(LUẬN án TIẾN sĩ) sustainable cultural heritage tourism in cambodia case studies of angkor, preah vihear and sambo preikuk (du lịch di sản văn hóa bền vững ở campuchia

INTRODUCTION

Chapter Overview

This introductory chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the thesis, starting with the rationale behind the research and its primary objectives It defines the subject matter and scope, highlighting the contributions made by the study The chapter concludes with a structured outline of the entire thesis.

Rational of the Study

Tourism has emerged as one of the fastest-growing industries worldwide over the past few decades, becoming a vital source of income for many developing countries It significantly contributes to local economies through tourist spending on goods and services According to the UNWTO (2017), tourism accounts for 30% of global trade in services and 7% of total exports of goods and services Additionally, the industry supports employment across various sectors, including construction, agriculture, and telecommunications, generating 1.5 trillion USD in export earnings, with one in eleven jobs linked to tourism (UNWTO, 2017).

Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) is a vital industry in Cambodia, significantly contributing to the country's economy and tourism resources Prior to the pandemic, over 50% of tourists visited cultural and heritage sites, highlighting the importance of CHT in attracting visitors (MOT, 2019) Over the past two decades, CHT has been crucial for equitable growth and poverty reduction, with the poverty rate decreasing from 100% in 1979 to just 11% in 2019 This sustained economic growth, combined with peace and macroeconomic stability, has created opportunities for improved living standards, underscoring the substantial role of CHT in Cambodia's development.

The rapid growth of tourism, particularly in the context of Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT), raises concerns among experts about its excessive development and potential negative impacts It is crucial to remain vigilant to ensure that heritage does not suffer in pursuit of economic gains CHT presents a duality: while it can drive economic growth, create jobs, and generate revenue for local regions, it also intensifies competition among cultural destinations, necessitating a careful balance between development and preservation.

TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only highlight the rich historical significance of Cambodia but also demonstrate the potential for responsible tourism that preserves cultural integrity By focusing on sustainable practices, these heritage sites can attract visitors while ensuring the protection of their unique cultural landscapes Emphasizing community involvement and environmental stewardship is crucial for the long-term viability of tourism in these areas, making them models for sustainable development in the region.

2 which can cause imbalance between the three dimensions of sustainable tourism (Peng,

2011) This, accordingly, has provoked a lot of discussions about its sustainability

The integration of sustainable development principles in tourism has become a pressing concern, particularly in developing countries where the sector is a significant driver of growth Effective collaboration among key stakeholders is crucial to achieve this goal, requiring a mutual understanding of planning, managing, and developing cultural heritage in a responsible and sustainable manner Preserving ecosystems and diversity, as well as protecting local culture, are essential considerations Understanding the opinions and attitudes of tourism stakeholders on cultural heritage protection and sustainable tourism development is vital, as it directly impacts the guarantee of sustainable site management, intergenerational income, and high-quality tourist experiences Ultimately, achieving Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) is a critical practical topic that warrants discussion and study.

This study offers significant insights into the tourism sector in Cambodia, particularly concerning Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) Despite the introduction of the synergy between culture and tourism, limited research has been conducted on Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) in Cambodia Previous studies primarily emphasized the potential of cultural resources for developing and promoting tourism products, rather than focusing on the promotion of SCHT itself.

The study emphasizes the significance of sustainable cultural heritage tourism for key stakeholders, offering valuable insights to tackle ongoing challenges at cultural heritage sites It highlights the need to balance economic development, social values, and environmental considerations while fostering collaboration among stakeholders to minimize competition that could harm these sites.

Purpose of the Study

This study aims to examine stakeholders' perceptions regarding the significance of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia It also seeks to identify effective strategies for implementing SCHT at three key cultural heritage sites: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk archaeological sites.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only showcase Cambodia's rich historical and cultural legacy but also highlight the importance of preserving these sites for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its cultural heritage The integration of sustainable tourism strategies is crucial for balancing economic development with the conservation of these invaluable historical treasures.

To achieve these objectives, the following research questions were formulated:

1 What are the importance of SCHT in Cambodia?

2 How do stakeholders perceive SCHT in Cambodia?

3 How do they collaborate in managing SCHT in Cambodia?

4 What is the current situation of SCHT in Cambodia?

5 How could SCHT be achieved in Cambodian context?

This study employed an interpretive research paradigm within a qualitative multiple-case framework to explore key research questions Data collection involved focus groups with officials from various ministries, including the Ministry of Tourism, the Ministry of Cultures and Fine Arts, and others, to gather comprehensive insights on the current practices and management of Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourism stakeholders, such as international tourists, local communities, and private sector representatives, to understand their roles in promoting Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) Observations at three selected sites provided further data triangulation, while documentation of policies and management plans offered essential context for effectively managing SCHT across these locations.

Subject and Scope of the Study

This study examines sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia through three specific case studies: the Angkor, PVH, and SPK archaeological sites It intentionally excludes other cultural heritage tourism locations to maintain a focused analysis.

This study focuses on the tangible elements of cultural heritage, which include physical manifestations of human cultural expressions and values These tangible elements encompass historical buildings, artworks, temples, archaeological sites, machinery, equipment, handicrafts, and cultural landscapes, specifically within three selected world heritage sites.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies illustrate the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit from tourism while safeguarding their heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its historical sites, and foster economic growth through responsible tourism.

In regards to the sustainability of the sites, the study discussed on the three aspects of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental aspects

The study focused exclusively on participants engaged with three world heritage sites, neglecting a broader range of perspectives from across the country Including insights from various stakeholders could have enriched the analysis and provided a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Contribution of the Study

This research enhances the existing literature on Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia, highlighting its significance as a tourism model that prioritizes the preservation of cultural heritage assets and the natural environment SCHT aims to foster a deeper understanding of cultural heritage, ensuring sustainable development for future generations By integrating relevant stakeholders, this approach not only supports income generation but also benefits local communities.

This research presents a detailed analytical framework highlighting the significance of managing Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia It emphasizes that the development of SCHT is a collective responsibility, necessitating collaboration among various stakeholders Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of integrating the three dimensions of sustainability—economic, social, and environmental—into a unified approach for effective SCHT management.

Transforming cultural assets into tourist attractions is crucial The local community and private sector play a vital role in appreciating, conserving, and managing cultural heritage tourism (CHT) However, it is essential for the Government, Ministry of Tourism (MOT), and relevant authorities to take on greater responsibility and significantly invest in the preservation and promotion of cultural sites, particularly world heritage sites.

The author presents a model for managing Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) that can be effectively adapted to the unique developmental contexts of different regions across the country This model emphasizes the significance of a participatory approach to foster sustainable development at world heritage sites, thereby enhancing Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) as a whole It particularly focuses on contributing to local development, improving local communities, and preserving the environment.

This study analyzes the microeconomic aspects of world heritage sites to provide a more accurate representation of development realities, rather than relying on idealized assumptions Utilizing semi-structured interviews, including in-depth discussions and focus groups with representatives from the private sector, tourists, and local communities, the research captures diverse perspectives and insights from three key areas.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its historical and cultural assets This approach not only benefits local communities economically but also fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of Cambodia's rich heritage.

Five studies provide valuable empirical data that inform the development of concrete policies and strategies for the Cambodian government, particularly for the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), the Ministry of Commerce and Foreign Affairs (MCFA), the National Aviation Authority (ANA), the Phnom Penh Hotel and Restaurant Association (PVHNA), and the Siem Reap Provincial Tourism Association (SPKNA).

In the context of world heritage sites in Cambodia, the issue of coopetition arises from varying perspectives of stakeholders involved in the management and development of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) The Royal Government of Cambodia, through its various institutions, plays a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of coopetition The ICC mechanism serves as an effective coordination platform that facilitates smooth discussions, collaboration, and implementation of initiatives, thereby reducing the negative effects of competitive activities among stakeholders This approach is encapsulated in the proposed model of (3Ps+1C).

Context of the Study

Tourism, recognized as a key sector in the Rectangular Strategy Phase 3 by the Royal Government of Cambodia, plays a vital role in the green economy, often referred to as "Green Gold." This industry directly contributes to the national economy by enhancing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and improving trade balance In 2019, Cambodia welcomed approximately 6.6 million international tourists, marking a 6.6% increase from the previous year, although this figure saw a significant decline in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Cambodia, known as the Kingdom of Wonder, holds significant potential for tourism development rooted in its rich culture and natural beauty The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is dedicated to advancing the tourism sector, which plays a crucial role in strengthening the economy and alleviating poverty The vision is to position Cambodia as a sustainable tourism destination that respects its cultural heritage while reaping economic benefits, creating job opportunities, and fostering growth To achieve this, tourism development must focus on both quality and quantity, ensuring that it enhances awareness and appreciation of the nation’s cultural values.

1.6.1 Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia

1 The rectangular strategy is a political platform of the Cambodian government for the third, fourth and fifth term

The article outlines a comprehensive framework comprising four key areas: the development of the agricultural sector, the rehabilitation and construction of physical infrastructure, the promotion of private sector growth and job creation, and the enhancement of human resources through capacity building Central to this reform initiative is the principle of good governance, which underpins all aspects of the integrated structure.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of Cambodia but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, these locations can enhance local economies while safeguarding their unique heritage The integration of sustainable tourism strategies ensures that visitors can appreciate the beauty and history of these sites without compromising their integrity.

Cambodia boasts immense potential for cultural heritage tourism (CHT), being the only Asian country with over 1,000 ancient temples, including the renowned world heritage sites of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk This rich cultural landscape has established Cambodia as a globally recognized destination for cultural tourism.

Cambodia, known as the Kingdom of Wonder and Culture, attracts over 50% of its tourists to cultural and heritage sites such as Siem Reap-Angkor, PVH Temple, and SPK Temple The synergy between tourism and culture enhances the nation's attractiveness and competitiveness in the global tourism market Community culture plays a vital role in creating unique tourism products, essential for standing out in a competitive landscape Additionally, tourism serves as a crucial source of income that supports cultural preservation and development, aligning with the principle of "Conservation for Development and Development for Conservation" in the context of innovation and globalization.

In 2015, Cambodia, in collaboration with UNWTO and UNESCO, hosted the inaugural World Conference on Tourism and Culture, attracting participation from 100 countries and leading to the Siem Reap Declaration on Tourism Culture-Building a New Partnership The outcomes and essence of this landmark conference have been shared globally each year, contributing to Siem Reap-Angkor's recognition as the world's best tourist destination annually, thanks to its status as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

As of now, three significant intangible heritage sites have been recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Angkor Wat Archaeological Park (1992), Preah Vihear Temple (2008), and the Temple Zone of Sambor Preikuk (2017).

Along with world intangible heritages, the listed intangible cultural heritages include Royal Ballet (2003), Sbek Thom or Khmer Shadow Puppetry (2005), Tug-of-war game

(2015), Chapei Dang Veng, a long-necked, two-stringed lute (2016) and Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet (2018)

According to the Ministry of Culture (MC), Cambodia has eight sites on its tentative list for World Heritage designation These sites include Koh Ker in Preah Vihear province, Kulen in Siem Reap province, Angkor Borei and Phnom Da in Takeo province, Oudong in Kandal province, and the Beng Mealea grouping along with the Prah Khan of Kompong Svay grouping in Siem Reap province.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving the rich history and traditions of the nation This article explores case studies of significant sites, including Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk, highlighting their importance in promoting tourism while ensuring environmental and cultural sustainability By focusing on these heritage sites, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and foster community engagement, ultimately contributing to the preservation of its unique cultural identity.

Kompong Thom province, Grouping of Banteay Chmar in Banteay Meanchey province and Grouping of Banteay Prei Nokor in Kampong Cham province

1.6.2 Dimensions of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia

Cambodia's tourism policy emphasizes "culture and nature," with a significant focus on cultural heritage, especially the Angkor complex, which stands out as the country's premier attraction Thanks to robust government initiatives, Cambodia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing destinations in the tourism sector.

The tourism sector in Cambodia plays a crucial role in export-led development strategies, as outlined in the national tourism policy and the 2012-2020 Tourism Strategic Plan The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to fostering sustainable tourism to promote economic development and alleviate poverty while respecting the nation's social and cultural values This approach emphasizes environmental conservation and aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations' abilities to meet theirs The overarching goal is to offer tourists a high-quality experience that highlights Cambodia's unique values, attractions, and sights, positioning tourism as a top priority for national development.

The influx of international tourists to Siem Reap, PHV, SPK, and other historic sites highlights the crucial role of cultural heritage tourism (CHT) in advancing Cambodia's tourism development This success stems from the country's rich cultural assets, both tangible and intangible, including thousands of ancient temples and architectural marvels, many of which are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites Additionally, notable cultural elements such as Koh Keh Temple, Banteay Chhmar Temple, Bokator boxing art, and traditional Cambodian noodles are currently being considered for UNESCO listing In light of this, the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has prioritized four tourism development zones, with Siem Reap and its vicinity designated as the foremost cultural destination.

Tourism plays a crucial role in Cambodia's economy, aiming to increase foreign exchange and showcase the country globally However, the rapid growth of the sector over the past decade has put significant pressure on popular destinations This situation necessitates a comprehensive diversification strategy, leading to an expansion of tourist attractions beyond Angkor Wat to include the southern coastal areas and the forested northeastern regions.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on the preservation and promotion of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit economically while maintaining their historical integrity By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance its tourism appeal while safeguarding its rich cultural heritage for future generations.

8 region, focusing on ecotourism, where environmental protection of the natural resources base becomes increasingly important

1.6.3 The Importance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia

Outline of the Study

This study is presented in five chapters

Chapter 1 (this chapter) gives the introduction to the study It justified the reason for conducting this study Moreover, itpoints out the purpose of the study following by the research questions to be investigated The scope and subject of study and the contribution of the study are also presented Furthermore, it provides a brief context of CHT in Cambodiaand the outline of the study to give a clear organizational structure of the whole thesis

Chapter 2 is the literature review This chapter discusses the concepts of CHT in relation to the concept of sustainable development with various existing literature and draws lessons that can be applied in the study The discussion includes the conceptions of key terms (tourism, culture, heritage and sustainability), the impacts of CHT on social, economic and environment, the challenges in promoting sustainable CHT, and

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism Efforts to balance visitor engagement with conservation are crucial for maintaining the integrity of these historical landmarks By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance its tourism sector while safeguarding its rich cultural legacy for future generations.

11 the mechanism for managing sustainable CHT The conceptual framework of the study is also provided

Chapter 3 contains the research methodology This chapter describes the theoretical and methodological framework that underpins the study It also explains how the study was conducted and how the data was collected, analyzed, and presented In addition, this chapter includes ways in which research trustworthiness and research ethical could be obtained

Chapter 4 reports the findings of the three case studies: Angkor, PVH and SBPK from all sources of data collection such as semi-structured interviews, focus group, observation and documentation

Chapter 5 discusses the findings of the three case studies in reference to the conceptual framework of the research and existing literature regarding SCHT management and draws some conclusions of the importance of CHT in Cambodia and the necessity to develop sustainably Also, it provides recommendations for better management with a proposed model of managing SCHT for policy and practice Next, it states the limitation and perspective of the study The chapter finally finishes by concluding statements

LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter Overview

Cultural heritage tourism is a vital concept that encompasses the preservation and promotion of a region's unique cultural identity, with key elements including historical landmarks, traditional practices, and local customs This form of tourism plays a crucial role in fostering cross-cultural understanding and economic growth Sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) is a subset of this concept, defined by its adherence to environmentally friendly practices, social responsibility, and economic viability The dimensions of SCHT include cultural preservation, community engagement, and environmentally conscious tourism practices Achieving SCHT requires a multifaceted approach, involving measures such as responsible tourism management, community-based initiatives, and environmental conservation efforts.

The Concept of Cultural Heritage Tourism

2.2.1 Definition of Cultural Heritage Tourism

Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) encompasses a wide range of meanings due to the broad context of culture and heritage In this study, CHT is specifically defined as visits by individuals from outside the host community, driven by an interest in historical, artistic, scientific, or lifestyle/heritage offerings of a community, region, group, or institution, as per Silberberg's definition.

Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) encompasses travel experiences that highlight historical, cultural, and natural resources, showcasing authentic stories and facts connected to both past and present communities.

In addition to the above meaning, Ivanovic (2008) viewed cultural heritage tourism as

Cultural heritage tourism involves exploring destinations that authentically showcase the stories and people of both past and present This form of tourism encompasses historic architecture, monuments, traditional landscapes, battlefields, cultural events, lifestyles, and culinary arts The World Heritage Convention's 2007 definition supports this concept by recognizing both tangible and intangible elements as essential components of cultural heritage.

UNESCO (2003) defines intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, and associated instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces recognized by communities and individuals as part of their heritage This heritage is transmitted across generations and is revitalized by social groups within their living environment, reflecting their original identity.

Cultural heritage has emerged as a leading trend in the tourism industry, as highlighted by Landorf (2009) Sites rich in cultural heritage offer immense beauty and significance, making them valuable assets for tourism development Tourists are drawn to these destinations due to their desire to immerse themselves in traditional places, local customs, history, and cultural experiences unique to the host country.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich history and cultural significance of the region but also emphasize the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia aims to enhance the visitor experience while safeguarding its unique heritage The integration of local communities in tourism development further supports economic growth and cultural preservation, making these case studies vital for understanding the balance between tourism and heritage conservation.

Cultural and heritage tourism offers tourists valuable opportunities to explore unfamiliar places, peoples, and histories As visitor numbers increase, the significance of heritage value rises, fostering new preservation efforts for these sites This type of tourism not only enhances the economic strength of local communities by creating job opportunities but also promotes and sustains local cultures and values (National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2011).

2.2.2 The Elements of Cultural Heritage Tourism

Cultural heritage encompasses the valuable aspects of a community's past and present, extending beyond mere artifacts to include traditions, beliefs, and social values that are vital for future generations Engaging in cultural heritage tourism allows individuals to explore diverse lifestyles, arts, and historical contexts, fostering a deeper understanding of different cultures (Craik, 1995, p.6) This form of travel promotes unity and belonging, as it connects people to their roots and the histories of their ancestors Each country's unique social beliefs, arts, and traditions contribute to its cultural identity, which is further defined by varying heritage laws that govern the preservation of cultural heritage (Ruoss & Alfare, 2013, p.2).

Cultural heritage is divided into two main categories: tangible and intangible Tangible heritage includes physical representations of cultural expressions, such as historical buildings, artworks, temples, archaeological sites, machinery, handicrafts, and cultural landscapes, which can be classified as either movable or immovable Immovable heritage consists of items that cannot be relocated, like historical structures and cultural landscapes, while movable heritage includes objects that can be transported, such as books and handicrafts On the other hand, intangible heritage refers to non-physical aspects of culture, including customs, languages, music, dance, festivals, and spiritual beliefs, which connect present generations to their historical roots and traditions (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNECAP), 2008, 6-7).

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation, ensuring that local communities benefit while protecting their historical and cultural assets By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and foster a deeper appreciation for its rich heritage.

(Source: Adapted from Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2008)

Figure 2.1 Classification of Cultural Heritage

The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage defines intangible heritage as a vital component of cultural diversity and sustainable development This heritage encompasses oral traditions, language, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, and traditional craftsmanship It is passed down through generations, continually shaped by communities in response to their environment and history, fostering a sense of identity and continuity while promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.

Cultural heritage is formed through the interconnectedness of society, its norms, and values, with interactions among people serving as tangible evidence of these inherent principles Symbols, technologies, and objects reflect a symbiotic relationship between tangible and intangible heritage, highlighting their significance in shaping cultural identity, creativity, and diversity Over the past decades, a comprehensive approach has emerged to define intangible heritage, which provides a broader context for understanding the meaning of tangible heritage Together, these two aspects of heritage are interdependent, each carrying the memories and meanings that define humanity.

Intangible Heritage cultureal values and practices (customs, language, music, dance, festivals, spiritual beliefs)

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while protecting its rich history and heritage The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that economic benefits are shared, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards cultural preservation.

2.2.3 The Importance of Cultural Heritage Tourism

Heritage tourism can significantly influence communities, presenting both positive and negative consequences that are categorized into physical, environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impacts (McKercher & du Cros, 2002; Timothy & Nyaupane, 2009) In emerging tourism destinations lacking a conservation mindset, there is often a lack of awareness regarding the potential downsides of tourism (McKercher & du Cros, 2002) Consequently, in many less-developed areas, the perceived benefits of tourism frequently overshadow the associated adverse effects.

Tourism offers significant advantages to host communities, primarily by creating new employment opportunities and enhancing local infrastructure, which fosters entrepreneurial and self-reliant economies Additionally, it plays a crucial role in promoting social and cultural well-being by revitalizing cultures at risk of disappearing, thereby justifying the preservation of cultural heritage Moreover, heritage tourism can instill a sense of pride within communities as they recognize the value of their culture to outsiders, ultimately boosting societal esteem.

The Concept of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism

Over the past two decades, the influence of tourism on World Heritage Sites (WHS) has garnered considerable attention in both research and practical applications The designation as a World Heritage Site often leads to a surge in tourist numbers, raising ongoing debates about its effects on these landscapes (Buckley, 2004) This potential for increased tourist interest serves as a driving force behind the nomination of new World Heritage Sites.

Tourism can significantly impact World Heritage sites, highlighting the conflicting principles within the World Heritage Convention This convention emphasizes the need for World Heritage to serve current communities while ensuring its preservation for future generations (UNESCO, 1972).

Therefore, keeping World Heritage Site available for current and future generations, and sustainably managing tourism, are still a major problem to be discussed (Garrod & Fyall, 2000; Pedersen, 2002)

It was in 1993 that the management of WHS was first elaborated by Fielden and

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of the region while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on preservation and community engagement, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while protecting its invaluable heritage for future generations.

Jokilehto's contributions to the Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites emphasize the importance of integrating heritage into community life This involves collaboration with local authorities to establish strategic goals and the need for comprehensive tourism development policies tailored to each region (Fielden & Jokilehto, 1998).

The primary goal of the World Heritage Convention, established in 1972, is to safeguard the identification, protection, conservation, presentation, and transmission of cultural and natural heritage for future generations (UNESCO) Consequently, the Management Guidelines of that era predominantly concentrated on the conservation of tangible heritage, often overlooking the significance of intangible heritage and visitor engagement (Rodwell, 2002; Wilson & Boyle, 2006).

In 1997, UNESCO revised its standards for World Heritage Site (WHS) nominations by introducing a mandatory management plan, which became a prerequisite for all new nominations and required for all inscribed sites by 2005 Since then, the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention have emphasized the importance of formal planning and stakeholder engagement These guidelines mandate that WHS incorporate a continuous cycle of implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and feedback, ensuring active participation from stakeholders in the planning process.

The attainment of an integrated management plan to realize “an appropriate and equitable balance between conservation, sustainability and development”, and ensuring

“…the active involvement of […] local communities” are emphasized on the Budapest

Declaration on World Heritage (World Heritage Committee, 2002) However, the debate continues since little guidance or advice is being developed, especially on realizing this ambition in practice (Wilson & Boyle, 2006)

2.3.1 Definition of Sustainable Heritage Tourism

This dissertation defines SCHT as a partnership that effectively balances heritage tourism and conservation goals For sustainable heritage tourism, it is essential for both tourism and conservation stakeholders to recognize and embrace their shared benefits.

These guidelines aim to offer recommendations for effectively implementing the objectives of the World Heritage Convention (1972) Management actions for World Heritage sites should align with the traditions and laws of the State Party, which is encouraged to review and, if necessary, update its legislation accordingly.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical and architectural significance of Cambodia but also highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these case studies demonstrate how tourism can benefit local communities and protect invaluable cultural assets The integration of local traditions and sustainable development strategies is essential for ensuring the long-term viability of Cambodia's cultural heritage tourism.

Sustainable heritage tourism thrives on symbiotic partnerships among stakeholders, prioritizing the long-term protection of heritage assets while ensuring a high-quality visitor experience Respecting the wishes of local communities is crucial, as balancing the needs of residents and tourists fosters mutual benefits Understanding the capacity of local communities to manage tourism is essential for creating a sustainable and inclusive heritage tourism model.

2.3.2 The Dimensions of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism

Sustainability gained public attention in 1980, as noted by Hall and Lew (1998), and has since evolved with various models aimed at promoting sustainable tourism development Brebbia and Beriatos (2011) highlighted that while numerous concepts have emerged to define sustainability, the three pillars model remains the most widely recognized framework.

Figure 2.2: The Three Pillars of Sustainability

The three pillars of sustainability form a crucial model for sustainable tourism development, highlighting the need for quality, continuity, and balance According to Thwink (2016), if any one pillar is weak, the entire system becomes unsustainable This underscores the importance of integrating these elements to ensure a valuable experience for travelers, ultimately enhancing the overall sustainability of tourism destinations (Bulin & Calaretu, 2012).

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites illustrate the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its historical landmarks The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that cultural traditions are maintained, benefiting both the economy and the preservation of heritage This approach not only attracts tourists but also fosters a deeper understanding of Cambodia's rich cultural landscape.

Sustainable tourism relies on maintaining the quality of life for local communities and preserving the natural environment It is essential to ensure a continuous supply of natural resources while respecting the culture and customs of host destinations A harmonious balance among the tourism industry, local communities, and environmental conservation advocates is crucial for development Neglecting any component of this model can adversely affect the others, underscoring the interconnectedness of these elements.

Sustainable development seeks to harmonize economic, social, and environmental factors, striving for a lasting balance among these critical areas By identifying effective strategies, it aims to ensure that growth is both sustainable and equitable, addressing the needs of the present without compromising future generations (O'Connor, 2002; Robinson).

2004) These three pillars of sustainable development correspond to different types of aspects that could be defined as follows (Zuindeau, 2000)

Economic aspect corresponds to any goods and services made by people/human beings

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Sustainable development hinges on the equilibrium of three key pillars: economic, social, and environmental To effectively promote sustainable cultural heritage, it is essential to balance resource conservation, tourism growth, and the well-being of local communities.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich history and traditions The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that the benefits of cultural heritage tourism are shared, fostering economic growth and cultural preservation.

Heritage tourism is often viewed as a strategy for conserving heritage resources and promoting sustainable local development, yet its implementation remains inadequate, particularly in underdeveloped countries (Bjeljac et al., 2013; du Cros, 2001; McKercher, Ho and du Cros, 2005) The Berlin Declaration (1997) emphasizes that tourism should benefit local communities, support local economies, and utilize local materials and skills The perspectives of residents regarding their cultural heritage are crucial for integrating local areas into broader social and tourism networks When locals respect and manage their heritage, it is more likely to be preserved Additionally, the sustainability of tourism heavily relies on local communities, as their attitudes and services significantly influence visitor experiences Neglecting the well-being of resident communities during tourism development can jeopardize other facets of the process.

To investigate stakeholder perceptions regarding the significance of sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia, particularly at the Angkor, PVH, and SPK case study sites, the researcher utilized the three pillars of the sustainability model for data analysis Collaboration among the public sector, private sector, and local communities is crucial for achieving sustainability in cultural heritage tourism Insights into their understanding and participation in promoting SCHT were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus groups Additionally, effective site management through meticulous planning is essential for the sustainability of these cultural heritage sites.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only showcase the rich historical and cultural legacy of Cambodia but also emphasize the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By implementing sustainable practices, tourism can contribute to the conservation of these sites while promoting local economies and cultural awareness Engaging with the heritage of Cambodia offers visitors a unique opportunity to connect with its vibrant history and diverse traditions, ensuring that the benefits of tourism are shared with local communities.

28 organizing, and monitoring is considered another important measure to achieve sustainable cultural heritage tourism of the site

This chapter explored the significance of Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) and Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) within the tourism sector The literature highlights that while CHT plays a crucial role in tourism, it is vulnerable to degradation if not managed properly Achieving sustainability in heritage resources necessitates a balance among social, economic, and environmental factors Additionally, the sustainability of these sites relies heavily on collaboration among relevant stakeholders.

The Balance of the Three Pillars

Measures to Achieve SCHT Figure 2.4 The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving historical sites while promoting economic growth This article explores case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk, highlighting their significance as cultural treasures By focusing on sustainable practices, these sites can attract tourists while safeguarding their unique heritage The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives ensures that the benefits are shared, fostering a sense of pride and responsibility Ultimately, sustainable tourism in Cambodia not only enhances visitor experiences but also contributes to the conservation of its rich cultural legacy.

This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in the study, detailing the research design and methods utilized It provides an in-depth examination of specific approaches, including sampling and recruitment procedures, as well as data collection tools such as semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and documentation Additionally, it highlights the data analysis techniques applied The chapter further addresses the strategies implemented to ensure the trustworthiness of the research and discusses the ethical considerations involved.

Research Design

The research design determines the methods used to undertake the inquiry within

“specific methodological practices” (Denzin & Lincoln, 2008, p 34) Thus, the choice of research design is very important as it can entirely affect research findings

This study lied solely on a qualitative approach in the forms of multiple case studies to to seeking in-depth understanding of the perceptions of sustainable cultural heritage

Semi-structured Interviews Focus Group Interviews Observation

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving and promoting the country's rich history This article explores case studies of three significant sites: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk Each site offers unique insights into how tourism can be managed sustainably while respecting cultural heritage By focusing on these case studies, we can understand the challenges and opportunities that arise in balancing tourism development with conservation efforts, ensuring that Cambodia's cultural treasures are protected for future generations.

The study involved tourism management from stakeholders at three key sites: Angkor, PHV, and SPK Data was gathered using four tools: focus groups, semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation The collected data underwent analysis through coding and triangulation, leading to the presentation of the findings (Figure 3.1).

Qualitative research provides a deep and nuanced understanding of phenomena within their natural contexts, focusing on the meanings individuals assign to their experiences (Denzin & Lincoln, 2008) The qualitative researcher approaches fieldwork with an open mind, actively listening and observing to interpret events relevant to their inquiry (Yin, 2009) This method aims to elucidate how people make sense of their lives and the processes through which they derive meaning, utilizing diverse evidence sources such as interviews, focus groups, and observations (Merriam, 2002; Yin, 2009; Patton, 2002) By exploring the meanings attributed to social or human issues, qualitative research effectively studies individuals' experiences in their natural settings, making it a highly suitable approach for this study.

Case study design is a prominent inquiry strategy within qualitative research, allowing a single researcher to engage deeply with the cases Its strength lies in its emphasis on reality and action, as it originates from real-world contexts and actively contributes to them (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2000) Insights gained from case studies can be directly interpreted and applied According to Merriam (1998), a case study is defined as

This article explores a defined phenomenon, which may include a program, event, individual, process, institution, or social group The chosen case is significant as it represents a particular concern, issue, or hypothesis, providing valuable insights into the subject matter.

Similarly, Stake (2010) viewed a case study as a “specific, unique, and bounded system” (p 436), in which the unanticipated variables were treated as unique features worth

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism The integration of sustainable practices ensures that the rich history and traditions of Cambodia are maintained for future generations By focusing on responsible tourism, these locations can enhance visitor experiences while protecting their invaluable heritage.

31 further interpretation and analysis In this sense, a case study involves typically an

An intensive and holistic analysis focuses on a specific instance or social unit, allowing for an in-depth exploration of real people in real situations This approach facilitates the examination of complex dynamics and interactions among events, human relationships, and various factors unique to that instance.

This study employs a qualitative multiple case study methodology to explore the management and potential for sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia, focusing on three key sites: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk By examining multiple cases, the research aims to provide rich, detailed insights rather than generalizations, allowing for a deeper understanding of both the similarities and differences among the sites This approach facilitates comprehensive data analysis within and across each case, enhancing the robustness of the findings through careful selection of sites and participants The varied contexts of the three locations contribute to diverse perspectives, making the multiple case study methodology particularly effective for drawing meaningful conclusions.

Research Methods

Research methods are essential for collecting data in a study (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) This research utilized an interpretive approach, employing tools like semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and documentation to gather in-depth information that addressed the main research questions The subsequent sections will detail the data collection tools used in this study.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a crucial role in preserving the nation's rich history and traditions Case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk highlight the importance of responsible tourism practices By promoting these cultural landmarks, we can enhance local economies while ensuring the protection of their unique heritage Emphasizing sustainability in tourism not only benefits visitors but also fosters community engagement and conservation efforts, making Cambodia a model for cultural heritage tourism.

In qualitative research, there are no strict rules for determining sample size, but it is essential to have a logical basis for representativeness aligned with the research questions (Patton, 2002; Yin) Sample size may vary depending on the research topic, objectives, available resources, and theoretical frameworks that help interpret the data This study, which aimed to compare three case studies, involved 93 participants, including officials from relevant institutions such as MOT, MCFA, MOE, MLMUPC, ANA, PHVNA, SPKNA, and PA, as well as international tourists, local communities, and representatives from the private sector at the selected sites.

Table 3.1 The Characteristics of Research Participants Description Number of

Number of Participants at PVH site

Number of Participants at SPK site

Participants in this study were selected for their involvement in CHT, highlighting the importance of collaboration among stakeholders to achieve SCHT Insights from these stakeholders offer valuable information for the researcher to analyze each case effectively.

The total number of research participants in this study was divided into two main parts,

A total of 75 participants were involved in semi-structured interviews across three selected sites, with each site contributing 25 interviewees Additionally, 18 participants took part in focus group discussions, comprising 6 individuals from each site, as detailed in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting historical sites while benefiting local communities Case studies of significant locations such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk highlight the importance of integrating tourism with cultural conservation efforts By implementing responsible tourism practices, these sites can maintain their historical integrity and provide economic opportunities for local residents The balance between tourism development and heritage preservation is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability of Cambodia's rich cultural landscape.

The research utilized purposive and convenience sampling methods to effectively recruit participants Purposive sampling enabled the researcher to select individuals who closely matched the study's specific characteristics, while convenience sampling facilitated the easy recruitment of willing participants (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) As noted by Dornyei (2007), the primary aim of qualitative sampling is to identify individuals who can offer diverse and insightful perspectives on the phenomenon being studied In this study, officials were purposively recruited through a contact list from the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and the researcher’s personal network, focusing on their roles related to cultural heritage tourism Local community members and private sector representatives were selected based on the services they provided, including accommodations and tour operations Prior to conducting interviews, the researcher visited each site to identify key informants and gather necessary contact information Additionally, international tourists were conveniently recruited during the data collection phase at the various sites.

3.3.2 Data Collection Tools and Procedures

In qualitative research, employing multiple data collection methods is essential for triangulating information and gaining a comprehensive understanding of the studied phenomenon (Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Yin, 2009) Yin (2003) emphasizes the importance of gathering diverse qualitative data, including documents, observations, and interviews, as no single source holds a definitive advantage; rather, each complements the others For example, while interviews can reveal insights into participants' feelings and thoughts that observations may miss, the interpretation of observational data can be biased by the researcher’s perspective To mitigate this bias, interviews and focus group discussions are conducted to ensure consistency in interpretations between the researcher and participants.

To enhance understanding of sustainable cultural heritage tourism management, the researcher focused on three data collection methods: semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and observation These methods aimed to capture participants' perceptions regarding the significance and development of sustainable practices Additionally, observations during field studies and site visits provided valuable insights into the actual practices and engagement of participants in promoting sustainable cultural heritage tourism at various locations.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural preservation, ensuring that local communities benefit economically while maintaining their historical identity By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich cultural heritage for future generations.

This study utilized a comprehensive data collection approach, which involved semi-structured interviews with international tourists, local communities, and the tourism private sector, focus group interviews with officials, direct observations at three selected sites, and the review of relevant documentation such as management plans, practice guidelines, and codes of conduct.

Piloting interview questions is a crucial step in the interviewing process, allowing researchers to refine their protocol and techniques before conducting actual interviews This practice, as noted by Harding (2013) and Castillo-Montoya (2016), enables researchers to identify and address potential flaws in their interview design, ultimately improving the overall quality of the study By piloting interview questions, researchers can also ensure consistency throughout the interviewing process, as highlighted by Krauss et al (2009) Moreover, this preliminary step provides an opportunity for researchers to modify their approach and make necessary adjustments, as emphasized by Kvale (2007), to achieve more reliable and accurate results.

Prior to conducting semi-structured interviews, the researcher developed an interview protocol based on themes identified in the literature review To refine the interviewing process, pilot interviews were conducted with a tourism sector official, a private sector representative, and an international tourist in Sambo Preikuk This limited sample of three participants was chosen to ensure smooth interview flow and to practice interviewing techniques Subsequently, the interview protocol was revised to incorporate insights gained from the pilot interviews and to align with the themes derived from the literature review.

Interviews are a crucial data collection method in case study research, as highlighted by Yin (2009), providing insights that observations alone may miss According to Patton (1980), interviews gather data on subjective experiences, such as emotions and intentions, which cannot be directly observed Wisker (2001) emphasizes that interviews serve as a structured communication tool, yielding detailed and contextual information relevant to the research topic Thus, interviews are intentional and focused interactions that extend beyond casual conversation (Anderson & Aresnault, 1998).

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of the region but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia aims to balance economic growth with the conservation of its unique heritage Engaging local communities in tourism development fosters cultural exchange and enhances visitor experiences, ensuring that the benefits of tourism are shared widely.

35 interviews: unstructured, semi-structured, and structured interview (Wilkinson & Birmingham, 2003)

Research Trustworthiness

Trustworthiness is crucial in qualitative research as it ensures reliability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) Since qualitative studies primarily depend on the researcher’s interpretation of the subjects being examined (Denscombe, 1998; Merriam, 2002), there is a risk of researcher bias To mitigate this bias, Lincoln and Guba (1985) introduced key criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of interpretive research: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

In qualitative research, credibility is defined as the believability and appropriateness of the research account (Gibbs, 2007) It involves assessing the accuracy of findings from the perspectives of the researcher, participants, and readers (Creswell & Miller, 2000) To enhance the credibility of the research results, this study implemented triangulation and member checking techniques (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).

Triangulation encourages the researcher to continuously question their data analysis and research findings to conclude if alternative findings are applicable (Stake, 2010)

To enhance the credibility of this study, triangulation was employed through various data collection methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and observations This approach involved gathering data from participants across multiple sites and encompassing all aspects of the tourism industry.

Membership checking is a crucial process where researchers validate their interpretations by consulting with the actual participants (Merriam, 2002) This practice enhances interpretive validity by ensuring that the meanings attributed to the study align with participants' perspectives (Johnson & Christensen, 2008, p 277) In this study, all participants, excluding international tourists, were provided with their transcripts to verify accuracy and make any desired additions or deletions.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural preservation, ensuring that local communities benefit economically while maintaining their heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich cultural legacy for future generations.

Dependability in qualitative studies, as defined by Bradley (1993), involves the coherence of internal processes and the researcher's ability to account for changing conditions in the phenomena (p.437) This consistency is essential across various researchers and projects (Gibbs, 2007) To ensure dependability, researchers can check the consistency of data collection and analysis processes (Zhang & Wildemuth, 2009) Effective methods include using high-quality recording devices for interviews, cross-checking codes among different researchers, and accurately transcribing interviews (Cresswell, 2013) In this study, dependability was achieved through pilot interviews and thorough crosschecking of transcriptions and translations.

Before conducting the semi-structured interviews, pilot interviews were held with colleagues from the office and the tourism private sector during the initial site visit These pilot interviews proved invaluable for the researcher, as they provided an opportunity to practice essential skills such as question formulation, probing, active listening, and clarification Both the pilot and actual interviews were recorded, enabling the researcher to gather detailed information from the interviews and focus group discussions.

To ensure the accuracy of the semi-structured interviews and focus group transcripts, the researcher provided participants with copies for verification, allowing them to make comments or changes While some participants confirmed the transcripts as accurate, others chose to add additional insights Following this review, all transcripts were translated into English Esposito (2001) emphasizes that for reliable translation, the translator must grasp the original meaning in the participants' language before conveying it in the target language.

Transferability refers to the ability to generalize research findings from one case to another (Schwandt, 2007), focusing on how results from one study can be applied in different contexts (Merriam, 2002) Lincoln and Guba (1985) emphasized the importance of providing detailed descriptions of the research setting and participants, allowing other researchers to evaluate the transferability of findings to other scenarios To facilitate this assessment, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 participants.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites like Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These locations not only showcase the rich history and cultural significance of the region but also highlight the importance of preserving these heritage sites for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia aims to balance economic growth with cultural conservation, ensuring that the unique heritage continues to attract visitors while maintaining its integrity.

The study involved 42 participants across three distinct sites, aiming to offer a comprehensive description of the research context This detailed account will assist other researchers in determining the applicability of the study's findings to similar environments.

Confirmability refers to the degree to which the findings of a research study are created by the participants and not by the researcher’s bias, motivation, or interest (Denscombe,

2007) It is also suggested that having other persons besides the researcher examining the data and interpretations could be a strategy to promote confirmability (Schwandt,

2007) To reduce the effect of researcher’s bias in this study, multiple data collection methods and a review of initial finding by colleagues were employed.

Ethical Consideration

Research involving human participants must prioritize the protection of their rights, dignity, health, and safety (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) Ethical considerations and sensitivities are crucial in qualitative research (Wisker, 2001), as ethics fundamentally involves respecting participants throughout the research process by adhering to agreed standards (Alderson & Morrow, 2004) The potential for physical and psychological harm necessitates that researchers treat participants with care and respect, ensuring their well-being is the top priority (Johnson & Christensen, 2008) To safeguard participants, researchers must address ethical issues and sensitivities during semi-structured interviews and focus groups, providing clear information about the study and allowing individuals to freely choose their participation without any obligation.

Informed consent is an important ethical principal For this reason, Blaxter (cited in Bell,

2005) makes clear, “ethical research involves getting the consent form of those you are going to question” (p.46) The premise of consent form, according to Denscombe

(2007), is that people’s “participation must always be voluntary, and they should have sufficient information about the research to arrive at a reasonable judgment about whether

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving the nation's rich history and cultural identity This article examines case studies of three significant sites: Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk Each site offers unique insights into the challenges and opportunities of promoting tourism while safeguarding cultural heritage By implementing sustainable practices, these sites can enhance visitor experiences, support local communities, and ensure the conservation of Cambodia's invaluable heritage for future generations.

43 or not they want to participate” (p.145)

To obtain consent for the study, participants received an information sheet (Appendix A) or an introduction from the researcher, outlining the study's background, purpose, and participation requirements This process ensured that all participants had the opportunity to understand the research's objectives and procedures before agreeing to participate and signing the consent form (Appendix B).

To minimize risk, special care was taken to ensure participants would not be identifiable The participants’ personal information and other information they contribute to this study were kept confidential

All information collected during the research is securely stored and used with explicit assurances of confidentiality The transcripts and recordings are kept on the researcher’s password-protected personal laptop, with access limited solely to the researcher Additionally, all written data and voice recordings will be destroyed upon the completion of the study to ensure privacy and data protection.

Chapter Summary

This chapter outlines the research design, detailing the methods employed for data collection, which included semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and documentation to ensure triangulation A deductive approach guided the data analysis, focusing on key themes and research questions Trustworthiness was assessed based on four criteria: credibility through triangulation and member-checking, dependability via pilot interviews and transcription crosschecks, transferability through a detailed context description, and confirmability through researcher reflexivity and peer feedback Ethical considerations, including informed consent and the confidentiality and anonymity of participants, were also addressed.

THE RESULT OF FINDINGS

Chapter Overview

This chapter aims to present key findings from research conducted at the three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Angkor, PVH, and SPK, by addressing the five research questions outlined in the proposed methodology.

The article organizes the results of each case study into six key themes: the first theme presents the profiles of each site; the second emphasizes the significance of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia; the third explores perceptions of SCHT within the country; the fourth highlights the involvement and collaboration of relevant stakeholders; the fifth assesses the current state of SCHT across various sites; and the sixth outlines various measures and recommended management mechanisms to enhance SCHT in Cambodia.

Profile of Case Studies

Angkor's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) is widely acknowledged, despite Cambodia's struggles with post-war recovery at the time of its inscription In 1992, UNESCO placed Angkor on the Danger List, urging corrective measures for the preservation and restoration of its monuments Thanks to the Cambodian government's efforts and international collaboration, Angkor was successfully removed from the Danger List in 2004, marking a significant achievement in heritage conservation.

Angkor, recognized by ANA as an archaeological landscape, boasts impressive monuments, temples, and ancient cities dating from the ninth to fifteenth centuries This cultural landscape is defined by a blend of contemporary rice fields, historic roadways, canals, moats, bridges, and modern infrastructure The environment surrounding Angkor is intrinsically linked to its temples, incorporating forests, natural landscapes, and agricultural plantations Additionally, Phnom Kulen and Tonle Sap Lake, along with the Siem Reap River, enhance the site's context and design, showcasing an ancient irrigation system that exemplifies remarkable engineering skills.

Angkor can be highlighted in different dimensions In the nomination decision, Angkor world heritage is named Angkor Archaeological Park, which comprises the Angkor

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical significance of the region but also emphasize the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its cultural assets, and foster economic growth in local communities The integration of responsible tourism strategies ensures that future generations can continue to appreciate and learn from these remarkable historical sites.

The Angkor complex, which includes Roluos and Banteay Srei, spans approximately 400 square kilometers between the Kulen mountains to the north and Tonle Sap to the south Recent studies, however, reveal that Angkor was a systematic city covering an extensive area of 1,000 square kilometers, significantly larger than the central and buffer zones recognized in the current World Heritage site.

The Temple of Preah Vihear, situated on a breathtaking cliff 625 meters above sea level, offers stunning views of the surrounding countryside Nestled in the Dangrek mountain range in northwest Preah Vihear province, it lies approximately 414 km from Cambodia's capital This historic temple is firmly established within Cambodian territory, making it a significant cultural landmark.

On July 7, 2008, the PVH temple and its surrounding area in Canada were designated as a World Heritage site Subsequently, on November 11, 2013, the International Court of Justice reaffirmed its 1962 ruling in The Hague, confirming that the PVH temple is part of Cambodia and falls under Cambodian sovereignty.

The recent decision has significantly redirected the development of the PVH area in Cambodia, which is now receiving increased attention Years after the Khmer Rouge regime's collapse and the unification of armed forces into a single National Unity of Cambodia, the temple has emerged as a symbol of cultural heritage and economic potential This highlights the need for careful development and preservation to ensure sustainable socio-economic growth.

Sambo Preikuk, situated 7 kilometers southwest of Sambo commune and 28 kilometers north of Kampong Thom provincial town, boasts a rich history dating back to the pre-Angkorian period This site highlights the historical connections between the Funan and Chenla Kingdoms during the 5th century, as well as the significance of the Chenla period in the 6th and 7th centuries.

On 08 July 2017, UNESCO World Heritage Committee listed SPK temple as a World Heritage site - the third Khmer monument inscribed on the World Heritage list The main temple area consists of numerous monuments, ten of which are octagonal, unique specimens of their genre in Southeast Asia Decorated sandstone elements in the site are characteristic of the pre-Angkorian decorative idiom, known as Sambo Preikuk Style Some of these elements, including lintels, pediments and colonnades, are true

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical significance of Cambodian culture but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, these locations aim to balance visitor engagement with the conservation of their unique cultural heritage The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that economic benefits are shared, fostering a sustainable approach that respects both the environment and cultural identity.

46 masterpieces The art and architecture developed here become models for other parts of the region and lay the ground for the unique Khmer style of the Angkor period.

Perception of SCHT in Cambodia

Based on the studies, the perception of SCHT could be summarized in five different ways as follows 6 :

1 SCHT focuses on the preservation of CH assets

2 SCHT is seen as a development for the long-term and next generation

3 SCHT gives importance to natural environment and CH understanding

4 SCHT is tourism development for income generation and local communities

5 SCHT is considered as a development that integrate relevant stakeholders

SCHT emphasizes the preservation of cultural heritage (CH) assets, with participants highlighting its role in conserving these valuable resources IT #04 noted that the connection between CH and tourism can foster sustainable development, enhancing both tourism growth and the value of CH LC-ANK #03 remarked on SCHT's commitment to maintaining traditional customs, particularly local cuisine Additionally, H #01, #02, and #04 agreed on the importance of SCHT in safeguarding ancient CH MLMUPC-ANK stressed the need for SCHT to focus on preserving ancient architecture, especially the intricate carvings found in the temples of Angkor.

Linking cultural heritage (CH) to tourism can significantly contribute to sustainable development, fostering tourism growth, mutual understanding, and peace The preservation of traditional customs, including local cuisine, is essential for sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) By developing SCHT, we can safeguard the legacies left by our ancestors, ensuring their traditions and values continue to thrive.

When discussing the significance of SCHT, it is essential to emphasize the preservation of ancient architecture, particularly the distinctive styles found in the temples of the Angkor site, which represent a vital aspect of modern Khmer identity.

In the case of PVH, LC-PVH #01 and LTO-PVH #04 referred to SCHT mainly to preserve

The initiative aims to enhance the sustainability of cultural heritage (CH) assets while minimizing their impact on local communities, as emphasized by MCFA-PVH It also seeks to promote adherence to a code of conduct to improve Cambodia's image and strengthen national identity, as highlighted by H-PVH.

#02) and in return reinforced local economy in both direct and indirect manner (IT-PVH

SCHT is a good idea to preserve cultural and natural assets for people in the region and has boosted the local economy through tourism (IT-PVH #03)

6 Please see appendix for all summary tables of answers from in-dept interviews and focused-group discussion

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to balance visitor experiences with the conservation of its rich historical and cultural assets The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives further enhances the sustainability of these heritage sites, ensuring that both the environment and local culture are respected and preserved for future generations.

In SCHT, our local culture, tradition and heritage could get more active preservation (LC-PVH #01)

SCHT holds significant importance as it represents a national identity deeply rooted in the remarkable achievements of Khmer ancestors, particularly highlighted by the construction of numerous ancient temples.

SCHT is dedicated to preserving and developing cultural heritage (CH) in a stable and sustainable manner This approach emphasizes responsible management practices that minimize visitor impact on cultural sites and communities It encourages visitors to respect local customs, such as observing traditions when entering temples and honoring indigenous cultures during village visits.

For SCHT, visitors should not violate the code of conduct that goes against local culture, which harms the heritage image (MLMUPC-PVH)

SCHT is vital for Cambodia, particularly in the management and implementation of work in the SPK area, as emphasized by SPKNA-PVH R-SPK #01 highlighted that SCHT plays a key role in reviving rituals and customs, which aids in preserving cultural heritage (CH) and enriching visitor experiences Additionally, LTO-SPK #05 noted that the involvement of tourists and the private sector in the preservation of CH is a crucial aspect of SCHT.

Sustainability in this scheme acts as way for reviving old rituals, traditions, and customary practices as a way of both preserving CH and developing additional cultural experiences (R-SPK #01)

SCHT to me means the activities of tourists and other private operators which would contribute to the preservation of CH and world heritage site (LTO-SPK #05)

SCHT is the preferred approach for development in Cambodia, particularly within the tourism sector While implementing SCHT presents challenges, neglecting these issues could jeopardize the resources that CHT depends on Therefore, SCHT plays a crucial role in policy and execution among tourism stakeholders, as demonstrated in SPK Continuous monitoring and evaluation must be established and strengthened consistently.

SCHT is recognized as a vital development strategy for long-term interests and future generations, particularly at Angkor, where IT-ANK #05 emphasized its potential to enhance tourist arrivals and generate income for local communities H-ANK #03 echoed this sentiment, highlighting the importance of preserving existing cultural heritage as a core component of SCHT for future generations Additionally, LTO-ANK #04 and PA-ANK stressed the necessity of optimizing tourism impacts to meet long-term development goals effectively.

Sustainable development in the CHT is essential for ensuring long-term protection of the area while enhancing both national and international tourism This approach not only preserves the environment but also contributes to a steady increase in daily income over time.

SCHT enhances the preservation of legacy to the next generation (H-ANK #03) SCHT ensures that our children in the next generation could still have our existing

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while protecting its rich history and traditions The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives ensures that cultural values are respected and maintained, contributing to the overall sustainability of the tourism sector.

I believe that SCHT refers to the concept of tourism development, which serves the conservation of CH and is beneficial for long-term tourism development (LTO-ANK

SCHT, or sustainable cultural heritage tourism, focuses on tourism practices at cultural heritage destinations that positively influence both visitors and local communities now and in the future This approach ensures that the physical integrity of these heritage sites is preserved, preventing any negative impact on their longevity and significance.

PVH's IT-PVH #04 viewed SCHT as a strategic development opportunity aimed at long-term growth by enhancing income through cultural heritage preservation In contrast, other respondents emphasized the importance of maintaining the site for potential future developments.

The initiatives aim to enhance the living standards of individuals by fostering stability and promoting the unique identity of Cambodia Additionally, they focus on nurturing a spirit of love and care within the community.

SCHT could keep CH to remain longer and give more benefit for economic development (IT-PVH #04)

SCHT makes people living in the area getting better and more stable, especially keeping the development of people in the next generation (LC-PVH #03)

SCHT is a source of pride for Cambodian people and an identity for Cambodia, contributing to long-term development (H-PVH #01)

SCHT reduces harmful activities in CH areas and retains the site for future development (R-PVH #02)

Involvement and Collaboration of Stakeholders in SCHT

Established in 1993 following its nomination in 1992, the ICC-Angkor (International Coordinating Committee for the Protection and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor) serves as a permanent mechanism for monitoring and controlling the development and conservation of the Angkor area Co-chaired by France and Japan, the ICC-Angkor collaborates closely with the Cambodian government and international teams, overseeing projects that address specific management and conservation issues The committee ensures that these initiatives meet technical and financial requirements while promoting the sustainable development of Angkor's heritage values Recognized as an active forum for exchanging ideas and research methodologies, the ICC-Angkor plays a crucial role in the ongoing conservation and governance of Angkor's cultural heritage.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only highlight the rich historical significance of Cambodia but also emphasize the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these case studies illustrate how tourism can contribute to the local economy and community development without compromising the integrity of the cultural sites Engaging visitors in responsible tourism helps to foster appreciation for Cambodia's unique heritage and encourages conservation efforts for future generations.

The ICC-Angkor operates under internal regulations established in December 2008 and revised in May 2009, outlining its roles and functions, including technical sessions in June and plenary sessions in December The ICC Secretariat, overseen by the ICC Scientific Secretary—a UNESCO-designated expert with significant scientific and diplomatic expertise—facilitates meetings and maintains high-level communication among the Royal Government, Co-Chairs, and UNESCO to uphold the 1972 World Heritage Convention's principles in Angkor's management Additionally, the ICC-Angkor, with UNESCO's support, formed an Adhoc group of experts in 1997, with members appointed by the ICC co-chairs and the Cambodian representative based on the Scientific Secretary's recommendations These independent Adhoc experts conduct site visits and report their findings to the ICC-Angkor prior to meetings.

Since its nomination in 2008, the development and collaboration for the preservation of Preah Vihear (PVH) has been facilitated through the ICC-Angkor Mechanism In 2014, the UNESCO Board established the International Coordinating Committee for the Conservation and Promotion of PVH (ICC-PVH) to mirror the ICC-Angkor model This international body aims to protect and enhance the PVH World Heritage site by providing financial assistance and expert support from various nations, showcasing the significance of Khmer architectural art ICC-PVH serves as a collaborative forum for architects, engineers, and archaeologists to share insights on conservation efforts Additionally, since April 2016, the Preah Vihear Authority (PNA) has taken on the responsibility of preserving the Koh Ker archaeological site, the former capital of the Khmer Empire, while the government prepares to nominate it for UNESCO World Heritage status Despite these efforts, ICC-PVH continues to depend largely on the ICC-Angkor mechanism for technical expertise and support.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its historical sites for future generations The integration of local communities in tourism development is crucial for fostering economic growth and cultural appreciation Through these efforts, Cambodia aims to balance tourism demands with the preservation of its rich cultural heritage.

The ANA and ICC-Angkor are actively engaged in the conservation and development of the temple, with 78 initiatives underway Meanwhile, the ICC-PVH meeting is ongoing at the ANA office, as PNA is currently unable to host international meetings.

To enhance collaboration and involvement in site activities, SPKNA classifies key stakeholders based on their engagement level, reliance on the site, and susceptibility to changes in management structures.

Primary stakeholders are individuals or groups who have a direct connection to the site, relying on it for their livelihoods or holding significant usage rights This includes tourists, shopkeepers, vendors, and tourist guides, as well as the most vulnerable populations who benefit directly from the initiative Their interests are central to the project's success.

Secondary stakeholders encompass key entities responsible for the site, including the MCFA, MOT, tourism operators, local residents, and civil society organizations Their involvement is crucial for the development and sustainability of the site, ensuring that diverse perspectives contribute to its management and growth.

Tertiary stakeholders in Cambodia encompass the Government and various Ministries, alongside international normative organizations such as ICOMOS, UNESCO, and ICCROM These stakeholders also include conservation and development bodies, as well as professional and educational institutions, contributing to the preservation and advancement of cultural heritage.

Unlike Angkor and PVH, ICC-Sambo Preikuk has not been established Development and preservation projects are overseen by the ICC-Angkor mechanism, which deploys both international and national experts to collaborate with SPKNA The findings from these efforts will be shared at a special meeting, following an internal meeting of the SPKNA Board of Directors.

According to the studies, participants explained involvement and collaboration in the process of SCHT in Cambodia in four different ways as follows:

1 Develop business or management models in accordance with the SCHT approach

2 Participate to further promote SCHT

3 Join hand with other relevant stakeholders

4 Feel not yet involved in SCHT

First, develop a business or management model in accordance with the SCHT approach Private operators at Angkor affirmed having been involved in the process of

SCHT in their business, for example H-ANK #01 stated that his hotel has its design and

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical and cultural significance of the region but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By promoting responsible tourism practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its invaluable heritage The integration of local communities in tourism development further ensures that economic benefits are shared, fostering a deeper appreciation for Cambodia's unique cultural landscape.

The integration of Khmer-style operations reflects the rich architecture, culture, and traditions of the region H-ANK #01 highlighted their commitment to sustainable cultural heritage tourism (SCHT) by developing comprehensive marketing strategies that encompass economic, social, and environmental factors Local tour operator LTO-ANK #04 emphasized their policy to encourage staff and clients to embrace SCHT principles Community representatives, LC-ANK #02, assured that their activities positively contribute to the preservation of temples Public authorities, including the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), prioritize SCHT in their planning and policies, actively collaborating with stakeholders in Siem Reap to promote sustainable practices Additionally, both the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) and the Angkor National Authority (ANA) confirmed adherence to UNESCO guidelines and SCHT principles throughout all phases of planning and execution.

I participate in SCHT by doing small business honestly and any activities that do not affect the temple (LC-ANK #02)

I have created hotel rooms and buildings that showcase Khmer architecture, featuring historical paintings, souvenirs, and informative guides within the guest rooms Additionally, I have collaborated with both local and international business partners to enhance tourist attraction.

I was involved in SCHT by developing marketing strategies with consumers' interest in a natural, social and cultural environment (R-ANK #02)

My tour company always encourages staff and tourists to involve in SCHT (LTO-ANK

The Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and the provincial tourism department of Siem Reap are dedicated to promoting sustainable development in Cambodia's Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) They regularly meet with private sector representatives, local communities, ANA, and other stakeholders to ensure that the growth of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) benefits both current and future generations.

Development of SCHT in Cambodia

4.6.1 Key Tasks Accomplished Related to SCHT

The National APSARA Authority, abbreviated from Autorité pour la Protection et le

Established in 1995, the Angkor National Authority (ANA) was created to meet the requirements for Angkor's designation as a World Heritage site in December 1992 Initially a public institution under the Council of Ministers, ANA's oversight shifted in September 2018 when the Royal Government transferred its authority to the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA) As the site manager, ANA is now responsible for the comprehensive management and development of the Angkor area, encompassing planning and organization.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting responsible tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich historical landmarks The integration of local communities in tourism development is crucial for maintaining the authenticity of these cultural sites Through effective management and conservation efforts, Cambodia aims to balance tourism growth with the preservation of its unique cultural identity.

Since its establishment, 86 leadership in field works has successfully implemented various tasks and initiatives aimed at SCHT development, as evidenced by existing documents and site observations.

The increasing number of tourists has led to overcrowding at popular monuments, particularly those with limited carrying capacities This surge in visitors poses a threat to the preservation of these sites in the short term To address these challenges, the Archaeological National Authority (ANA) has implemented effective crowd management strategies, enhanced visitor facilities, and improved the overall visitor experience Specific measures include visitor limits at key locations, such as 300 at Phnom Bakheng, 100 at the Bakan Tower of Angkor Wat, and 200 at Baphuon Temple Additionally, in collaboration with the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), ANA is developing a "Temple Classification" system to better manage tourist flow.

The Adaptive Ticketing Option will be proposed by the ANA to Angkor Enterprise once the government approves the Temple Classification System, which is based on findings from the carrying capacity study.

The Angkor Heritage Values have been effectively preserved through the development of the Banteay Srei Parvis, a project initiated by the ANA in collaboration with the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation from 2007 to 2009 This initiative aimed to address the overwhelming tourist influx that exceeded the temple's capacity, leading to the establishment of a buffer zone and reception area to safeguard the site Consequently, the surrounding area has been successfully preserved and reforested Building on the best practices from Banteay Srei, the Angkor Parvis is currently being constructed at the west entrance of Angkor Wat, featuring amenities such as parking, a tourist information center, and shopping and dining options for visitors.

The management of tourist behavior, experience, and safety has seen significant efforts from the ANA, MOT, and relevant stakeholders aimed at enhancing visitor satisfaction Key initiatives include the development of strategies to effectively manage and regulate visitor conduct, ensuring a safe and enjoyable experience for all tourists.

Angkor Code of Conduct in 2015 has been considered as predominant successful measure in response to the above challenge However, the Code is not

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with the conservation of cultural heritage By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while protecting its rich history and traditions The approach not only benefits local communities economically but also fosters a deeper understanding of Cambodia's cultural significance among tourists.

The Angkor Archaeological Park aims to educate both national and international tourists about respecting Khmer temples and culture by discouraging inappropriate behaviors such as wearing revealing clothing, touching carvings, and disturbing the tranquility of shrines As of January 1, 2020, alcoholic beverages are prohibited within temple areas to maintain the sanctity of this World Heritage site This decision follows a previous ban effective October 1, 2019, which also prohibits food consumption, music, and the sale of items around Angkor Wat and its surroundings The Angkor National Authority (ANA) emphasizes the importance of adhering to these regulations to protect the environment and cultural integrity of Angkor.

ANA is enhancing infrastructure and transportation by developing a 23.2 km bike lane project for tourists to explore the jungle without vehicle interference, initiated in early 2020 and set to open in early 2022 Additionally, Siem Reap Airport, located just 5 km from Angkor Wat, poses risks to the temple's foundation due to vibrations from aircraft, while air traffic growth is lagging behind the booming local tourism industry To address these concerns, a new airport is being constructed 51 km southeast of Siem Reap and 40 km from the Angkor area, spanning approximately 700 hectares.

ANA is investing 880 million USD in a project expected to be fully operational by 2023 To minimize site impacts, the organization is implementing various initiatives, including visitor flow management, monitoring, maintenance, and infrastructure upgrades.

Recent infrastructure enhancements at the Western Baray have been implemented to provide visitors with an improved sunset viewing experience These upgrades also encompass the renovation of parking facilities at Phnom, ensuring greater accessibility and convenience for all guests.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these destinations aim to balance visitor experiences with the protection of their historical and cultural significance The integration of local communities in tourism initiatives further enhances the sustainability of these heritage sites, ensuring that both the economy and culture thrive.

Bakheng, Angkor Wat, Banteay Srei, Ta Prom and Elephant Terrace and the creation of other parking areas to contribute to reducing traffic congestion

In the case of PVH, Preah Vihear National Authority (PVHNA) was established by the

On June 1, 2006, the government initiated the process leading to the official listing of the site in July 2008, with PVHNA and ANA initially under the Council of Ministers Following a sub-decree in September 2008, both authorities were transferred to the management of MCFA As a public institution, PVHNA serves as the site manager, tasked with the effective design and development of the area in compliance with government regulations and UNESCO guidelines Its planning efforts have significantly contributed to the protection and promotion of the temple's value, ensuring that new developments enhance the site's features while preserving local indigenous architecture PVHNA collaborates with local authorities to prevent deforestation and illegal land acquisition, although it recognizes the need for greater community involvement in the planning process Observations indicate that PVHNA has successfully implemented numerous initiatives related to SCHT development since its establishment.

The preservation of the temple's features and values is crucial, as the area faces erosion and changes from both natural and human influences Deeply rooted in its past, culture, and sacredness, the site comprises two distinct sections: the temple on the rocks and the historical-cultural landscape, which includes natural and rural elements Maintaining a balance between these diverse components is essential, as the site is a "living" entity rather than merely an archaeological site Despite the transition from a Shaivite to a Buddhist site, its sacred nature endures, with many customs and traditions still being honored.

Chapter Summary

The research yielded diverse insights from a variety of respondents through semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, documentation, and site observations across multiple study locations This approach produced a range of responses aligned with the five primary research questions, allowing for the categorization of answers into key themes.

Studies show that people possess a strong understanding of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT), particularly regarding the impact of world heritage designation on the three temple sites, which has significantly boosted both national and international tourism This influx has positively influenced local development and improved the livelihoods of residents in the surrounding areas Nevertheless, the preservation of cultural assets and the natural environment is essential for the sustainable development of Cultural Heritage Tourism in these regions It is noteworthy, however, that some respondents lacked awareness of SCHT, which hindered their ability to answer related questions.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Prei Kuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting tourism that benefits local communities By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich historical and cultural assets The integration of conservation efforts with tourism development is essential for maintaining the integrity of these heritage sites for future generations.

The findings indicate that involvement in Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) is fostered through collaboration with stakeholders, the development of business models aligned with SCHT principles, and active promotion at both national and international levels However, some participants reported a lack of engagement for various reasons The ICC mechanism has emerged as an effective platform for advancing sustainable cultural heritage tourism across three case studies, although the degree of sustainability achieved varies by site.

To achieve Sustainable Community Health Transformation (SCHT) in Cambodia, effective management and development efforts have been undertaken by the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and relevant stakeholders across three key areas Participants in studies emphasize the need for a specific and permanent platform to enhance stakeholder engagement, ensuring their voices are integrated into the SCHT development process in Cambodia.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites not only showcase the rich history and cultural significance of the region but also highlight the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to balance tourism growth with the protection of its unique heritage, ensuring that visitors can appreciate these historical landmarks while contributing to their conservation.

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter Overview

This chapter aims to compare the findings with the literature review to address the research questions outlined in the thesis It begins with a comprehensive analysis, followed by a summary of the overall conclusions Additionally, the chapter offers key recommendations for the management and development of SCHT in Cambodia Finally, it concludes by highlighting the significant contributions of the research and suggesting avenues for future studies.

Discussion

5.2.1 Global Perception of SCHT in Cambodia

Angkor demonstrates greater economic sustainability compared to PVH and SPK, primarily due to its significant influx of tourists, which positively impacts local economic development In contrast, relevant authorities and stakeholders have focused considerable efforts on addressing social and environmental issues.

Angkor and Siem Reap are interdependent, attracting millions of international tourists and establishing themselves as Cambodia's must-visit destination This influx of visitors has significantly boosted Siem Reap's economy, leading to a rapid expansion of tourist amenities, including hotels, guesthouses, and tour services The government benefits from substantial revenue generated through entrance fees to the Angkor site However, despite these economic gains, Angkor is facing a decline in tourist arrivals, highlighting the need for innovative strategies and policies to transform challenges into opportunities for sustainable growth.

The limited number of visitors to PVH may be attributed to its remote location, making it challenging for national tourists to access the area Despite this, the PVH temple has emerged as a significant attraction.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified by case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich historical resources The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that economic benefits are shared, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards cultural preservation Ultimately, these efforts contribute to the sustainable development of Cambodia's tourism sector, balancing cultural integrity with economic growth.

The Dangrek Mountains surrounding the PVH site offer a stunning natural landscape that remains underexplored by both national and international tourists, primarily drawn from Angkor, the primary destination While the PVH temple is a core conservation area with restrictions on tourism amenities, there is a pressing need to develop infrastructure in the nearby Samdech Techo eco-village in Sra Em commune to enhance tourist attraction Despite limitations on tourism activities in the core zone, the influx of visitors has significantly boosted the local economy by creating job opportunities and fostering growth As a UNESCO World Heritage site for over a decade, PVH is experiencing a growth phase, highlighting its potential for further development and social improvement.

The SPK area, like PVH, is currently an underappreciated destination for international tourists, often overshadowed by Angkor, leading many to bypass SPK entirely or make only brief stops en route to Phnom Penh However, SPK attracts over 90% of local visitors to Kampong Thom province, highlighting its significance for domestic tourism While it benefits from proximity to Kampong Thom, just 20km away, SPK lacks adequate tourism infrastructure, such as accommodations and dining options, forcing visitors to return to the provincial town for basic services To enhance tourist experiences and stimulate growth, it is crucial to develop tourism infrastructure and services in SPK, aligning with UNESCO's principles Currently, SPK is in a phase of consolidated growth, presenting opportunities for further development, particularly in cultural heritage tourism.

In terms of social improvement, PVH exhibits greater social and environmental sustainability compared to Angkor, attributed to reduced pressure from economic and tourism development, highlighted by the successful relocation of the Samdech Techo eco-village Additionally, PVH demonstrates higher social sustainability than SPK, as local communities surrounding the site have reaped more benefits than those in SPK.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while protecting its historical and cultural assets The integration of local communities in tourism development is crucial for ensuring long-term benefits and sustainability Through these case studies, the balance between tourism growth and cultural preservation can be effectively achieved.

The tourism sector has generated over 300,000 jobs for both national and international tourists, leading to significant growth in facilities like hotels, restaurants, and tour companies However, economic leakage remains a challenge, with around 50% of generated benefits being lost to labor costs, imports, and non-local business profits Despite policies aimed at employing local residents near the temple area, the full benefits have yet to materialize, and Siem Reap continues to be the poorest province compared to others like PVH and Kampong Thom Illegal land ownership in restricted zones has raised concerns from UNESCO, while local awareness of conservation policies remains low To address these issues, the development of New Siem Reap City is essential for expanding economic opportunities beyond the current limitations of Siem Reap.

PVH has achieved significant success with the relocation of the Samdech Techo eco-village, situated 20 kilometers from the central area of Angkor This transition was challenging due to the existing population, infrastructure, and business activities at the old location, which was also influenced by military presence Although the eco-village's distance from the temple may pose convenience issues for tourists, it allows for broader development opportunities outside the strict conservation zones mandated by UNESCO Furthermore, the establishment of the eco-village has played a crucial role in preserving the temple area by minimizing business activities on-site In contrast to the Angkor zone, which faces challenges from illegal land possession and construction, the PVH area is well-regulated, ensuring that development adheres to UNESCO's guidelines.

In terms of environmental conservation, SPK demonstrates greater sustainability compared to Angkor and PVH, benefiting from lessons learned from both Nonetheless, to realize the long-term objective of developing the site's Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT), it is essential to enhance the economic and social dimensions.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia plays a vital role in preserving and promoting the country's rich history and traditions Case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk highlight the importance of responsible tourism practices These heritage sites not only attract visitors but also contribute to local economies and community development By prioritizing sustainability, Cambodia can ensure that its cultural treasures are protected for future generations while providing meaningful experiences for tourists.

Angkor faces significant challenges in environmental management compared to PVH and SPK, with its vast area encompassing diverse ecosystems from the Angkor region to the Kulen mountains and Tonle Sap lake This region is susceptible to wildfires driven by both natural and human factors, alongside increasing deforestation impacting the temple surroundings and flooded forests of Tonle Sap lake The pressures of economic development have led to encroachments on state forest land and illegal settlements within protected areas, threatening the environmental sustainability of Angkor Nevertheless, efforts by relevant authorities have resulted in a notable increase in forest cover around the temple area.

The surge in tourism and the growing population of Siem Reap have led to increased groundwater extraction, as hotels, guesthouses, and homes rely on wells due to insufficient public water supply This excessive withdrawal has compromised the structural integrity of several temples, resulting in collapses despite ongoing restoration efforts However, the Angkor management's initiative to redevelop the irrigation system, spearheaded by ANA, has significantly mitigated these issues, ensuring that many temples remain stable, alleviating water shortages, and preventing flooding in Siem Reap.

PVH demonstrates a stronger commitment to environmental conservation compared to Angkor, as its lush forests and nature reserves remain largely intact The preservation of forested areas surrounding the temple plays a crucial role in sustainable development, particularly since much of it is situated in the Dangrek Mountains, a vital natural protected area in Cambodia The establishment of the Samdech Techo eco-village has significantly enhanced nature conservation efforts by effectively separating conservation zones from development areas, unlike Angkor, where tourism and exploitation threaten environmental integrity and heritage values Additionally, the eco-village facilitates better tourist management while promoting economic activities that align with environmental sustainability.

General Conclusion

5.3.1 Clear Understanding of Perception of SCHT in Cambodia

SCHT, or Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism, is characterized as a partnership that meets both Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) and conservation goals, encompassing economic development, social enhancement, and environmental protection Through various case studies, it is evident that SCHT prioritizes the preservation of cultural heritage while promoting sustainable tourism practices.

CH assets, natural environment, and CH understanding to ensure development for the long-term and next-generation, especially destination at income generation and local communities by integrating relevant stakeholders

5.3.2 Best Experience in Collaboration Mechanism but Need to Engage relevant stakeholders Further

Collaboration with stakeholders has significantly enhanced the value of the three World Heritage sites, leading to increased tourist attraction in the region However, there is a need to strengthen some of these partnerships The public sector is crucial in developing policies and strategies that support this growth.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These locations highlight the importance of preserving cultural identity while promoting responsible tourism practices By focusing on sustainable tourism strategies, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its rich heritage, and contribute to local economies Emphasizing the balance between tourism development and heritage conservation is crucial for the long-term viability of these cultural treasures.

The sustainability of community heritage tourism (CHT) in the region is supported by the private sector, which has played a crucial role in attracting tourists despite limited tour package offerings at PVH and SPK Local communities have benefited from tourism development, enhancing the value of these sites while tourists help to promote their beauty on an international scale.

The establishment of the ICC mechanism is a crucial success factor for the protection and conservation of three world heritage sites, including ICC-ANGKOR and ICC-PVH, as well as SPK Created post-nomination, the ICC serves as a collaborative platform uniting public sector stakeholders, national and international experts, and local community representatives to devise sustainable development solutions This ensures that local communities, tourism operators, and Cambodia benefit maximally from the heritage site nominations while adhering to UNESCO's sustainable development and conservation guidelines The planning, organization, leadership, monitoring, and management of the Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in these case studies largely rely on this effective mechanism.

5.3.3 Global Level of SCHT Achieved but Need to Enhance Dimensional Level

In conclusion, the analysis of the three case studies indicates that the development of CHT has successfully embraced the principle of sustainability; however, certain aspects of the three sustainability dimensions have not yet been fully realized.

At the site level, the sustainability efforts of Angkor, PVH, and SPK are lacking, particularly when evaluating their performance across all three dimensions of sustainable development The analysis reveals significant gaps in their approaches.

Angkor demonstrates greater economic sustainability compared to PVH and SPK, primarily due to its significant tourist influx and its role in local economic development This success is bolstered by the dedicated efforts of ANA, MOT, and other stakeholders focused on enhancing social and environmental sustainability.

- As for PVH, the site has been doing more good works concerning social and environmental sustainability than Angkor due to less pressure on economic and

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich history The integration of local communities in tourism development fosters economic growth and cultural exchange, ensuring that future generations can enjoy these invaluable heritage sites.

The success of the Samdech Techo eco-village relocation highlights its effective tourism development, showcasing greater social sustainability compared to SPK Local communities surrounding PVH have reaped more benefits than those in SPK, emphasizing the positive impact of this initiative on regional prosperity.

The SPK site demonstrates greater environmental sustainability compared to Angkor and PVH, benefiting from lessons learned at these locations However, to fully realize the long-term objectives of the SCHT development, it is essential to further enhance the economic and social dimensions of the site.

5.3.4 Successful Measures in Achieving SCHT in Cambodia

The Royal Government of Cambodia is dedicated to the sustainable development of its World Heritage sites by establishing specialized authorities for Angkor (ANA), PVH (PHVNA), and SPK (SPKNA) Continuous reforms in the leadership structure and operations of these authorities are being implemented to ensure that the management and development of these areas align with UNESCO's principles and sustainable development practices.

The designation of world heritage status serves as a crucial safeguard against the pressures of economic and tourism development in these areas Following the nomination, there has been a steady and significant increase in tourist numbers at the three sites, although PVH and SPK still attract fewer visitors This influx of tourists has led to the growth of tourism-related developments and infrastructure, which pose risks to the cultural heritage and natural environment surrounding the temples Consequently, the implementation of UNESCO's principles is essential and mandatory, with all stakeholders, particularly the private sector and local communities, collaborating to achieve this goal.

The transfer of knowledge, skills, and experience across different sites is essential for sustainable development, particularly in the context of CHT development Since becoming a World Heritage Site in 1992, Angkor has drawn numerous tourists, leading to significant management and development challenges Consequently, the management weaknesses identified in Angkor have been shared with other listed sites, such as PVH, which was designated 16 years later, and SPK, added nine years after PVH This knowledge transfer is crucial for enhancing site management and fostering sustainable tourism practices.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is a vital aspect of the country's development, as seen in case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites are not only significant cultural and historical landmarks but also major tourist attractions, generating substantial revenue for local communities Effective management of these sites is crucial to ensure their preservation for future generations while also promoting economic growth By implementing sustainable tourism practices, Cambodia can balance the needs of conservation, community engagement, and economic development, ultimately contributing to the long-term preservation of its rich cultural heritage.

121 experiences has made a significant contribution to guarantee that the challenges and weaknesses of the past are addressed and implemented effectively

Recommendations

Despite the advanced development and management of Sustainable Community Heritage Tourism (SCHT) across the three regions, additional efforts are essential to ensure these sites adhere fully to sustainability principles, which are crucial for promoting SCHT in Cambodia To secure the future of this sector, several key recommendations are put forth.

To effectively support Cambodian tourism and enhance economic development, it is crucial to develop national strategic plans and policies for Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) Currently, there is a lack of coordination between the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA), which hampers the management of tourism activities and cultural site preservation While the MOT oversees tourism development nationwide, the MCFA is responsible for managing and preserving cultural sites The management of three key heritage sites is primarily handled by special authorities under the MCFA, yet there is an absence of cohesive policies and strategies that address CHT comprehensively This gap highlights the need for a unified approach to ensure that CHT is prioritized alongside other critical areas in national policy development.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to protect its rich history and foster economic growth through responsible tourism The integration of local communities in tourism development ensures that cultural traditions are maintained, providing visitors with authentic experiences This approach not only benefits the economy but also enhances the conservation of Cambodia's invaluable heritage sites.

To ensure the sustainability of the Community Heritage Tourism (CHT) sector, the government should establish a dedicated institutional mechanism that enhances the role of the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) This mechanism would not only provide feedback but also actively guide and develop CHT, thereby reinforcing its significance in promoting national economic growth and preserving heritage values A proposed model for this institutional framework will be discussed in the following section.

To enhance collaboration among stakeholders in the development of tourism in the Angkor region, it is crucial to strengthen the existing cooperation mechanisms, such as the 4Ps model Currently, the private sector's participation in creating tour packages and attracting tourists to PVH and SPK remains limited, leading to significant pressures for development driven by economic interests Additionally, local communities are often unaware of their rights and responsibilities regarding the use of heritage resources, while tourists lack a comprehensive understanding of the cultural significance of the sites they visit Addressing these gaps is essential for fostering a more inclusive and sustainable approach to heritage tourism development.

Clear delineation of roles and responsibilities among the Ministry of Tourism (MOT), the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MCFA), and other stakeholders is crucial for effective management of cultural heritage sites, such as SPK The existing overlap in management between the SNA and the Kampong Thom provincial tourism office highlights the need for clarity, which may also be applicable to other cultural heritage sites across the country.

To enhance sustainable development across all three areas, it is crucial to address the varying levels of sustainability in economic, social, and environmental aspects The Angkor region, in particular, needs to improve the distribution of economic benefits to local communities, ensuring that tourism profits are shared beyond just large operators Meanwhile, PVH and SPK exhibit stronger environmental sustainability but lack social equity, as tourism benefits are not adequately distributed Therefore, both authorities should prioritize the development of tourism activities and implement more effective allocation mechanisms, enabling local residents to gain increased income and benefits from the area's growth.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia focuses on preserving and promoting significant sites such as Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These case studies highlight the importance of balancing tourism development with cultural conservation to ensure that local communities benefit while maintaining their historical integrity By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia aims to enhance visitor experiences while safeguarding its rich cultural heritage for future generations.

Law enforcement in Angkor is hindered by a lack of awareness among the local population regarding their rights and obligations, leading to housing and construction projects that violate UNESCO principles and government regulations Consequently, many of these constructions are deemed illegal To effectively tackle these issues, it is essential to expand legal regulations and implement strict enforcement measures.

Effective information dissemination is crucial for enhancing awareness among local residents and tourists, promoting better management of tourist behavior While Angkor has successfully implemented the Angkor Code of Conduct, similar efforts are lacking at PVH and SPK Therefore, a comprehensive approach to information dissemination is necessary to improve tourist behavior and manage visitor flow more effectively.

The private sector has highlighted a shortage of local tour guides, as local tourists are often unaccustomed to utilizing their services Additionally, the significance of World Heritage sites is not well-known among the local population To address this issue, it is crucial to promote the training of local tourist guides by encouraging community involvement Furthermore, the three authorities and the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) should develop a targeted strategy and plan to increase the engagement of local tourist guides.

To enhance service quality in tourism, particularly in temple areas, the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) must collaborate with three key authorities to address the concerns raised by travel agencies regarding inadequate tourism facilities and support services By adhering to UNESCO guidelines and embracing sustainable development practices, MOT can promote the improvement of quality services and the development of essential tourism infrastructure.

To enhance the effectiveness of promoting CHT activities through sustainable development, it is essential to implement site-level recommendations across all major cultural sites nationwide.

Proposed Model of Managing SCHT

To effectively manage SCHT in Cambodia, it is essential to implement a 4Ps model that fosters collaboration among stakeholders This approach emphasizes the crucial involvement of local communities and tourists (P-People), highlighting the need for their increased encouragement, integration, and active participation in the process.

However, rather than the 4Ps model, we propose a model (3Ps+1C) of collaboration for managing sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia, in which:

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites showcase the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect its historical treasures, and foster economic growth within local communities Emphasizing the unique cultural significance of these locations will attract responsible travelers and contribute to the long-term conservation of Cambodia’s rich heritage.

- P1 includes representatives from the Public sector, which the composition comes from MOT, MC, special authorities of ANA, PNA, SNA and relevant ministries and institutions

- P2 includes representatives of the Private sector who work relatively in the cultural heritage tourism sector

- P3 comprises representatives from development Partners

- 1C includes representatives of some important local Communities who work mainly in cultural heritage tourism development

Establishing a partnership among key stakeholders is crucial for implementing this model, as it encompasses various responsibilities in the planning, development, facilitation, and management of cultural heritage tourism Each participant is assigned specific roles and responsibilities to ensure the effective execution of their mission.

Figure 5.1: Proposed Model of (3Ps+1C) of Collaboration in Managing SCHT in

Committee for Management and Development of Sustainable Cultural heritage tourism

-Ministry of Culture and Fine Art

- Special Authorities (ANA, PVHNA, SPKNA )

Representatives of some important local communities

Think Tank: Adhoc expert, technical team and development partners

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences and protect its rich historical legacy The integration of local communities in tourism development is crucial for ensuring economic benefits and cultural preservation Ultimately, these case studies serve as a model for balancing tourism growth with heritage conservation in Cambodia.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism activities must be overseen by a National Institution or Committee dedicated to their management and development, led by the Ministry of Tourism (MOT) and involving relevant ministries and institutions Effective collaboration and coordination among all stakeholders are essential for the successful implementation of these initiatives.

The MOT will chair the committee responsible for offering advice, technical assistance, and support to stakeholders, while promoting the sharing of information and launching sustainable cultural heritage tourism projects Key roles and responsibilities of this committee encompass facilitating collaboration and enhancing stakeholder engagement in cultural heritage initiatives.

- Facilitate discussions at all levels of government on the development of strategies and policies for the management and development of sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia

- Develop procedures, policies, and regulations for cultural heritage tourism activities and guidelines for sustainable cultural heritage tourism development with relevant stakeholders

- Lead initiative to improve the development of sustainable cultural heritage tourism in the country

- Collaborate with local authorities and other institutions to prepare national and sub-national cultural heritage tourism development plans

- Supervise and control activities and development in cultural heritage tourism zones to minimize the negative effects

The management and conservation of cultural sites, including world heritage sites, fall under the jurisdiction of MCFA and special authorities such as ANA, PVHNA, and SPKNA Additionally, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) plays a crucial role in overseeing the preservation of protected areas and natural reserves that contribute to the cultural landscape The integration of MLMUPC and the Ministry of Interior (MOI) into the National Committee is also vital Furthermore, active participation from the provincial governor board is essential for effective management and development at the local level.

To ensure the effective routine implementation of the National Committee's work, a dedicated secretariat team should be established This secretariat, led by the Ministry of Transport (MOT), will include representatives from the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism (MCFA) as well as other relevant ministries and institutions.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences while ensuring the protection of its rich history The success of these case studies demonstrates the potential for sustainable tourism to contribute to local economies and cultural preservation efforts.

Representatives from key organizations such as the Cambodia Association of Travel Agents (CATA), Cambodia Hotel Association (CHA), Cambodia Restaurant Association (CRA), and Cambodia Tourism Federation (CTF), along with other significant private associations in the tourism sector, will have specific roles and responsibilities assigned to them.

- Develop packaged tours and bring more tourists to cultural sites

- Promote marketing and destination branding Cambodia as quality cultural heritage tourism destination

- Conduct market research and product development strategies to support cultural heritage tourism development

- Provide advice to promote and develop cultural heritage tourism

The committee members serve solely in an advisory capacity, lacking voting rights, to safeguard against the influence of profit-driven organizations on social interests and national welfare.

Involving representatives from development partner organizations in the national committee is crucial, despite their sporadic inclusion in government structures These representatives can be integrated into the Think Tank group platform, allowing for collaboration with Adhoc experts and technical teams.

Organizations play a crucial role in providing essential technical and financial assistance, as well as training and capacity building for both local communities and public officials, to promote sustainable development To foster social dialogue and minimize tensions, these organizations must collaborate closely with government authorities Additionally, development partner organizations should engage actively with local communities, mobilizing available resources and establishing effective coordination mechanisms to enhance their collective efforts towards sustainability.

The private sector's involvement in the committee is restricted to offering advice and providing technical and financial assistance, without any voting rights or decision-making authority This structure is designed to prevent political influences and international pressures from being used as justifications for the management and development of cultural heritage sites.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By implementing sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance visitor experiences, protect historical sites, and support local communities The integration of cultural heritage into tourism strategies fosters economic growth and ensures the longevity of these significant landmarks for future generations.

Limitation and Perspective of the Study

The measurement of indicators is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of stakeholders in the development of Sustainable Community Health Technologies (SCHT) Our research relied on existing indicators but highlighted the need for a comprehensive indicator grid Additionally, it is essential to identify fundamental indicators that assess government policy effectiveness in managing SCHT initiatives.

The research on Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) development in the World Heritage site serves as a crucial basis for enhancing CHT across Cambodia To effectively promote tourism activities, it is essential to implement a comprehensive plan and policy Additionally, conducting an in-depth study of local cultural sites that are not currently designated as World Heritage sites will offer valuable insights to help realize Cambodia's goal of becoming a prominent international SCHT destination.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, Cambodia can enhance the visitor experience while safeguarding its rich history and traditions The integration of local communities in tourism development is essential for fostering economic growth and ensuring the longevity of these cultural treasures.

Chapter Summary

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism (SCHT) in Cambodia, highlighting its significance as a cornerstone of the country's tourism sector It addresses key challenges in the management and development of SCHT, offering policy recommendations and practical models for implementation The study emphasizes the importance of tourism development that generates economic benefits, enhances livelihoods, promotes social welfare, raises awareness among local communities, respects cultural values, preserves natural landscapes, and ensures active participation from stakeholders Overall, the research successfully achieves its objectives and aims.

Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These sites highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these locations aim to balance economic growth with the conservation of their historical and cultural significance The integration of local communities in tourism development is essential for fostering a sense of ownership and ensuring the longevity of these heritage sites Ultimately, sustainable tourism in Cambodia not only enhances visitor experiences but also protects and celebrates the nation’s rich cultural legacy.

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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambor Prei Kuk These sites not only showcase the rich historical significance of Cambodia but also highlight the importance of preserving cultural heritage while promoting tourism By focusing on sustainable practices, these case studies demonstrate how tourism can contribute to the conservation of cultural sites, support local communities, and enhance visitor experiences Emphasizing responsible tourism strategies ensures that future generations can appreciate and learn from Cambodia's unique cultural heritage.

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Sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia is exemplified through case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk These significant sites not only showcase the rich historical and cultural legacy of Cambodia but also emphasize the importance of preserving these treasures for future generations By implementing sustainable practices, these locations can enhance visitor experiences while protecting their unique heritage, fostering community engagement, and promoting economic development.

Bora CHEA, a PhD candidate at the National Economics University in Vietnam, is researching sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Cambodia, focusing on the case studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear, and Sambo Preikuk This study aims to highlight the significance of cultural heritage tourism in relation to sustainable development and to identify strategies for achieving sustainability at these three UNESCO World Heritage sites The findings will enhance the existing literature on sustainable cultural heritage tourism management within Cambodia's tourism sector.

I invite you to participate in a research study through a 60-minute interview focused on your insights and experiences regarding cultural heritage tourism and its connection to sustainable development in Cambodia, especially at designated world heritage sites The interview can be conducted in either English or Khmer, based on your preference Prior to the interview, you will receive a copy of the interview protocol, and the session will be recorded Additionally, you will be provided with a transcript of the interview for your review before any analysis occurs.

Tiêu đề	Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism in Cambodia: Case Studies of Angkor, Preah Vihear and Sambo Preikuk
Tác giả	Chea Bora
Người hướng dẫn	Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Hong Chuong, Dr. Dong Xuan Dam
Trường học	National Economics University
Chuyên ngành	Economic Management (Tourism Economics)
Thể loại	dissertation
Năm xuất bản	2022
Thành phố	Hanoi

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