments and colonnades, are true luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of the region but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By implementing sustainable practices, these locations can enhance visitor experiences while protecting their cultural integrity The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives fosters economic growth and promotes awareness of Cambodia's heritage.
46 masterpieces The art and architecture developed here become models for other parts of the region and lay the ground for the unique Khmer style of the Angkor period.
Perception of SCHT in Cambodia
Based on the studies, the perception of SCHT could be summarized in five different ways as follows 6 :
1 SCHT focuses on the preservation of CH assets
2 SCHT is seen as a development for the long-term and next generation
3 SCHT gives importance to natural environment and CH understanding
4 SCHT is tourism development for income generation and local communities
5 SCHT is considered as a development that integrate relevant stakeholders
SCHT prioritizes the preservation of cultural heritage (CH) assets, particularly in Angkor, where participants emphasized its role in conserving these valuable resources One participant noted that the relationship between CH and tourism could foster sustainable development, enhancing both tourism growth and the value of cultural heritage Additionally, there is a strong focus on preserving traditional customs, including local cuisine Several participants echoed the importance of SCHT in safeguarding ancient cultural heritage, with a specific call for attention to maintaining ancient architecture, particularly the intricate carvings found in the temples of Angkor.
Linking cultural heritage (CH) to tourism serves as a powerful strategy for promoting sustainable development, fostering tourism growth, and enhancing mutual understanding and peace The concept of sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional customs, including local cuisine Developing SCHT is crucial for safeguarding the legacies of our ancestors, ensuring that their cultural contributions are honored and maintained for future generations.
When discussing the significance of SCHT, it is essential to emphasize the preservation of ancient architecture, particularly the distinctive styles found in the temples of the Angkor site, which are integral to the identity of modern Khmer culture.
In the case of PVH, LC-PVH #01 and LTO-PVH #04 referred to SCHT mainly to preserve
To ensure the sustainability of cultural heritage assets in Cambodia, it is essential to minimize their impact on local communities while enhancing adherence to a code of conduct This approach not only promotes a positive image of Cambodia but also reinforces the nation's identity.
#02) and in return reinforced local economy in both direct and indirect manner (IT-PVH
SCHT is a good idea to preserve cultural and natural assets for people in the region and has boosted the local economy through tourism (IT-PVH #03)
For a comprehensive overview of the findings from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, please refer to the appendix, which includes all summary tables For additional resources, you can download the thesis at skknchat123@gmail.com.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving and promoting the country's rich history This article explores case studies of iconic sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk, highlighting their significance in attracting tourists while ensuring environmental and cultural sustainability By implementing responsible tourism practices, these heritage sites can maintain their integrity and support local communities, ultimately contributing to the long-term preservation of Cambodia's cultural legacy.
In SCHT, our local culture, tradition and heritage could get more active preservation
SCHT is a vital aspect of national identity, celebrated for the remarkable and unique accomplishments of Khmer ancestors, particularly highlighted by the construction of numerous ancient temples.
SCHT is committed to preserving and developing cultural heritage (CH) in a stable and sustainable manner This involves implementing management strategies that minimize the impact of visitors on both the site and the local culture It emphasizes the importance of respecting local customs, such as adhering to appropriate behavior when visiting temples and honoring indigenous cultures during village visits.
For SCHT, visitors should not violate the code of conduct that goes against local culture, which harms the heritage image (MLMUPC-PVH)
SCHT is essential for Cambodia, particularly in managing and implementing work in the SPK area It plays a significant role in reviving rituals and customs, which helps preserve cultural heritage (CH) and improves visitor experiences Additionally, the involvement of tourists and the private sector in the preservation of CH is a vital aspect of SCHT.
Sustainability in this scheme acts as way for reviving old rituals, traditions, and customary practices as a way of both preserving CH and developing additional cultural experiences (R-SPK #01)
SCHT to me means the activities of tourists and other private operators which would contribute to the preservation of CH and world heritage site (LTO-SPK #05)
Implementing Sustainable Community-Based Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia is essential for the development of the sector, despite the challenges it presents Neglecting these challenges could jeopardize the resources that Community-Based Tourism (CBT) relies on SCHT plays a crucial role in guiding policies and practices among tourism stakeholders, particularly as seen in the Sustainable Protected Kingdom (SPK) initiative Continuous monitoring and evaluation are vital to ensure the effectiveness of these implementations.
SCHT is viewed as a long-term development strategy that benefits future generations by enhancing tourist arrivals and generating income for local communities IT-ANK #05 emphasized that SCHT can ensure sustained interest over time, while H-ANK #03 highlighted the importance of preserving existing cultural heritage as a core element of this approach Additionally, LTO-ANK #04 and PA-ANK stressed the necessity of optimizing tourism impacts to meet long-term development goals effectively.
Sustainable development in the CHT is essential as it ensures long-term protection of the area while enhancing both national and international tourism, ultimately leading to increased daily income over time.
SCHT enhances the preservation of legacy to the next generation (H-ANK #03) SCHT ensures that our children in the next generation could still have our existing
CH (R-ANK #04) luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving the nation's rich history and traditions Case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural preservation These sites not only attract visitors but also foster local community engagement and economic growth By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can ensure that its cultural heritage remains intact for future generations while providing enriching experiences for tourists.
I believe that SCHT refers to the concept of tourism development, which serves the conservation of CH and is beneficial for long-term tourism development (LTO-ANK
Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) emphasizes responsible tourism practices at cultural heritage destinations, ensuring a positive impact on both visitors and local communities This approach prioritizes the preservation of heritage sites, safeguarding them from physical degradation for future generations By promoting awareness and respect for cultural values, SCHT fosters a sustainable tourism model that benefits both present and future stakeholders.
For PVH, IT-PVH #04 viewed SCHT as a strategic development opportunity that could enhance long-term growth by increasing revenue through the preservation of cultural heritage Meanwhile, other respondents emphasized the importance of maintaining the site for potential future development.
Involvement and Collaboration of Stakeholders in SCHT
Established in 1993 following its nomination in 1992, the ICC-Angkor (International Coordinating Committee for the Protection and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor) serves as a permanent mechanism for monitoring and managing the conservation and development of the Angkor area Co-chaired by France and Japan, the committee collaborates closely with the Cambodian government and international teams to coordinate various projects, ensuring they meet specific technical and financial criteria while addressing management and conservation issues The ICC-Angkor facilitates the exchange of ideas and research methodologies, playing a crucial role in the sustainable development and governance of Angkor's heritage values.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while protecting its historical sites The integration of community involvement and environmental conservation is essential for the longevity of these cultural treasures.
The ICC-Angkor operates under internal regulations established in December 2008 and revised in May 2009, which define its roles and the structure of technical and plenary sessions held annually The ICC Secretariat, overseen by the ICC Scientific Secretary—an expert appointed by UNESCO—plays a crucial role in facilitating meetings and maintaining high-level communication between the Royal Government, Co-Chairs, and UNESCO to ensure adherence to the 1972 World Heritage Convention principles in managing Angkor Additionally, the Adhoc group of experts, formed in 1997 with UNESCO's support, consists of independent members appointed by the ICC co-chairs and the Cambodian representative, who provide reports on their site visits prior to ICC meetings.
Since its nomination in 2008, the development and preservation of Preah Vihear (PVH) has been facilitated through the ICC-Angkor Mechanism, leading to the establishment of the International Coordinating Committee for the Conservation and Promotion of PVH (ICC-PVH) by UNESCO in 2014 Modeled after ICC-Angkor, ICC-PVH serves as an international framework for safeguarding the PVH world heritage site, offering financial aid and expert support from various countries to highlight the significance of Khmer architectural art It acts as a collaborative platform for architects, engineers, and archaeologists to share insights on conservation efforts Additionally, since April 2016, the National Authority for Preah Vihear (PNA) has taken on the responsibility of preserving the Koh Ker archaeological site, a former capital of the Khmer Empire, as efforts are underway to designate it as a UNESCO World Heritage Site Despite its initiatives, ICC-PVH's effectiveness remains closely tied to the resources and expertise provided by the ICC-Angkor mechanism.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities Effective management strategies are essential to balance visitor experiences and conservation efforts, ensuring that future generations can appreciate these historical treasures By fostering sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance its tourism sector while safeguarding its rich cultural legacy.
The ANA and ICC-Angkor are actively engaged in the conservation and development of the temple, with 78 initiatives underway Meanwhile, the ICC-PVH meeting continues at the ANA office, as PNA is currently unable to host international meetings.
To enhance collaboration and engagement at the site, SPKNA categorizes key stakeholders based on their involvement, dependency, and vulnerability to management changes This structured approach ensures that all parties are effectively considered in the decision-making process.
Primary stakeholders are individuals or groups most directly connected to a site, relying on it for their livelihoods or holding significant usage rights This key demographic includes tourists, shopkeepers, vendors, and tourist guides, whose interests are prioritized in the project Additionally, this group encompasses the most vulnerable populations who are the primary beneficiaries of the initiative.
Secondary stakeholders encompass key entities responsible for site management, including the MCFA, MOT, tourism operators, local residents, and civil society organizations These groups play a crucial role in the development and sustainability of the site.
Tertiary stakeholders in Cambodia encompass the government, various ministries, and international agencies such as ICOMOS, UNESCO, and ICCROM Additionally, they include conservation and development organizations, as well as professional and educational institutions These entities play a crucial role in the preservation and development of cultural heritage in the region.
Unlike Angkor and PVH, ICC-Sambo Preikuk has not been established Development and preservation projects are overseen by the ICC-Angkor mechanism, which involves collaboration between international and national experts and SPKNA The outcomes of these efforts will be shared at a special meeting, following an internal meeting of the SPKNA Board of Directors.
According to the studies, participants explained involvement and collaboration in the process of SCHT in Cambodia in four different ways as follows:
1 Develop business or management models in accordance with the SCHT approach
2 Participate to further promote SCHT
3 Join hand with other relevant stakeholders
4 Feel not yet involved in SCHT
First, develop a business or management model in accordance with the SCHT approach Private operators at Angkor affirmed having been involved in the process of
SCHT emphasizes the unique design of H-ANK #01 hotel, showcasing its distinctive architecture and aesthetic appeal For more insights and to download the thesis, please contact skknchat123@gmail.com.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a crucial role in preserving historical sites while promoting local economies This article examines case studies of significant locations such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk, highlighting their unique cultural significance and the challenges they face By focusing on sustainable practices, these sites can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the protection of their rich heritage for future generations The integration of local communities in tourism development is essential for fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards these cultural treasures.
The integration of Khmer-style architecture, culture, and tradition is central to sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) in Siem Reap Businesses like H-ANK #01 focus on comprehensive marketing strategies that encompass economic, social, and environmental aspects of SCHT Local tour operators, such as LTO-ANK
I participate in SCHT by doing small business honestly and any activities that do not affect the temple (LC-ANK #02)
I have created hotel rooms and buildings that showcase Khmer architecture, featuring historical paintings, souvenirs, and informative guides within the guest rooms Additionally, I have collaborated with both local and international business partners to enhance tourist attraction.
I was involved in SCHT by developing marketing strategies with consumers' interest in a natural, social and cultural environment (R-ANK #02)
My tour company always encourages staff and tourists to involve in SCHT (LTO-ANK
Development of SCHT in Cambodia
4.6.1 Key Tasks Accomplished Related to SCHT
The National APSARA Authority, abbreviated from Autorité pour la Protection et le
Established in 1995, the Angkor Conservation Authority (ANA) was created to meet one of the requirements for Angkor's designation as a World Heritage site in December 1992 Initially a public institution under the supervision of the Council of Ministers, ANA's authority was transferred to the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA) in September 2018 As the site manager, ANA is responsible for the management and development of the entire Angkor area, overseeing planning and organization efforts to preserve this historic site.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism Effective management practices are essential to balance visitor experiences with the conservation of historical sites By implementing sustainable tourism strategies, Cambodia can enhance its cultural heritage, attract responsible travelers, and ensure the longevity of its ancient landmarks.
Since its establishment, 86 leadership in field works has successfully implemented numerous tasks and initiatives related to SCHT development, as evidenced by existing documents and site observations.
The increasing number of visitors to popular monuments has led to overcrowding, particularly affecting sites with limited carrying capacity This surge poses a short-term threat to some monuments To address these challenges, the Archaeological National Authority (ANA) has implemented effective crowd management strategies, enhanced visitor facilities, and improved the overall visitor experience Notably, ANA has established visitor limits for key sites, allowing 300 visitors at Phnom Bakheng, 100 at the Bakan Tower of Angkor Wat, and 200 at Baphuon Temple Additionally, in collaboration with the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), ANA is working on a "Temple Classification" system to further manage tourist flow.
The Adaptive Ticketing Option will be proposed by the ANA to Angkor Enterprise following the government's approval of the Temple Classification System, utilizing insights from the carrying capacity study.
The Angkor Heritage Values have been effectively preserved through the Banteay Srei Parvis project, developed by ANA in collaboration with the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation between 2007 and 2009 This initiative aimed to enhance the landscape, manage tourist flow, and mitigate the adverse effects of overcrowding at the temple, which had previously exceeded its visitor capacity To safeguard the temple site, a buffer zone and reception area were established, resulting in the preservation and reforestation of the surrounding area.
Angkor Parvis, designed with the exemplary practices of Banteay Srei, is being developed at the west entrance of Angkor Wat This new facility will feature parking, a tourist information center, as well as shopping and dining options for visitors.
The management of tourist behavior, experience, and safety has seen significant efforts from the ANA, MOT, and relevant stakeholders to enhance visitor satisfaction Key initiatives include the development of comprehensive strategies aimed at effectively controlling visitor conduct and ensuring a positive experience during their stay.
The Angkor Code of Conduct, established in 2015, has emerged as a significant and effective strategy to address ongoing challenges However, its implementation and impact require further evaluation and refinement to ensure its continued success.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance the visitor experience and protect its historical landmarks The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that benefits are shared and cultural integrity is maintained This approach not only fosters economic growth but also safeguards Cambodia's rich cultural legacy for future generations.
The guidelines for visitors to the Angkor temples aim to educate national and international tourists on respecting Khmer culture by avoiding inappropriate behaviors such as wearing revealing clothing, touching carvings, and disturbing the tranquility of shrines The Angkor complex has become a popular MICE destination, hosting prestigious events; however, as of January 1, 2020, the Angkor National Authority (ANA) has prohibited all alcoholic beverages in temple areas to maintain the sanctity of these World Heritage sites This prohibition, effective since October 1, 2019, also includes restrictions on food sales, loud music, and littering, with ANA urging visitors to adhere to these rules to protect the environment and cultural integrity of Angkor.
ANA is enhancing infrastructure and transport by developing a 23.2 km bike lane project around the Angkor area, aimed at providing a peaceful cycling experience for tourists exploring the jungle This initiative, which began in early 2020, is expected to be completed by early 2022 Additionally, the proximity of Siem Reap Airport, just 5 km from Angkor Wat, poses risks to the temple's foundation due to vibrations from aircraft landings and take-offs With air traffic increasing in response to the burgeoning local tourism industry, a new airport is being constructed 51 km southeast of Siem Reap's downtown and 40 km from the Angkor area, covering approximately 700 hectares.
ANA is investing 880 million USD in a project expected to be fully operational by 2023 The organization is implementing various initiatives to minimize site impacts, focusing on visitor flow management, monitoring, maintenance, and infrastructure upgrades.
Recent infrastructure enhancements have been implemented to improve visitor experiences at the Western Baray, particularly for sunset viewing Upgrades also include the renovation of parking facilities at Phnom Luan and Tien Si, ensuring better accessibility and convenience for guests.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while protecting its rich history and traditions The integration of community involvement and environmental stewardship is essential for the long-term viability of these cultural sites.
Bakheng, Angkor Wat, Banteay Srei, Ta Prom and Elephant Terrace and the creation of other parking areas to contribute to reducing traffic congestion
In the case of PVH, Preah Vihear National Authority (PVHNA) was established by the
Chapter Summary
The research yielded diverse insights from various respondent profiles through semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, documentation, and site observations across multiple study locations This approach generated a wide range of answers related to the five primary research questions, with all responses organized into key themes.
Research indicates that individuals possess a strong understanding of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) The designation of three sites as World Heritage has notably boosted both national and international tourist numbers This surge in tourism has significantly contributed to local development, particularly improving the livelihoods of communities surrounding these temple areas.
However, preserving cultural assets and the natural environment and economic interest has become crucial to ensuring the development of sustainable CHT of these areas
Some respondents were unfamiliar with SCHT, which hindered their ability to answer the subsequent questions effectively.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations illustrate the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainability, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, support local communities, and protect its rich historical assets for future generations Implementing effective tourism management strategies is essential to balance economic growth with cultural conservation in these iconic sites.
The findings indicate that involvement in sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) is fostered through collaboration with stakeholders, the development of compatible business models, and active promotion at both national and international levels However, some participants reported a lack of engagement in SCHT for various reasons The ICC mechanism has emerged as an effective platform for advancing sustainable cultural heritage tourism across three case studies, although the sustainability levels differ among the sites.
To achieve Sustainable Community Housing and Transportation (SCHT) in Cambodia, effective management and development efforts are being undertaken by the Ministry of Transportation (MOT) and relevant stakeholders However, participants in the studies emphasize the need for a permanent platform to enhance stakeholder participation Integrating their voices is crucial for advancing SCHT development in the country.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only showcase the rich history and cultural diversity of Cambodia but also highlight the importance of preserving these heritage sites for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, these case studies demonstrate how local communities can benefit economically while maintaining their cultural identity and protecting their historical landmarks This approach fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of Cambodia's heritage among visitors, ensuring that tourism contributes positively to the preservation of its unique cultural assets.
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter Overview
This chapter aims to compare research findings with the literature review to address the initial research questions It begins with a detailed analysis followed by a summary of key conclusions Additionally, the chapter offers crucial recommendations for the management and development of SCHT in Cambodia Finally, it concludes by highlighting the research's significant contributions and suggesting directions for future studies.
Discussion
5.2.1 Global Perception of SCHT in Cambodia
Angkor demonstrates greater economic sustainability compared to PVH and SPK, primarily due to its significant influx of tourists, which positively impacts local economic development Meanwhile, relevant authorities and stakeholders have focused considerable efforts on addressing social and environmental aspects.
Angkor and Siem Reap are interdependent, attracting a significant number of international tourists and establishing themselves as Cambodia's must-visit destination This influx of visitors has driven economic growth in Siem Reap, leading to a rapid increase in tourist amenities such as hotels, guesthouses, and tour services The government benefits from substantial revenue through entrance fees to the Angkor area However, despite these economic advantages, Angkor is facing a decline in tourist arrivals, necessitating the implementation of new strategies and policies to foster product development and transform challenges into opportunities.
The limited number of visitors to PVH can be attributed to the challenges posed by long distances, making it difficult for national tourists to access the area Despite this, the PVH temple has gained recognition and significance among visitors.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to balance economic growth with the protection of its rich historical and cultural assets The experiences at these locations demonstrate how responsible tourism can enhance visitor engagement and contribute to local communities.
The Dangrek Mountains near PVH offer a stunning natural landscape that remains underexplored by both national and international tourists, despite being a secondary destination after Angkor Currently, the PVH temple, a key conservation area, restricts the development of tourism-supporting amenities such as hotels and restaurants To enhance tourist attraction, it is essential to develop infrastructure and facilities in the nearby Samdech Techo eco-village in Sra Em commune.
While tourism activities in the core zone are limited, the influx of visitors has significantly boosted the local economy by creating job opportunities through the expansion of tourism Despite being a UNESCO World Heritage site for over a decade, the development of PVH is currently experiencing growth, leveraging its potential to enhance social conditions.
The SPK area, like PVH, is an underappreciated destination for international tourists, often overshadowed by Angkor, leading many to skip SPK entirely or make only brief stops without fully engaging with local tourism services However, it serves as a significant attraction for local visitors, accounting for over 90% of the total national visitors to Kampong Thom province While SPK is slightly better positioned than PVH due to its proximity to Kampong Thom, it lacks adequate tourism infrastructure, particularly in accommodations and dining, forcing tourists to return to the provincial town for basic services To enhance tourist growth in SPK, it is crucial to develop tourism infrastructure and services in line with UNESCO principles Currently, SPK is experiencing consolidated growth, presenting opportunities for further development, particularly in community heritage tourism.
In terms of social improvement, PVH appears to demonstrate greater social and environmental sustainability compared to Angkor, attributed to reduced pressures from economic and tourism development, as evidenced by the successful relocation of the Samdech Techo eco-village Additionally, PVH shows more social sustainability than SPK, as local communities surrounding the site have reaped greater benefits than those in SPK.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance the visitor experience while protecting its rich history and cultural identity This approach not only attracts tourists but also fosters economic growth and environmental conservation, ensuring that future generations can appreciate these invaluable heritage sites.
The tourism sector has generated over 300,000 jobs for both national and international tourists, leading to significant growth in facilities like hotels, restaurants, and tour companies However, approximately 50% of the economic benefits experience leakage due to the need to pay for labor supplies and imported goods While local employment policies are in place around the temple area, the full benefits are not being realized, with profits often benefiting non-Cambodian business owners Siem Reap remains the poorest province compared to PVH and Kampong Thom, exacerbated by illegal land ownership in restricted areas, raising concerns from UNESCO and ICC-Angkor.
Despite the efforts of ANA and local authorities, awareness among residents regarding conservation policies and construction restrictions in the Angkor zone remains low This lack of knowledge hinders effective participation in the development process To foster broader economic activity and enhance the vision for New Siem Reap City, it is essential to improve local understanding of these regulations and their implications.
PVH has achieved significant success with the relocation of Samdech Techo eco-village, situated 20 kilometers from the Angkor temple area This relocation faced challenges due to the previous population density and existing infrastructure at the old site, which included military presence Despite its distance from the temple, the eco-village allows for broader development opportunities as it is outside the core conservation zone mandated by UNESCO This initiative has notably aided in preserving the temple area by reducing business activities on-site In contrast to Angkor, which has experienced issues with illegal land possession and construction, the PVH area is well-regulated, ensuring that development aligns with UNESCO's conservation principles.
In term of environmental conservation, SPK has seemingly more environmental sustainability than Angkor and PVH due to lessons learned from the two sides
To achieve the long-term objective of developing the Sustainable Community Housing Technology (SCHT) of the site, it is essential to further enhance both economic and social dimensions.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its historical landmarks The balance between tourism development and cultural conservation is crucial for the long-term viability of these heritage sites Emphasizing responsible tourism can lead to economic benefits for local communities and ensure the protection of Cambodia's rich cultural legacy.
Angkor has encountered more challenges compared to PVH and SPK, despite efforts by relevant authorities to address these issues The extensive area of Angkor necessitates comprehensive environmental management, which encompasses the forest ecosystems within the Angkor region, the Kulen mountains, and the Tonle Sap lake.
General Conclusion
5.3.1 Clear Understanding of Perception of SCHT in Cambodia
SCHT, or Sustainable Community-Based Heritage Tourism, is characterized as a partnership that meets both cultural heritage tourism (CHT) and conservation goals This approach emphasizes the integration of economic development, social enhancement, and environmental protection Through three case studies, SCHT is further defined as a tourism model dedicated to the preservation of cultural and natural resources.
CH assets, natural environment, and CH understanding to ensure development for the long-term and next-generation, especially destination at income generation and local communities by integrating relevant stakeholders
5.3.2 Best Experience in Collaboration Mechanism but Need to Engage relevant stakeholders Further
Collaboration with stakeholders has significantly enhanced the value of the three World Heritage sites, leading to increased tourism in the region However, there is a need to strengthen some of these partnerships The public sector is crucial in developing policies and strategies that support this growth.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to balance economic growth with the conservation of its rich heritage The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives fosters cultural exchange and enhances visitor experiences, ensuring that tourism benefits both the economy and the preservation of historical sites.
The sustainability of CHT relies on collaboration among the private sector, local communities, and tourists, particularly in areas like PVH and SPK, where limited tour packages have still attracted significant visitor interest This tourism development has not only enhanced the value of these sites but also allowed local residents to benefit economically As tourists explore the region, they play a crucial role in showcasing its beauty to the international community, further promoting CHT as a desirable destination.
The establishment of the ICC mechanism is a key success factor in the protection and conservation of three world heritage sites, including ICC-ANGKOR and ICC-PVH, as well as SPK This platform unites stakeholders from the public sector, national and international experts, and local community representatives to collaboratively develop sustainable solutions that maximize benefits for local residents, tourism operators, and Cambodia as a whole Ensuring that management and development adhere to UNESCO's sustainable development and conservation guidelines, the ICC facilitates all aspects of planning, organizing, leadership, monitoring, and management of the sites, thus playing an indispensable role in their ongoing preservation.
5.3.3 Global Level of SCHT Achieved but Need to Enhance Dimensional Level
Based on the analysis of three case studies, it is evident that the development of CHT has successfully adhered to sustainability principles; however, certain aspects of the three dimensions of sustainability have yet to be fully realized.
At the site level, the sustainability efforts of Angkor, PVH, and SPK are notably incomplete, particularly when comparing their performance across the three key aspects of sustainable development.
Angkor demonstrates greater economic sustainability compared to PVH and SPK, primarily due to its significant influx of tourists and its positive impact on local economic development This success is supported by the dedicated efforts of ANA, MOT, and other relevant stakeholders focused on enhancing social and environmental sustainability.
PVH has made significant strides in social and environmental sustainability compared to Angkor, primarily due to experiencing less economic pressure.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites illustrate the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the protection of its historical and cultural resources The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives further supports economic development and cultural preservation, making these sites vital for both tourism growth and heritage conservation.
The success of the Samdech Techo eco-village relocation demonstrates significant advancements in tourism development, particularly in terms of social sustainability Local communities surrounding the eco-village have reaped greater benefits compared to those in the SPK area, highlighting the positive impact of sustainable tourism initiatives.
SPK demonstrates greater environmental sustainability compared to Angkor and PVH, benefiting from insights gained from these locations However, to realize the long-term goals of the SCHT development at the site, there is a need for further advancement in economic and social dimensions.
5.3.4 Successful Measures in Achieving SCHT in Cambodia
The Royal Government of Cambodia is dedicated to the sustainable development of its World Heritage sites, specifically through the creation of specialized authorities for Angkor (ANA), PVH (PHVNA), and SPK (SPKNA) Continuous reforms in the leadership structure and operations of these authorities are being implemented to ensure that the management and development of these areas align with UNESCO's principles and sustainable development practices.
The designation of world heritage status serves as a crucial safeguard against economic and tourism development pressures in designated areas Following the nomination, there has been a notable and steady increase in tourist numbers at the three sites, although visitor volumes at PVH and SPK remain comparatively lower This surge in visitors has driven the growth of tourism-related developments and infrastructure, potentially impacting the cultural heritage landscape and the natural environment surrounding the temples Consequently, adherence to UNESCO's principles is essential and mandatory, with all stakeholders, particularly the private sector and local communities, collaborating to meet this goal.
Knowledge, skills and experience transfer from one site to another have become crucial for ensuring sustainable development, especially CHT development in all three areas
Angkor has been a World Heritage Site since 1992, which has attracted many tourists to the area but has also created many challenges in management and development
The weaknesses in area management have been shared and communicated to other listed sites, with PVH being listed 16 years after Angkor and SPK nine years after PVH This timeline illustrates the gradual transfer of knowledge and skills across these sites.
Recommendations
Despite the effective development and management of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) across all three areas, additional efforts are required to ensure that these sites adhere fully to sustainability principles, which are essential for advancing SCHT in Cambodia To secure the future of this sector, several key recommendations are put forward.
To enhance the economic development of Cambodia through tourism, it is essential to establish national strategic plans and policies for Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) Currently, there is a disconnect between the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA) in guiding tourism initiatives While MOT oversees tourism activities nationwide, MCFA is responsible for managing and preserving cultural sites The management of three key heritage sites is primarily handled by specialized authorities under MCFA, yet there is a lack of cohesive policies and strategies among these entities This gap hinders the effective conservation and development of CHT, which should be prioritized in their collective efforts.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect historical sites, and foster local community involvement Emphasizing responsible tourism ensures that the rich cultural legacy of these sites is maintained for future generations.
To ensure the sustainability of the CHT sector, the government should establish a dedicated institutional mechanism that strengthens the role of the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) This special institution would not only provide feedback but also actively guide and develop CHT, ensuring its continued contribution to national economic development and the preservation of heritage values A proposed model for this institutional mechanism will be discussed in the following section.
Strengthening the collaboration platform among all stakeholders is essential, as the private sector's participation in developing tour packages and attracting tourists to PVH and SPK remains limited The overwhelming focus on the economic interests of the private sector in the Angkor region has led to considerable development pressure, while local communities often lack awareness of their rights and responsibilities regarding the use of these heritage resources.
Many tourists often overlook the significance of cultural heritage, particularly the value of temples at historical sites To enhance the development of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT), it is crucial to strengthen the 4Ps cooperation mechanism or establish suitable collaborative models that engage all stakeholders effectively.
Effective management of cultural heritage sites, such as SPK, requires clearly defined roles and responsibilities among the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA), and other relevant stakeholders The current overlap in management between SNA and the Kampong Thom provincial tourism office highlights the need for clarity, which is essential not only for SPK but also for other cultural heritage sites across the country.
To enhance sustainable development in the Angkor region, it is essential to improve economic, social, and environmental sustainability Currently, economic benefits from tourism are not adequately distributed among local communities, leading to disparities While PVH and SPK demonstrate better environmental practices, they lack social sustainability, with limited tourism benefits reaching local residents Authorities must prioritize the development of tourism activities and implement efficient allocation mechanisms to ensure that local populations receive increased income and advantages from regional development.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical legacy for future generations Effective management strategies are essential to ensure that tourism benefits local communities and protects the integrity of these invaluable cultural treasures.
Law enforcement at Angkor faces challenges due to a lack of awareness among the local population regarding their rights and obligations This ignorance has led to housing and construction projects that violate UNESCO's principles and governmental regulations, rendering many of these developments illegal To effectively tackle these issues, it is essential to expand legal regulations and implement stringent enforcement measures.
Effective information dissemination is crucial for enhancing awareness among local residents and tourists, thereby improving tourist behavior management While Angkor has successfully implemented the Angkor Code of Conduct, similar efforts are lacking in PVH and SPK Therefore, a comprehensive strategy for information dissemination is essential to promote better tourist behavior and manage visitor flow more effectively.
The private sector has highlighted a shortage of local tour guides, as many local tourists are not familiar with utilizing their services Additionally, the significance of World Heritage sites is not well communicated to the local community To address this issue, it is crucial to promote training programs for local tourist guides, encouraging community involvement Furthermore, the three authorities and the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) should develop a targeted strategy and plan to increase the engagement of local tourist guides.
To enhance service quality in tourism, particularly in temple areas, the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) must collaborate with relevant authorities to address the concerns raised by travel agencies regarding inadequate tourism facilities and support services By aligning with UNESCO guidelines and adopting a sustainable development approach, MOT can promote the improvement of tourism services and facilities, ultimately benefiting both visitors and local communities.
To enhance the effectiveness of promoting CHT activities, it is essential to implement local recommendations at all major cultural sites nationwide, adhering to the principles of sustainable development.
Proposed Model of Managing SCHT
To effectively manage SCHT in Cambodia, it is essential to implement a 4Ps model that fosters collaboration among stakeholders, emphasizing the crucial involvement of local communities and tourists (P-People) This approach requires increased encouragement, integration, and intensification of their roles in the management process.
We propose a new model for managing sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia, called the 3Ps+1C model, which differs from the traditional 4Ps framework This model emphasizes collaboration as a key component in promoting and preserving Cambodia's rich cultural heritage.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit economically while protecting their heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical and cultural legacy for future generations.
- P1 includes representatives from the Public sector, which the composition comes from MOT, MC, special authorities of ANA, PNA, SNA and relevant ministries and institutions
- P2 includes representatives of the Private sector who work relatively in the cultural heritage tourism sector
- P3 comprises representatives from development Partners
- 1C includes representatives of some important local Communities who work mainly in cultural heritage tourism development
Forming a partnership among key stakeholders is crucial for implementing this model, which encompasses various responsibilities in planning, development, facilitation, and management of cultural heritage tourism By assigning specific roles and responsibilities to each participant, the effectiveness of their missions can be significantly enhanced.
Figure 5.1: Proposed Model of (3Ps+1C) of Collaboration in Managing SCHT in
Committee for Management and Development of Sustainable Cultural heritage tourism
-Ministry of Culture and Fine Art
- Special Authorities (ANA, PVHNA, SPKNA )
Representatives of some important local communities
Think Tank: Adhoc expert, technical team and development partners
Representatives of Private Sector luan an tien si luan an tien si1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving and promoting the country's rich history This article examines case studies of significant sites, including Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Prei Kuk, highlighting their unique cultural value By focusing on sustainable practices, these sites can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the protection of their historical integrity The integration of local communities in tourism efforts fosters economic growth and cultural exchange, making sustainable tourism a key strategy for the future of Cambodia's heritage.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism activities should be overseen by a National Institution or Committee dedicated to its management and development, spearheaded by the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) with involvement from relevant ministries and organizations Effective cooperation and coordination among all stakeholders are essential for the success of these initiatives.
MOT will chair the committee responsible for offering advice, technical assistance, and support to stakeholders, while promoting the sustainable cultural heritage tourism project through effective information sharing The committee's primary roles and responsibilities encompass these key functions.
- Facilitate discussions at all levels of government on the development of strategies and policies for the management and development of sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia
- Develop procedures, policies, and regulations for cultural heritage tourism activities and guidelines for sustainable cultural heritage tourism development with relevant stakeholders
- Lead initiative to improve the development of sustainable cultural heritage tourism in the country
- Collaborate with local authorities and other institutions to prepare national and sub-national cultural heritage tourism development plans
- Supervise and control activities and development in cultural heritage tourism zones to minimize the negative effects
The MCFA, along with the special authorities of ANA, PVHNA, and SPKNA, oversees the management and conservation of cultural sites, including world heritage locations The Ministry of Environment (MOE) plays a crucial role in managing and preserving protected areas and natural reserves within cultural landscapes Additionally, the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) and the Ministry of Interior (MOI) are vital for the integration into the National Committee Furthermore, active participation from the provincial governor board is essential for effective local management and development.
To ensure the effective routine implementation of the National Committee's work, a dedicated secretariat team should be established This secretariat will be led by the Ministry of Transport (MOT) and will include representatives from the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism (MCFA) as well as other relevant ministries and institutions.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainable development, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history and heritage for future generations.
Representatives from key organizations in Cambodia's tourism sector, including the Cambodia Association of Travel Agents (CATA), Cambodia Hotel Association (CHA), Cambodia Restaurant Association (CRA), and Cambodia Tourism Federation (CTF), will have their roles and responsibilities clearly defined to enhance collaboration and effectiveness within the industry.
- Develop packaged tours and bring more tourists to cultural sites
- Promote marketing and destination branding Cambodia as quality cultural heritage tourism destination
- Conduct market research and product development strategies to support cultural heritage tourism development
- Provide advice to promote and develop cultural heritage tourism
The committee's members serve solely in an advisory capacity, lacking voting rights, to safeguard against the influence of profit-driven entities on social interests and national welfare.
Involving representatives from development partner organizations in the national committee is crucial, despite their sporadic inclusion in government structures These representatives can be effectively integrated through the Think Tank group, which would also benefit from the participation of ad hoc experts and technical teams.
Organizations play a crucial role in providing essential technical and financial support, along with training and capacity building for both local communities and public officials, to foster sustainable development Close collaboration with government authorities is vital to mitigate tensions and encourage social dialogue Development partner organizations should actively engage with local communities by mobilizing resources and establishing effective coordination mechanisms for their collaborative efforts.
In the committee, the private sector's role is restricted to providing advice and offering technical and financial assistance, without any voting rights or decision-making authority This structure is designed to prevent political influences and international pressures from being used as justifications for the management and development of cultural heritage sites.
Limitation and Perspective of the Study
The measurement of indicators is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of stakeholders in the development of Sustainable Community Health Technologies (SCHT) Our research relied on existing indicators without establishing a permanent framework for assessment It is essential to identify fundamental indicators that can effectively gauge the impact of government policies on SCHT management.
The research on Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) development within the World Heritage site serves as a crucial foundation for enhancing cultural heritage tourism across Cambodia To effectively promote tourism activities, it is essential to implement a comprehensive plan and policy Additionally, conducting in-depth studies of local cultural sites that are not yet recognized as World Heritage sites will provide valuable insights, helping to realize Cambodia's vision of becoming a premier international SCHT destination.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainable development, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich heritage for future generations Emphasizing local community involvement and environmental protection, these case studies serve as a model for balancing tourism growth with cultural preservation.
Chapter Summary
This research provides a comprehensive analysis of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia, highlighting its critical role in the country's tourism sector and the need for sustainable development It addresses key challenges in managing and developing SCHT, offering policy recommendations and practical models for implementation The study emphasizes the importance of tourism development, economic benefits, improved livelihoods, social welfare, community awareness, cultural respect, natural landscape preservation, and stakeholder participation in achieving SCHT objectives Overall, the research successfully meets its goals, contributing valuable insights into sustainable tourism practices in Cambodia.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only showcase the rich history and cultural significance of the region but also emphasize the importance of preserving heritage while promoting responsible tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these case studies highlight strategies that balance visitor engagement with the conservation of cultural assets, ensuring that future generations can appreciate Cambodia's unique heritage.
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In his 2003 paper presented at the 14th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium, Bouchenaki explores the crucial relationship between tangible and intangible cultural heritage He emphasizes the importance of preserving intangible values associated with monuments and sites, highlighting how these elements contribute to our understanding of place, memory, and meaning This interdependency underscores the need for a holistic approach to heritage conservation that honors both physical structures and the cultural narratives they embody.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations showcase the rich historical and cultural assets of Cambodia while promoting environmentally responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainability, these heritage sites aim to preserve their cultural significance and natural surroundings, ensuring that future generations can enjoy and learn from these treasures The integration of community involvement and local traditions is essential in fostering a tourism model that benefits both visitors and local populations.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainability, these heritage sites can enhance visitor experiences, support local communities, and protect historical resources for future generations Emphasizing eco-friendly initiatives and community involvement is crucial for the long-term success of tourism in these culturally rich areas.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, these case studies demonstrate how tourism can enhance the cultural significance of these historical sites and contribute to their conservation Engaging visitors in meaningful experiences fosters a deeper appreciation for Cambodia's rich heritage, ensuring its preservation for future generations.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only highlight the rich history and cultural significance of Cambodia but also emphasize the importance of preserving these heritage sites for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia aims to balance economic growth with the conservation of its cultural assets, ensuring that both visitors and local communities benefit from the tourism experience.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history and traditions The integration of community involvement and environmental considerations is essential for the long-term viability of these heritage sites.
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The "Cultural Tourism Sites Management - A Training Manual for Trainers" published by UNECAP in 2008 serves as a valuable resource for the Greater Mekong Subregion, focusing on effective management strategies for cultural tourism sites This manual, created by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, aims to enhance the training of professionals in the field For further inquiries or to download the thesis, please contact skknchat123@gmail.com.
Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit economically while maintaining their heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich cultural identity for future generations.
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UNESCO's 2012 report, "The Future We Want: The Role of Culture in Sustainable Development," emphasizes the integral role of culture in achieving sustainable development It highlights how cultural diversity and heritage contribute to social cohesion, economic growth, and environmental sustainability The document advocates for the incorporation of cultural considerations into development policies to foster inclusive and sustainable communities By recognizing the value of cultural resources, societies can enhance their resilience and adaptability in the face of global challenges For more information, visit UNESCO's official website.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is crucial for preserving the country's rich history and natural beauty The Angkor temple complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a prime example of Cambodia's cultural heritage, attracting millions of tourists each year However, the influx of tourists poses significant challenges to the site's preservation, highlighting the need for sustainable tourism practices The Preah Vihear temple, another UNESCO World Heritage Site, also faces similar challenges, emphasizing the importance of responsible tourism management Meanwhile, the Sambo Prei Kuk temple complex, a lesser-known but equally significant site, offers opportunities for community-based tourism initiatives that can promote cultural heritage conservation while supporting local economic development.
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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Prei Kuk These locations showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting responsible tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history and traditions The integration of community involvement and environmental conservation is crucial for the long-term success of tourism in these heritage sites.
Bora CHEA, a PhD candidate at the National Economics University in Vietnam, is researching sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia, focusing on the case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk This study aims to highlight the significance of cultural heritage tourism in relation to sustainable development and to identify strategies for achieving sustainable tourism practices at these three UNESCO World Heritage sites The findings will enhance the existing literature on sustainable cultural heritage tourism management within Cambodia's tourism sector.