理论知识
拒绝言语的相关研究及其研究方向
Since Beebe and colleagues pioneered the study of refusals in speech acts in the 1980s, researchers have extensively explored this area, examining the complexities of how individuals navigate social interactions when declining requests or invitations Their work has significantly contributed to our understanding of cultural differences in refusal strategies and the implications for communication This ongoing research highlights the importance of context and politeness in effective refusal, offering valuable insights for both linguists and practitioners in fields such as intercultural communication and conflict resolution.
Research on refusal speech acts has been relatively scarce across various languages However, in China, studies on this topic are increasingly gaining attention Notable master's theses include Wang Xiaoxu's (2006) work on the mechanisms of refusal speech acts in Chinese and Yan Xiaochun's (2007) contributions to the field.
《拒绝言语行为及其策略分析》等等。
In her article "The Mechanism of Refusal Speech Acts in Chinese," Wang Xiaoxu explores the implementation mechanisms of refusal speech acts from the perspectives of pragmatics and cognitive psychology She elucidates the characteristics, directional aspects, influencing factors, and processes involved in refusal speech acts through both static and dynamic analyses.
In contrast to Wang Xiaoxu, Yan Xiaochun conducted a systematic study and analysis of refusal speech acts and their strategies from a pragmatic perspective in his 2007 paper, "Analysis of Refusal Speech Acts and Their Strategies." He categorized refusal speech into two criteria: strong versus mild refusals and direct versus indirect refusals This research also summarized thirteen types of refusal strategies in Chinese based on a questionnaire survey.
杂志上的各篇专题主要有马月兰(2000)的《中美拒绝策略共性比较研究》和
This article explores the comparative study of refusal speech acts between Chinese and American cultures, highlighting significant research contributions such as Yao Jun's (2003) analysis of pragmatic contrasts in refusal strategies between English and Chinese, Tang Ling's (2004) examination of surface strategies in indirect refusals in Chinese, and Wang Aihua and Wu Guiliang's (2005) investigation into the directness of refusal speech acts in both languages Additionally, Gu Huijuan's (2007) work further enriches the understanding of these cultural nuances in refusal communication.
The cultural mapping of refusal strategies in Chinese and English is explored in Huang Dongmei's 2007 study, which analyzes the differences in polite refusals and their underlying causes Liu Jinpei's 2008 work discusses the expressive techniques of refusal semantics in verbal communication Additionally, Pang Demei's research in 2008 compares refusal speech acts among Chinese and American university students, while also examining gender differences in refusal behaviors These studies collectively highlight the intricate interplay between culture, communication, and social norms in refusal strategies.
In recent studies, such as "The Pragmatic Manifestation of 'Refusal' in Chinese and Western Cultural Differences" by Li Yingying (2008), "Refusal Strategies in Chinese Communication" by Tian Qiuyue (2009), and "Prototypical Categories and Refusal Speech Acts" (2009), researchers have explored a wide range of issues related to refusal in the Chinese language These articles not only focus on refusal speech acts in Mandarin but also employ a comparative approach to highlight cultural differences in communication strategies.
Research on Chinese refusal speech acts can be primarily categorized into two main directions: the study of refusal speech acts in Chinese itself and comparative studies between Chinese and other languages.
1.1.2.1 汉语拒绝言语本体的研究
With the advancement of language research, particularly in the field of pragmatics, there is an increasing focus on the intrinsic nature of verbal communication In the study of refusal speech acts in Chinese, scholars are currently emphasizing several key areas.
The structure of refusal in communication often involves a careful avoidance of directness due to the inherently rude nature of rejecting someone, which can threaten their face To soften this impolite act, speakers typically employ conversational adjuncts such as mitigators, intensifiers, expressions of gratitude, apologies, vague qualifiers, address terms, personal pronouns, and nominalized verbs These linguistic strategies help to create a more polite tone, obscure the meaning, or reinforce the authenticity of objective reasons Syntactically, refusals are expressed through various means, including structures containing interrogative words, modal particles, conjunctions, exclamations, conditional clauses, partial negations, ellipses, verb tense and voice variations, word order changes, and the use of set phrases or idioms.
Research on the structure of refusal speech acts includes Tang Ling's analysis of indirect refusal strategies in Chinese and Wu Jianshe's exploration of methods for expressing refusals.
Research on the linguistic forms of refusal is limited, yet discussions on refusal strategies often touch upon the verbal expressions of refusal The distinction between direct and indirect refusals is particularly relevant to these linguistic forms Notably, Tang Ling's work contributes to the understanding of these verbal expressions in the context of refusal.
The analysis of indirect refusal speech acts in Chinese, as discussed in works like "An Analysis of Surface Strategies in Indirect Refusal Speech Acts" and Wang Wenqin's "On the Pragmatic Functions and Constraints of Indirect Language," highlights the nuanced ways in which communication is shaped by cultural and pragmatic factors These studies emphasize the importance of understanding indirect refusal strategies in enhancing effective communication and navigating social interactions.
1.1.2.2 汉语拒绝言语与其他语言对比的研究
As communication between China and Western countries becomes increasingly frequent, a comparative study of speech acts from a pragmatic perspective is essential for enhancing mutual understanding The rise of second language acquisition research and cross-cultural pragmatics has led to a focus on the issue of refusal from a comparative standpoint Key studies on the contrast between Chinese and Western refusal speech acts have emerged, highlighting significant cultural differences and communication strategies.
In their comparative studies, Ma Yuelan (1999) examines the speech act of refusal in Chinese and American contexts, while Yao Jun (2003) analyzes the pragmatic differences in refusal strategies between English and Chinese, highlighting cultural disparities Additionally, Wang Aihua and Wu Guiliang (2004) further explore the nuances of refusal speech acts in English and Chinese, contributing to a deeper understanding of intercultural communication.
现代汉语拒绝言语的概说
1.2.1 拒绝的定义
关于拒绝言语的定义有很多不同的看法:
1.2.1.1 词典上的定义
Từ điển tiếng Trung hiện đại, do Nhà xuất bản Nhân dân Yanbian phát hành, định nghĩa từ "từ chối" là hành động không chấp nhận yêu cầu, ý kiến hoặc quà tặng.
The online Chinese dictionary Zdic.net defines "refusal" as the act of not agreeing, clearly indicating a unwillingness to accept an invitation, request, or assistance.
《现代汉语语法词典-延边人民出版社》: 拒绝是不接受请求、意见或赠礼。
The "Dictionary of Common Usage of Modern Chinese" published by Beijing Language University defines refusal as the act of not accepting requests, opinions, or gifts.
《应用汉词典-商务印书馆》:拒绝是不接受。
《汉语大词典简编- 汉语大词典出版社》:拒绝是不接受,不答应。
Various Chinese dictionaries provide definitions for the term "拒绝" (refuse) While the definitions from most dictionaries are quite simple, they consistently convey the essence of the term: refusal is the unwillingness to accept an invitation, request, offer, or assistance.
1.2.1.2 语言学界的定义
In her article "On the Surface of Discourse: The U.S.-China Refusal Strategies," Ma Yuelan defines "refusal" as a common yet sensitive communicative act Refusal language serves as the unexpected second part of adjacent exchanges, contrasting with the social goals of establishing and maintaining politeness Essentially, it is considered impolite and poses a face-threatening act to the requester, jeopardizing their social standing.
According to Yan Xiaochun's analysis of refusal speech acts, a refusal speech act represents a verbal expression in which one party responds negatively to another party's request, invitation, offer, or suggestion.
In her article "Refusal Strategies in Chinese Language Communication," Li Yingying defines refusal as a response by the speaker that negates the listener's suggestion to engage in a particular behavior.
In the article "Prototype Categories and the Speech Act of Refusal," Tian Qiu Yue defines refusal as a speech act that falls within the realm of pragmatics, representing a universal communicative behavior shared across various social classes and groups Refusal is characterized as a "non-cooperative" choice in response to various performative speech acts, such as invitations, requests, suggestions, and offers.
In her article "A Study on the Refusal Speech Acts of Japanese, Korean, and Southeast Asian International Students Learning Chinese," Aui Xiaoli posits that refusal occurs in response to other speech acts, such as invitations, offers, and requests, and fundamentally contradicts the interlocutor's intentions She emphasizes that refusal is essentially a behavior that threatens one's face.
Different authors hold varying perspectives on the concept of refusal Unlike others, Ma Yuelan and Kui Xiaoli define refusal not only as the act of declining invitations, requests, or suggestions but also explore it from alternative viewpoints From a discourse structure perspective, refusals are seen as the unexpected second part of adjacent exchanges and typically follow other speech acts Additionally, through the lens of face and politeness theories, refusal is fundamentally considered impolite, representing a face-threatening act towards the requester.
Based on previous definitions of refusal as a speech act, I believe that "refusal" falls within the realm of pragmatics Refusal occurs following other speech acts, such as invitations, suggestions, offers, or requests, and inherently contradicts the other party's intentions, essentially posing a threat to their face.
1.2.1.3 拒绝与否定的界限
"Refusal" is a verbal communication act that involves using language to express a denial of a request While many people equate "refusal" with simply saying "no" to someone's request, it is important to note that refusal and denial are not synonymous In a more precise sense, refusal encompasses a broader range of communicative behaviors beyond just negation.
"Refusal" and "negation" are distinct concepts: negation pertains to propositions and involves denying a statement, while refusal refers to the rejection of a specific request or demand.
(1) A: 去北京工作了吗?
The term "no" serves as a negative response to the question, effectively denying the implied proposition that "he went to work in Beijing." In essence, it conveys the message that "he did not go to work in Beijing."
(2) A: 我们去游泳吧!
B: 不去, 我怕水。
Câu "Không đi, tôi sợ nước" thể hiện sự từ chối của người nói đối với lời mời của người nghe, tức là B đã từ chối yêu cầu của A.
上班族拒绝言语概说
1.3.1 上班族拒绝言语的定义
In the realm of pragmatics, refusal as a speech act is defined as a response that contradicts the interlocutor's wishes, often threatening their face This article posits that the refusal language used by office workers differs from general refusal language primarily in its target audience Consequently, office worker refusal language can be specifically defined as a type of speech act within pragmatics, limited to the context of office workers It arises in response to other speech acts, such as invitations, suggestions, offers, or requests, and fundamentally opposes the intentions of the other party, thus posing a potential threat to their face.
(28)吴总:莎莎,你现在有空没有啊?
吴总:我就是心里面堵得慌,我想找个人说两句话。
莎莎:对不起,吴总,我很忙。
(丑女无敌 - 第 6 集)
裴娜:家明, 家明!
家明:你怎么还不回家呀?
裴娜:我车出了点状况, 你可不可以送我回家呀?
家明:亲爱的, 你忘了,我今天也有很重要的状况吗?
裴娜:你就送我一点点就可以了。
Jiaming: Today is a particularly important day for me, so I apologize, my dear Wish me luck, and goodbye!
(丑女无敌 - 第 6 集)
In a conversation between Mr Wu and Sasha, Mr Wu expresses his need to talk, saying, "I feel uneasy and want to chat," but Sasha responds, "I'm sorry, Mr Wu, I'm very busy!" Similarly, in another example, colleagues Jiaming and Peina encounter each other on their way home Peina asks Jiaming for a ride, saying, "My car has some issues, can you take me home?" However, Jiaming, aware of Peina's situation, replies, "Dear, don't forget, I also have something very important today." Although neither directly refuses, it is clear that both Jiaming and Sasha are denying the requests made to them.
1.3.2 上班族拒绝言语的特点
In addition to the typical discourse structure and semantic features of general refusal language, workplace employees exhibit unique characteristics in their refusal communication.
The study of refusal language among office workers can be categorized into three levels: superiors, subordinates, and peers This research focuses on how individuals at these different hierarchical levels communicate refusals, including how superiors reject subordinates, how subordinates decline requests from superiors, and how peers refuse each other.
(30)张院长:最近科里竞争上岗的事,你怎么考虑?
张院长:我希望你来当下届的心外主任。
李大夫:很抱歉,我没兴趣。
张院长:怎么?你是忌违顾明道。
李大夫:我没什么可忌违的。我只是对政治不感兴趣,我更喜欢手术。
Director Zhang emphasized to Xiao Yi that politics is inherently intertwined with hospital operations, stating that without politics, there can be no surgeries He pointed out that even Xiao Yi's closest friend, Gu Mingdao, engages in political maneuvering, as evidenced by his disruptive actions at the Pharmaceutical Affairs Committee and his involvement in the cardiopulmonary joint experiment Ultimately, Zhang noted that in the field of cardiac surgery, there is only one competitor who can rival Gu Mingdao.
李大夫:那现在一个都没了。 (下级拒绝上级)
(柳叶刀 - 第四集)
(31)护士长:李主任!
李主任:还有什么事?
The head nurse mentioned that she has two tickets for the play "Butterfly" and suggested it to someone who enjoys theater, expressing her desire to go if they have the time.
李主任:谢谢啊!给我一张就行了。(上级拒绝下级)
(柳叶刀 - 第 22 集)
(32)顾大夫:你们俩别吵了!肖一,我们应该坐下来好好谈谈。
Dr Li stated that there is no need for further discussion, expressing disinterest in their intentions He firmly requested that they leave the cardiothoracic department and the ward, emphasizing that they are not welcome there.
(柳叶刀 - 第 22 集)
从(30)到(32)例子是上班族三个等级的拒绝。
The second aspect is verbal style: it is well-known that an individual's speech is influenced by their culture and knowledge Most office workers are educated professionals, which leads them to employ more refined and indirect language when expressing refusals compared to other social classes, often incorporating polite expressions as well.
(33) 周总:你能不能帮我解释一下儿?
赵律师:对不起周总,因为立场问题我不能回答你。
周总:你不是还没接受他们代理嘛?
Lawyer Zhao states that even in the case of a potential representation, he is unable to provide any information due to professional ethics.
(我的青春谁做主,第三集)
(34) 姜主任:你应该回到你的位置上,心外科才是你应该待的地方。
顾大夫:谢谢!
Director Jiang: I promised that when the time comes for you to leave, I will gather all the brothers from the emergency department for a heartfelt farewell dinner to send you off.
顾大夫:姜主任,不必了,我一时半会儿还走不了,还待这儿。
姜主任:为什么?
顾大夫:李肖一让我回心外当门诊大夫。
Director Jiang expressed frustration over being asked to return to the cardiovascular department for outpatient services, questioning whether such a request was meant to insult him He emphasized that this approach seems unfair and indicated his intention to address the issue with the relevant parties.
顾大夫:谢谢你!姜主任,这是不麻烦你了,这事我自己能解决。
(柳叶刀 - 第 21 集)
In the first example, Lawyer Zhao politely declines by stating, "I'm sorry, Mr Zhou, but I cannot answer you due to my position," or, "Even as a potential representative, I must remain silent from an ethical standpoint." Conversely, the second example features indirect speech: "Thank you, Director Jiang, but this is no trouble for you; I can handle this matter myself."
Refusal as a speech act falls within the realm of pragmatics It occurs in response to other verbal communications, highlighting the complexities of interpersonal interactions and the nuances of language use Understanding refusal can enhance our comprehension of conversational dynamics and the implications of communication.
Actions such as inviting, suggesting, giving, or requesting that contradict the other person's wishes essentially pose a threat to their face or social standing.
机关、办公室常用的现代汉语拒绝言语表达方式的分类及其影响因素
机关、办公室常用的拒绝言语表达方式的分类
Expressions of refusal can be categorized into verbal and non-verbal forms Analyzing these methods reveals the nuances of communication and the impact of refusal in various contexts Understanding both verbal and non-verbal refusals is essential for effective interaction.
究 过程,本 人发现对上班族来说,非语言类 (包括手势、身体语、面部表情 等 )
The article focuses on the analysis of verbal expressions of refusal, noting that such refusals are rarely presented independently and often occur alongside language-related elements Non-verbal expressions of refusal are not examined in this section.
Based on the characteristics of refusal language among office workers, this article categorizes common expressions of refusal in workplaces into three main types: single direct refusal, multiple direct refusal, and indirect refusal This classification is derived from previous research and personal analysis of relevant data.
2.1.1 单项直接拒绝表达方式
Direct refusal is achieved through a straightforward and unreserved manner, primarily expressed through the use of first-person negative sentences This includes the speaker's expressions of unwillingness and inability First-person negative sentences such as "I do not " convey refusal, while phrases indicating unwillingness like "I do not want to " or "I am not willing to " reflect the speaker's reluctance Additionally, expressions of inability, such as "I cannot " or "I am unable to ", signify the speaker's lack of capacity to engage in a particular action.
At a car repair shop, a male employee named A and a female employee named B are experiencing conflict due to their strong personalities.
硬,所以在甲拜托乙帮忙的时候,乙已经直 接拒绝:
甲: 有个事求你!
( 我的青春谁做主,第三集 )
Xiaoxi and Jianjia are two young female editors who share a strong friendship, yet misunderstandings occasionally arise between them Recently, Jianjia found herself speechless in response to Xiaoxi, leading to a revealing conversation that highlights the complexities of their relationship.
小西:我想跟你谈谈。
简佳:我不想跟你谈。
(新结婚时代 , 第十三集 )
(37) 甲、乙是一个杂技社的两个演员,煮好了一锅面条,甲叫乙过来吃:
甲: 王儿, 吃了吗?
甲: 再来一根儿刚出锅的。
乙: 吃不下了。
( 我的青春谁做主,第一集 )
从第 35 到 37 例子轮流是第一人称否定句“我不干”,否定意愿“我不想跟你谈”, 否定能力“吃不下了”。在“35 例子”,会话中的两个人物的关系因为有点紧张,所以当甲 说“有个事求你”,乙虽然不知道他请求的是什么事,仍然干脆、强烈地拒绝“我不干”。 此种毫无保留的态度一般来说将打破双方的关系。第36例子是“否定愿意”的代表,当小 西想向简佳解释清楚她们之间的误解,简佳已经直接拒绝 “我不想跟你谈”,这句话将让 双方的关系不只不能解决而且进入不能补救的地步。第37例子跟前两个不一样,此例子 中的两个人不仅是好同事而且是好邻居,她们之间的关系非常友好。当甲请乙:“再来一 根儿刚出锅的”,乙以“否定能力”来直接拒绝:“吃不下了”。
Based on the analysis of the examples, this article concludes that in situations involving conflicts, close relationships, or a clear stance, office workers often employ a firm and direct refusal Generally, East Asians, particularly Chinese individuals, highly value politeness, making such straightforward refusals quite rare In a sample of 300 instances, only 27 were categorized as pure direct refusals, accounting for just 9% of the total.
2.1.2 多项直接拒绝表达方式
In addition to single direct refusals, 25% of responses involve a combination of single direct refusals and other indirect refusals This article introduces the concept of the multiple direct refusal method, which encompasses several subcategories.
2.1.2.1 单项直接拒绝+ 道谢表达方式
This expression conveys both a firm refusal and politeness, typically used to decline offers of assistance It can be employed in interactions where the parties involved are of differing statuses—whether a lower status individual refusing help from someone of higher status, or vice versa, as well as among peers The structure of such sentences generally follows a specific pattern.
(38) 赵律师:对不起,我妈出事了,我得马上走。
周总:需要帮忙吗?我上海有分公司可以替你安排。
赵律师:不用了, 谢谢啊!
(我的青春谁做主,第九集 )
Yuxin, a graduate from a foreign language university, has joined a foreign trade company as a translator Meng Hao, a young professional at the same company, is navigating the challenges of international communication Together, they contribute to the company's success in global markets through effective translation and cultural understanding.
老板。有一天,很晚才下班,在公司门口,雨馨碰到孟皓:
孟皓:还是上车吧!外面有点凉。
雨馨:不劳您大驾了。
孟皓:太晚了, 还是我送你比较安全。
雨馨:真的不用了, 谢谢您的款待!
( 钻石王老五的艰难爱情 , 第二集 )
In Example 38, Lawyer Zhao directly declines President Zhou's offer of assistance with a simple "No, thank you," reflecting her straightforward personality and preference for candid communication The urgency of her situation, as her mother is in trouble, necessitates a quick departure, leaving no time for lengthy discussions Furthermore, her response signifies an equal status between them, reinforcing their professional rapport.
在第 39 例子中,根据一系列客套话可以发现雨馨和孟皓的社会权力是不同等级的。“真的不用了,谢谢您的款待”是雨馨拒绝孟皓的提供帮助“太晚了, 还是我送你比较安全”,此句子的结构是先直接拒绝后表示感谢,先用“真的不用了”再一次肯定她不要帮忙,后用“谢谢您的款待”是补救前分句所带来的不良效果。
2.1.2.2 单项直接拒绝+设定条件表达方式
This expression conveys a firm refusal while simultaneously setting conditions for agreement, typically used to reject proposals or requests from individuals of higher social status or authority The structure usually consists of a disagreement phrase, such as "It's not possible" or "I can't ", followed by a conditional agreement clause like "If it weren't for " or "If not , wouldn't/couldn't ".
I have a suggestion: let's sign a three-month agreement I will pay you for the first twenty days of rent upfront, and we can finalize everything after our performance.
之后,我再把乘下的七十天全部都付给你。你觉得可以吗?
机关、办公室常用拒绝言语的补助语
补助 词语 尽管 不独 立出 现 , 但在 表达 拒绝 意思 中, 它却 具有 重要 的作 用。
Therefore, this article will conduct an independent study It builds upon previous research findings and actual investigations to provide supplementary insights.
This article focuses on the differences between office workers and other groups, rather than delving into their general characteristics.
2.2.1 词语方面 2.2.1.1 称呼语
The use of address terms signifies a shared social identity or commonality between individuals.
To strengthen close relationships and convey that a "rejection" is unavoidable, it is important to acknowledge the unique characteristics of each party involved.
In family dynamics, the terms of address differ significantly from those used for other individuals, with the majority favoring titles over names.
(76)钱总:大年啊, 让我的司机送弟妹他们回去, 咱们打车走。
玉屏: 不用!不用!钱总,已经够麻烦您的了。你们回去吧,我们自己有车。
(挣扎,第九集)
(77)吴总:莎莎,你现在有空没有啊?
吴总:我就是心里面堵得慌,我想找个人说两句话。
莎莎:对不起,吴总,我很忙。
(丑女无敌,第六集)
In the examples provided, the use of titles such as "Mr Qian" and "Mr Wu" softens the tone of refusal, making it easier for the recipient to accept the message Furthermore, the frequency of such titles in workplace communication is relatively low; within a sample of 300 statements, titles appeared only 15 times, accounting for just 5% of the total.
Hesitation markers, often used as a prelude to "refusal," serve as indicators of indecision These words lack semantic content and primarily fulfill a rhetorical function, reflecting the speaker's difficulty, helplessness, or uncertainty In a corpus of 300 examples, this pattern is evident.
只有4 条语气词,占总数的 1.3%。例如:
(78)孟总:有时间吗?方便的话一块吃个饭。
小雨:哦,谢谢您, 可是今天是星期天, 我, 我跟我男朋友都约好了。
孟总:噢, 好, 那我们就改天, 再见!
(钻石王老五的艰难爱情,第一集)
The director inquired about availability for the evening, mentioning that he would be dining with a major advertising client He suggested that if the other person was free, they could join him for the meal.
雨馨:哎呀,你看主人实在是不巧, 我晚上已经有约了。
(钻石王老五的艰难爱情,第十五集)
In addition to appearing at the beginning of a sentence, modal particles can also be found at the end These words serve to soften or negate the tone of a statement.
Dr Gu suggested that Mr Xue believes you should perform the surgery, as you are an expert in this type of procedure However, Vice President Zhang expressed concern, stating that his patient is in critical condition, requiring extensive work on both the aorta and mitral valve With extracorporeal circulation already initiated, there can be no delays in the operation.
( 柳叶刀,第七集 )
Mr Li: Hello, President Liu, this is Guangzhou I believe there must be some misunderstanding in this situation, so please do not believe the rumors.
刘行长:对不起,李总, 我们银行实在是爱莫能助啊,您公司的事,您应该
Office workers typically use simpler interjections compared to other groups, who may employ more complex exclamatory phrases.
In summary, office workers differ from others in their language use, favoring terms of address and modal particles while rarely resorting to profanity This tendency reflects the seriousness of their work environment, where most individuals maintain a polite demeanor, influenced by their personalities and specific circumstances Additionally, it is important to uphold a certain level of distance in interpersonal relationships within the workplace.
上班 族的 拒绝 言语 在句 法方 面上 常使 用陈 述句 、疑 问句 、转 折句 ;很 少用
In a fast-paced work environment, clarity and speed are essential, leading to the use of abbreviated phrases and passive voice However, such omissions are often disliked by office workers, who prefer more direct and engaging communication.
There are two forms of turning points in refusal behavior One form involves expressing gratitude, emotional agreement, or praise before gently introducing the refusal using a turning point sentence For example:
(82)李经理:这个月我们公司的法律顾问合同到期,你愿意来吗?
机关、办公室常用拒绝言语的表达方式的影响因素
Effective verbal communication results from the interplay of various factors, each influencing the overall outcome Compared to other communicative behaviors, the factors affecting the refusal speech acts of office workers include both subjective and objective elements Subjective factors encompass the relationship between the communicators, their social status, emotions, personality, age, and gender Objective factors involve the context of the conversation, such as whether it occurs in person or over the phone, and the difficulty level of the refusal itself Individuals select relevant controlling factors based on their research objectives Through the process of collecting data, it has been determined that for office workers, social status, the emotions of the refuser, and personality are the most significant influencing factors.
2.3.1 社会地位因素
Chinese culture places great importance on establishing social order and harmony This global harmony can be achieved through hierarchical relationships, emphasizing respect and proper conduct within society.
In hierarchical relationships, individuals in subordinate positions often show deference or respect to those in superior roles This dynamic influences communication, leading to varying methods of refusal based on power differentials Typically, superiors use direct refusals with subordinates, while subordinates tend to employ indirect refusals when addressing their superiors.
(85) 经理:晚上咱们得加班!
职员:实在对不起,家里有点儿急事。
(86) 方菲:“我就快到海洋夜总会登台,演出方菲音乐会 ,你捧捧我的场成不成?
一桌子才一万元,我给你预留一桌吧!席卷送到你办公室去”。
Zhao Yibo opened his bag and took out five thousand, placing it on the table He said, "I don't have time to attend your event; consider this as my contribution to the banquet."
(强人泪,第 163 页)
Example 85 illustrates how subordinates express refusal to their superiors, using more polite and indirect language In contrast, example 86 demonstrates how superiors, who hold more power, communicate refusal to subordinates, often employing stronger language These two examples represent typical ways in which both levels of hierarchy express rejection towards one another.
A person's personality significantly influences their choice of rejection strategies Extroverted and humorous individuals are more likely to use joking as a way to express rejection, while those with a more assertive personality tend to be more direct and genuine in their refusals compared to their gentle and reserved counterparts Assertive individuals often avoid delaying or explaining their reasons, opting instead for straightforward refusals, whereas those with a more reserved nature typically prefer indirect and subtle approaches.
(87) 护士长:你中午好像没吃饭?
李大夫:我不饿,不想吃。
护士长:我买了一个披萨,海鲜味的,一个人吃不了,你也吃点吧!
李大夫:我说了,我不想吃。
( 柳叶刀 , 第十七集 )
(88) A: 现在是午休时间,我请你吃个便饭。
B: 谢了,我刚啃了个三明治, 一会儿还有工作呢。
( 我的青春谁做主,第七集 )
When declining an invitation, individuals express their refusal in distinct ways that reflect their personalities A straightforward person might say, "I said I don't want to eat," while someone more reserved may opt for a softer approach, such as, "Thanks, I just had a sandwich, and I have work to do later." This highlights how personality traits influence communication styles in social situations.
People's judgments vary significantly based on their emotional states, whether in sorrow, joy, love, or hate A rejector's understanding and evaluation of the same "rejection" message can change due to fluctuations in their feelings This includes differing emotions towards various rejection subjects as well as changes in feelings towards the same subject over time.
(89) 主任: 我们要商量商量!
顾小西:没得商量。
主任:那书都是印出来了,印着他的名字了。
顾小西:那我就管不着了。
主任:顾小西,你这是什么态度?
( 新结婚时代,第二集 )
In this example, an employee directly rejects a request from their supervisor, showcasing a lack of tact typically expected in such situations Despite the usual need for a more diplomatic response, the employee's poor emotional state leads to a strong and straightforward refusal, regardless of whether the request comes from a superior or a colleague.
Xiaokong and Jianjia are colleagues working in two different editorial departments, and there has been no misunderstanding between them.
解时的会话:
① 小西:我来是想跟你说件事。
简佳:等我下班以后咱们再谈好吧?
(新结婚时代,第八集)
和发生误解后的会话:
小西:我想跟你谈谈。
简佳:我不想跟你谈。
In examples ① and ②, the conversation between Xiaoxi and Jianjia demonstrates how emotional context influences refusal language When there is no conflict between them, the refusal is expressed more gently, as in "Let's discuss it after I finish work." However, once a disagreement arises, the refusal becomes much more direct and forceful, as seen in "I don't want to talk to you."
总 之 , 在 上 述 的 三 种 拒 绝 影 响 因 素 中 , 情 感 和 性 格 主 要 同 说 话 者 自 身 有
The degree of control over communication varies based on the speaker's individual circumstances and is often more random in nature.
Social status is more objective in nature, influenced by the relationships between individuals and varying according to their social connections It tends to exhibit greater stability and is more controllable.
In modern Chinese used in offices and organizations, refusal expressions can be categorized into two main types: single direct refusals and multiple direct refusals.
There are three main types of refusal expressions: outright refusal, indirect refusal, and conditional refusal Among these, "outright refusal" is characterized by a direct and clear expression of disagreement or rejection.
上班族常用的汉-越语拒绝言语表达方式之异同
越南上班族的拒绝言语表达方式之分类(与汉语相比)
Research on refusal speech in Vietnamese has been extensively conducted by scholars, focusing on office workers as the primary subjects By referencing previous studies and gathering, analyzing, and summarizing data, this study categorizes refusal speech among Vietnamese office workers into three main types: single direct refusals, multiple direct refusals, and indirect refusals, similar to the classification found in Chinese.
3.1.1 单项直接拒绝表达方式
Direct speech involves expressing oneself in a straightforward and unreserved manner, which can significantly impact the listener's face Both Chinese and Vietnamese languages utilize negation words like "no" and "not" to convey direct refusals For example:
Vân: Xong rồi, nhưng phải đợi tích hợp
Tú: Tài liệu, anh cần ngay bây giờ
Vân: Ngay bây giờ thì không được đâu
阿秀:怎么样了?
阿云:好了,但是要等总结。
阿秀:资料,我马上要!
阿云:现在还不行。
(Lập trình cho trái tim, Tập 32)
(92)Sếp: Vẫn còn thời gian, em rút lại đơn xin nghỉ việc này đi
Vũ: Không, em đã quyết vậy rồi
主任:还有时间,这封辞职申请书你收回去吧。
阿雨:不,我已经决定了
(Lập trình cho trái tim, Tập 16)
Trong hai ví dụ này, cả hai đều sử dụng cách nói trực tiếp để thể hiện thái độ rõ ràng như "bây giờ chưa được" và "không, tôi đã quyết định rồi" Tuy nhiên, trong ví dụ thứ 92, chúng ta so sánh hai câu "Không, em đã quyết vậy rồi".
The term "em" reflects the familiarity between the parties involved, while the facial expression signifies a clear rejection In this context, the latter lacks emotional undertones.
The use of direct refusals varies significantly between Chinese and Vietnamese In Chinese, direct refusals are primarily employed by superiors towards subordinates or among peers Conversely, in Vietnamese, subordinates may still use direct refusals when addressing superiors This difference may stem from the Vietnamese pronoun system, which serves both a referential and expressive function, unlike Chinese, which primarily uses "I" and "you."
富 “anh, em, tôi, tao, tớ, mình….”,根据语境而选择符合代词。
越南上班族使用直接拒绝表达方式不太多,在300条语料中,只有 24条,占总数
3.1.2 多项直接拒绝表达方式
Multiple direct refusals serve as a compound expression, combining a straightforward refusal with an indirect rejection or polite language This approach aims to show respect for the other party, enhance their face, and soften the directness of the refusal This type includes several subcategories.
3.1.2.1 直接拒绝+ 道谢表达方式
The structure of this expression is as simple as in Chinese, primarily using the format "no/not + thank you/thank you very much." Vietnamese office workers utilize this expression less frequently than their Chinese counterparts, with only 6 instances found in a sample of 300, accounting for just 2% of the total Direct refusals combined with gratitude are typically used to decline invitations or offers of help, regardless of the status of the person being addressed.
Chủ tịch công đoàn thông báo rằng Ngày Quốc tế Thiếu nhi năm nay sẽ không có sự xuất hiện của chú hề Đức phản ứng rằng anh đã chế tạo một con robot ngộ nghĩnh, và nếu đặt nó lên đầu, chắc chắn sẽ khiến các em nhỏ cười vui vẻ.
Chủ tịch CĐ: Cám ơn cậu nhiều, tôi sợ lắm rồi, tôi đã nói với GĐ rồi, kêu ai làm thì làm tôi không làm chú hề đâu
公会主席:今年儿童节将不再有小丑子了。
Ad: "Why? I've created a super cute little doll! Placing it on your head will surely make the kids laugh with joy!"
公会主席:多谢你啊!我怕了,我跟经理说好了,叫谁做就谁做,我不做。
Khi gửi tiền cho nó, bạn cần phải cẩn thận Tôi sẽ làm cho bạn một thẻ tín dụng điện tử vào ngày mai, để bạn có thể gửi tiền và kiểm soát chi tiêu thông qua thẻ này.
Cường: Rất cảm ơn anh giúp đỡ Nhưng tôi chưa cần, khi nào không lo được nữa, tôi sẽ có lời
When sending money to him, exercise caution Tomorrow, I will arrange for an electronic credit card for you You can use this card to send him money while also monitoring his spending.
阿强:多谢你的帮助,可是,我目前还不需要,需要时我将跟你说。
( Nguyễn Như Phong, Cổ cồn trắng, tr 62 )
这第 93、94 例子都以直接拒绝加上道谢语结构“多谢你啊!…我不做”、“多谢你
In situations where assistance is offered, it is possible to politely decline by expressing that you currently do not need help Both the person refusing and the one offering suggestions hold equal social status in these examples.
Through corpus analysis and comparative studies, we found that Vietnamese office workers exhibit a distinct pattern in their refusal structure compared to their Chinese counterparts Vietnamese employees tend to express gratitude first before directly declining, whereas Chinese workers often refuse first and then offer thanks.
3.1.2.2 直接拒绝+ 提醒对方的任务
Unlike Chinese office workers, Vietnamese professionals employ various direct refusal expressions, including the use of "direct refusal." This highlights a cultural difference in communication styles within the workplace.
The phrase "remind the other party of their task" is infrequently used, appearing only once in a dataset of 300 entries.
条,占总数的0.3%。其使用对象主要是上级对下级的拒绝,例如:
(95)Vũ: Chính cái chỗ bôi xanh đỏ đấy, anh làm sai toét rồi
Lâm: Cô ngồi xuống đi, đâu? Tôi sai chỗ nào?
Vũ: Thì anh cứ xem lại đi đã
Lâm: Tôi không cần thiết phải xem lại, nhưng tôi muốn nhắc cho cô nhớ rằng cô đang là nhân viên tập sự đấy
阿雨:就是那些涂上红色的部分,你全都弄错了。
阿林:你给我坐下,哪儿啊?错在哪儿啊?
阿雨:你还是再看一遍吧!
阿林:我不用看,但我想提醒你一下,你只不过是试用的职员。
( Lập trình cho trái tim, Tập 2 )
汉-越语的上班族拒绝言语表达方式的异同
Based on the detailed analysis presented, this article summarizes the refusal expressions of Chinese and Vietnamese office workers, highlighting key differences and similarities in their communication styles.
表格 2 中- 越 三大种拒绝言语的比率与差距
次序 拒绝种类 比率 (越) 比率(中) 差距
1 单项直接拒绝 8% 9% 1, 00%
2 多项直接拒绝 11, 33% 25% 13,67%
单项直接拒绝 多项直接拒绝 间接拒绝
图表 3 中 - 越三大种拒绝言语的比率与差距
The chart indicates that both Chinese and Vietnamese employees exhibit a similarly low frequency of using direct expression methods, accounting for only a small percentage of the total.
9% 和 8%。这个现象就是因为越-中两国都受着比较“含蓄”的文化背景的影响。
In the context of direct refusals, both China and Vietnam exhibit high usage frequencies, with rates of 25% and 11.33% respectively, highlighting a significant difference of 13.67% This data indicates that Chinese employees prefer a combination of direct and polite expressions more than their Vietnamese counterparts.
In communication, especially within cultures that value saving face, such as those in China and Vietnam, speakers often strive to avoid directly harming others' dignity Consequently, indirect refusal becomes the preferred method of expression, with usage rates of 80.67% and 66%, respectively Notably, Vietnamese speakers employ indirect refusals more frequently than their Chinese counterparts, highlighting a significant cultural difference in communication styles.
表格 3 越-中上班族间接拒绝表达方式的比率的统计表
次 序 拒绝表达方式 比率(越) 比率(中) 差距
5 陈述消极后果 2,67% 1,67% 1 %
6 先肯定再拒绝 4,33% 4% 0,33 %
10 提供代替方案 8,33 % 6,66% 1,66 %
11 否定自己能力 10 % 1,33% 8,67 %
12 提醒对方的任务 3,67 % 1% 2,67 %
13 开玩笑的表达方式 0% 1,67 % 2,33 %
14 再确认的表达方式 5,33 % 0 % 5,33 %
15 否定对方的能力 2,67 % 0 % 2,67 %
根据 表 格 3,我 们可知 道中 国上 班族经 常 使用的 表达 方式为 :说 明理 由、
道 歉 、 推 迟 、 提 供 代 替 方 案 ; 越 南 的 是 : 说 明 理 由 (14%) 、 否 定 自 己 能 力
(10%)、推迟(9, 0%)、提供代替方案(8,33%)等四种。
仅在使用最多的 4 种已有 3 种是相同的,只有一种是不同的。中国人选择
Apologizing and Vietnam's tendency to "deny their own abilities" may simply reflect cultural habits, as both behaviors embody subtlety and humility inherent in their cultural characteristics.
In addition to the most frequently used expressions, it is essential to consider those with lower usage rates, particularly the intersecting areas of the two languages Notable examples include "joking" in Chinese, "confirmation expressions" in Vietnamese, and "negating someone's ability" in Vietnamese These expressions exist in all languages, but they have not been observed in the corpus we examined.
This article analyzes the varying rates of different forms of expression and explores the disparities between them.
表格 4 越-中间接拒绝表达方式的比率差距
次序 差距额 间接表达方式
陈述消极后果 先肯定再拒绝 设定条件
推迟 提供代替方案 提醒对方的任务 开玩笑
否定对方的能力
批评教育 话题转换
否定自己能力 再确认的表达方式
Chinese and Vietnamese office workers exhibit similar indirect communication styles in nine key areas: expressing gratitude, stating negative consequences, affirming before declining, setting conditions, postponing, offering alternative solutions, reminding others of their tasks, joking, and denying others' capabilities.
以差距为 3%- 5%,中国和越南上班族在“说明理由 ”、“批评教育”、“话题
There are significant differences in expression styles between Chinese and Vietnamese people Chinese individuals tend to prefer using "explanations of reasons," while Vietnamese individuals frequently utilize "critical education" and "topic shifting" as their preferred modes of communication.
The three most distinct expressions in communication are "apologizing," "denying one's abilities," and "reconfirming." Chinese individuals tend to prefer the expression of "apologizing," while Vietnamese individuals lean towards "denying their abilities" and "reconfirming."
总之,从上述的研究结果,本文为了中国与越南上班族提供了几个建议:
第一 ,在 三大 种拒 绝表 达方 式之 中, 多项 直接 拒绝 类型 具有 较大 的差 距。
Using direct refusal language can be considered impolite; however, individuals often do not intend to be rude when expressing refusal.
A rejection sequence typically consists of multiple components that work together cohesively.
To effectively manage and improve relationships, it's essential to implement refusal behaviors thoughtfully Relying solely on direct refusals can significantly jeopardize interpersonal connections.
In certain situations, the desire to maintain face can lead to misunderstandings when politely refusing requests Therefore, Vietnamese speakers of Chinese should employ a variety of direct expressions for refusal to enhance clarity in communication.
In communication between Chinese and Vietnamese people, it is advisable to use phrases such as "explain rationally," "postpone," and "offer alternative solutions," as these expressions are commonly appreciated by both cultures.