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1 SPECIALIZED ENGLISH – SEMESTER 5 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 22Chapter 22 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL Dr. Tran Thi My Dieu Sep. 2011 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA WASTEWATER TREATMENT & REUSEWASTEWATER TREATMENT & REUSE Composition and classification of Composition and classification of microorganismsmicroorganisms CONTENTSCONTENTS Cell compositionCell composition Ei lf ff i bilEi lf ff i bil VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA E nv i ronmenta l f actors a ff ect m i cro bi a l E nv i ronmenta l f actors a ff ect m i cro bi a l activityactivity CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION Is it important to know?Is it important to know? provide a basis for understanding theprovide a basis for understanding the VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA provide a basis for understanding the provide a basis for understanding the nutrients needed for growthnutrients needed for growth To support microbial growth in To support microbial growth in biological system, appropriate nutrients biological system, appropriate nutrients must be availablemust be available CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What are major cellular materials?What are major cellular materials? ProteinProtein RNARNA 55 055 0 20 520 5 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA ProteinProtein PolysaccharidePolysaccharide LipidLipid DNADNA RNARNA Other (sugar, Other (sugar, amino acid)amino acid) Inorganic ionsInorganic ions 55 . 055 . 0 5.05.0 9.19.1 3.13.1 20 . 520 . 5 6.36.3 1.01.0 By dry weightBy dry weight CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What are major cellular materials?What are major cellular materials? Prokaryotes Prokaryotes 80% water80% water 20% d t i l20% d t i l VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA 20% d ry ma t er i a l20% d ry ma t er i a l 90% organic90% organic 10% inorganic10% inorganic Is it important information?Is it important information? CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What are cell elements?What are cell elements? ElementsElements % dry weight% dry weight CarbonCarbon 50.050.0 OxygenOxygen 22.022.0 NitrogenNitrogen 12.012.0 H y dro g enH y dro g en 9.09.0 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA ygyg PhosphorusPhosphorus 2.02.0 SulfurSulfur 1.01.0 PotassiumPotassium 1.01.0 SodiumSodium 1.01.0 CalciumCalcium 0.50.5 MagnesiumMagnesium 0.50.5 ChlorineChlorine 0.50.5 IronIron 0.20.2 Other trace elementsOther trace elements 0.30.3 2 CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What is the most empirical formula What is the most empirical formula for the organic fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells? 53% VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA CC 55 HH 77 OO 22 N N CC 6060 HH 8787 OO 2323 NN 1212 P P % C? CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What is the most empirical formula What is the most empirical formula for the organic fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells? Approximation VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA CC 55 HH 77 OO 22 N N CC 6060 HH 8787 OO 2323 NN 1212 P P Approximation May vary with time and species Practical purpose CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What is the most empirical formula What is the most empirical formula for the organic fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells? VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA CC 55 HH 77 OO 22 N N CC 6060 HH 8787 OO 2323 NN 1212 P P N and P are macronutrients CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What are trace elements required?What are trace elements required? Zinc manganese copperZinc manganese copper VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA Zinc , manganese , copper , Zinc , manganese , copper , molydenum, iron, cobaltmolydenum, iron, cobalt CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION Where can microorganisms get these Where can microorganisms get these elements and compounds? elements and compounds? VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA From the environmentFrom the environment A shortage of any of these substance A shortage of any of these substance would limit or alter growthwould limit or alter growth CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION How to overcome this problem? How to overcome this problem? VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA Additional supplyAdditional supply 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS What environmental conditions are What environmental conditions are important for selection, survival and important for selection, survival and growth of microorganism? growth of microorganism? VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA pH and temperature pH and temperature Type Temperature range ( o C) Optimum range ( o C) Psychrophilic 10-30 12-18 Mesophilic 20-50 25-40 Thermophilic 35-75 55-65 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS pH and temperature pH and temperature Optimal growth for a particular Optimal growth for a particular microorganism occurs within a fairly narrow microorganism occurs within a fairly narrow range of temperature and pHrange of temperature and pH VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA Temperature < optimum value have a more Temperature < optimum value have a more significant effect on growth ratesignificant effect on growth rate Growth rate double with approximately every Growth rate double with approximately every 1010 oo C increase until the optimum temperature is C increase until the optimum temperature is reachedreached ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS pH and temperature pH and temperature Most bacteria can not tolerate pH levels above Most bacteria can not tolerate pH levels above 9.5 or below 4.09.5 or below 4.0 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA 9.5 or below 4.09.5 or below 4.0 Generally, the optimum pH for bacteria growth Generally, the optimum pH for bacteria growth lies between 6.5 and 7.5lies between 6.5 and 7.5 NUTRIENT AND GROWTH FACTOR NUTRIENT AND GROWTH FACTOR REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS How many g of NH 4 Cl and Na 3 PO 4 needed to supply to 10 m 3 - reactor containing 3000 mg/L of microorganisms, if empirical formulaempirical formula Assignment 1Assignment 1 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA mg/L of microorganisms, if empirical formula empirical formula for the organic fraction of their cells is for the organic fraction of their cells is and microorganisms can digest only 75% and microorganisms can digest only 75% amount of N & P suppliedamount of N & P supplied CC 6060 HH 8787 OO 2323 NN 1212 P P . SEMESTER 5 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 22Chapter 22 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL Dr. Tran Thi My Dieu Sep. 2011 VAN. are cell elements? ElementsElements % dry weight% dry weight CarbonCarbon 50.050.0 OxygenOxygen 22. 022. 0 NitrogenNitrogen 12.012.0 H y dro g enH y dro g en 9.09.0 VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA ygyg PhosphorusPhosphorus. fraction of cells? for the organic fraction of cells? 53% VAN LANG UNIVERSITY DENTEMA CC 55 HH 77 OO 22 N N CC 6060 HH 8787 OO 2323 NN 1212 P P % C? CELL COMPOSITIONCELL COMPOSITION What is the most