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PHẦN 1 : CÁC CÂU HỎI VÀ CÂU TRẢ LỜI DỰA THEO GIÁO TRÌNH GIẢNG DẠY TRỰC TUYẾN CỦA TRƯỜNG ĐH MỞ HÀ NỘI Dựa trên nền tảng ngữ pháp vững chắc sinh viên được tiếp cận với lý thuyết biên dịchđể các em nắm vững nguyên lý, phương pháp, và kỹ thuật dịch văn bản sao cho đạt hiệu quả caonhất.
1 What is translation? There is no “best” description, as everyone utilizes different lenses Still, nearly every translation definition within the field includes three crucial parts: source language, target language, and transfer of meaning Simply put, translators transfer the meaning from the text written in the source language to the target language Let’s unpack this step by step: Meaning transfer – the message from language A (source language) needs to be communicated in language B (target language) Written text – translation is often confused with interpretation However, the latter deals with spoken, not written, language Source language – the language being translated from Target language – the language being translated into Translation is the process of converting the meaning of a written message (text) from one language to another Translators must strike a fine balance between staying true to the original meaning and making a text sound natural in the target language—to ensure that the final text communicates the same message, feeling, and tone as the original What is interlingual communication? Interlingual translation – translating verbal signs into other signs of a different language This is what most people imagine when they hear the word ‘translation’ It is a meaning transfer from language A to language B Interlingual communication refers to the process of communication between individuals who speak different languages It involves the use of a common language or a combination of languages to facilitate understanding and convey meaning Interlingual communication can occur in various contexts, such as international business meetings, diplomatic negotiations, or Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn multilingual conferences It requires language proficiency, cultural awareness, and effective translation or interpretation skills Interpreters and translators play a crucial role in facilitating interlingual communication by converting spoken or written messages from one language to another, ensuring accurate and clear communication between parties who not share a common language What is the translating process? There are three main steps of translating activities The first step is analysis, or analyzing the SL text by understanding that text In order to understand the text, the content, meaning, and idea of the text, the translator has to read it first Understanding a source text is quiet difficult for a translator because texts genre are vary and the translator’s knowledge is limited or has no deep knowledge in a specific area For example in translating literary text, science, economic, business, or health that may contains a word in those area which is difficult for the translator to understand it and finding the equivalence For that reason a translator may need help from the experts on the area of what the source text is about, so the Target Language Text Content, Meaning, Message Content, Meaning, Message Source Language Text the translator will be able to understand some difficult words, then transferring them and finding the equivalence of the words into the target text, thus the inner process The second step of the translation process, the translator uses his/her mind to that Here is the most difficult part of the process, because sometimes the translator faces some problems on how to convey the intention of the source text into the target text On this step the translator is also doing an evaluation and revision of the transferred words or the equivalences that has been found before Then the third step, the last step in the translation process is restructuring In this step the translator is re-writing the text into the acceptable structural and cultural form of the target text The translator should make his/her writing as natural as possible for the target readers and he/she should also consider about their readability After this process is finished, the translation work is done by the translator but if a translator is doing it for the need of a publisher, it is not done yet that the publisher is still consider it as a draft of translation that Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn needs some editing before can finally be published Translation process can be interpreted as a series of activities carried out by a translator when he transferred the message from the source language into the target language What mental processes make up the translating process? The translating process involves several mental processes that work together to convert information from one language to another These processes include: Comprehension: The translator needs to understand the meaning of the source text in order to accurately convey it in the target language This involves reading and analyzing the text to grasp its content, context, and nuances Analysis: The translator breaks down the source text into smaller units, such as sentences or phrases, to identify the key elements and structures This includes identifying grammatical rules, syntactic patterns, and semantic relationships Decoding: The translator converts the source language into the target language by selecting appropriate words, phrases, and expressions that convey the intended meaning This requires knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, idiomatic expressions, and cultural references in both languages Re-encoding: The translator reconstructs the target text using the appropriate linguistic structures and conventions of the target language This involves rearranging words, adjusting sentence structures, and ensuring coherence and fluency in the translation Evaluation: The translator constantly evaluates the quality and accuracy of the translation This includes checking for errors, inconsistencies, and omissions, and making necessary revisions to improve the overall quality of the translation Cultural adaptation: Translators also consider cultural differences and adapt the translation to ensure it is culturally appropriate and relevant to the target audience This involves understanding cultural norms, values, and references, and making appropriate adjustments in the translation These mental processes require a combination of language proficiency, analytical skills, cultural knowledge, and critical thinking Translators often rely on their linguistic intuition and experience to make informed decisions during the translating process Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn How can the translating process be studied and described? What is a model of translation? How can translation models be classified? (Quá trình dịch thuật nghiên cứu mơ tả nào? Mơ hình dịch thuật gì? Làm phân loại mơ hình dịch thuật?) ⚫ How can the translating process be studied and described? ➔ Naturally, each professional has its customized organization and handles its workflow as efficiently as possible, but these are the steps we consider to be essential to any translation process: Analysis of the text Reading through a text, if possible from start to finish, is one of the most important tasks in the whole translation process Obviously, this step allows us to identify the original language of the text, but, more important than that, also the subject matter of the original text, the nature of the translation (if it is technical, legal, marketing or something else), the research that will be required and the adequate resources to handle the translation Research and translation This is clearly the most demanding phase of the process and one that requires a faster pace Researching terms, may they be of legal, technological, mechanical or any other nature, so that they are precise and accurate when placed in the context of the target language, is the task that may compromise the most the quality of the translation and also the way it will be perceived by the target audience Comparison between original and translation This comparison is transversal to the entire translation process, from research and translation to proofreading and desktop publishing The primary objective of translation is to transpose, without violating, the content of an original text from one language into another one As such, this constant comparison between the original and the translation is essential for a good final product Proofreading Reading one last time through a final translation is essential if we want to rectify any details that we might have overseen before Ideally, this last read-through should occur a few hours after the conclusion of the translation, but should there be some time Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn constrains it needs to be handled immediately It’s important to handle this task either way Review by another professional It is common knowledge that four eyes see better than two That said, the final review should be handled by a professional assigned only to that unique task, who has not had yet any contact with the work during its elaboration This way, the reviewer can keep an open mind and clean eyes and, thus, carry out the task in a rigorous manner DTP: Desktop Publishing or Formatting This step, which is destined to preserve the general appearance of the original document, is relevant from the point of view of interpreting the document as a whole block, which has to maintain both the content and the form in order to assure it will be absolutely comprehensible After reading this article, you may now have a clearer idea of how the translator’s work can be organized If you are about to start a career in translations or have just started it, you can add these tips to your handbook, in order to take care of your first jobs With experience, you can tailor it to your own work style and pace If, on the other hand, you are interested in hiring a professional translator and your idea of translation was completely different, you had doubts or were curious about the whole process, we hope this article has clarified it for you ⚫ What is a model of translation? A model of translation refers to a theoretical framework or approach that provides guidelines and principles for understanding and analyzing the translation process It offers a systematic way of approaching translation tasks and helps translators make decisions regarding various aspects of translation, such as linguistic choices, cultural considerations, and the intended meaning of the source text Different models of translation may focus on different aspects, such as equivalence, communicative function, or cultural adaptation These models serve as tools for translators to ensure accuracy and effectiveness in conveying the meaning of the source text in the target language ⚫ How can translation models be classified? Translation models can be classified based on various criteria Here are a few common classifications: Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn Linguistic Approach: This classification categorizes translation models based on their focus on linguistic elements, such as grammar, syntax, and vocabulary Examples include the structuralist model, the communicative model, and the functionalist model Equivalence Approach: This classification categorizes translation models based on their emphasis on achieving equivalence between the source and target texts Examples include the semantic translation model, the communicative translation model, and the cultural translation model Textual Function Approach: This classification categorizes translation models based on their consideration of the communicative function of the text Examples include the informative translation model, the expressive translation model, and the persuasive translation model Cultural Approach: This classification categorizes translation models based on their focus on cultural adaptation and the transfer of cultural meaning Examples include the domestication model, the foreignization model, and the adaptation model Process Approach: This classification categorizes translation models based on their focus on the cognitive processes involved in translation Examples include the cognitive translation model, the psycholinguistic model, and the interactive model It's important to note that these classifications are not mutually exclusive, and many translation models may incorporate elements from multiple approaches What are the main types of translation? What is the difference between literary and informative translations? The main types of translation can be broadly categorized into two categories: literary translation and informative translation Literary Translation: Literary translation involves the translation of creative and literary works, such as novels, poems, plays, and literary essays The primary focus of literary translation is to capture the artistic and aesthetic qualities of the original text, including its style, tone, and cultural nuances Literary translators often prioritize maintaining the literary value and artistic integrity of the source text while adapting it to the target language and culture Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn Informative Translation: Informative translation, also known as technical or specialized translation, deals with translating texts that convey factual information or specialized knowledge This includes scientific papers, technical manuals, legal documents, medical texts, and business reports The main objective of informative translation is to accurately convey the content and meaning of the source text in a clear and precise manner Translators in this field often focus on maintaining accuracy, consistency, and specialized terminology The key difference between literary and informative translations lies in their purpose and approach Literary translation emphasizes the artistic and aesthetic aspects of the source text, aiming to recreate the literary experience for the target audience On the other hand, informative translation prioritizes conveying factual information accurately and clearly, often requiring a deep understanding of specialized terminology and subject matter expertise It's important to note that these categories are not mutually exclusive, and many translators work across both literary and informative domains depending on their expertise and the specific requirements of the translation project What is the main difficulty of translating a work of high literary merit? What qualities and skills are expected of a literary translator? The main difficulty of translating a work of high literary merit lies in capturing the nuances, style, and cultural context of the original text while ensuring that the translated version maintains its literary quality Literary translators are expected to possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a profound knowledge of the literary traditions and cultural references involved They should have excellent writing skills, creativity, and the ability to convey the author's intended meaning and emotions in a way that resonates with the target audience Additionally, literary translators must be sensitive to the author's unique voice and literary techniques, and strive to recreate them in the translated work What are the main characteristics of translations dealing with newspaper, diplomatic Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn and other official materials? What specific problems emerge in translating film scripts and commercial advertisements? Characteristics of Translations Dealing with Newspaper, Diplomatic, and Official Materials Translations dealing with newspaper, diplomatic, and other official materials have specific characteristics that distinguish them from other types of translations Some of the main characteristics include: Accuracy: Translations of these materials require a high level of accuracy to ensure that the original meaning is conveyed correctly Any errors or inaccuracies can have significant consequences Formality: These translations often need to maintain a formal tone and adhere to specific language conventions The style and register should match the original text and the target audience's expectations Cultural Sensitivity: Translators must be aware of cultural nuances and sensitivities when translating official materials They need to ensure that the translated text is culturally appropriate and does not offend or misrepresent any cultural or political aspects Terminology Consistency: Consistency in terminology is crucial in translations of official materials Translators need to use consistent terminology throughout the text to maintain clarity and avoid confusion Legal and Technical Accuracy: Translations of legal and technical documents require a deep understanding of the subject matter Translators must accurately convey complex legal or technical concepts, ensuring that the translated text is legally and technically sound Specific Problems in Translating Film Scripts and Commercial Advertisements Translating film scripts and commercial advertisements present unique challenges due to their specific nature and purpose Some of the specific problems that emerge in translating these materials include: Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn Cultural Adaptation: Film scripts and advertisements often contain cultural references, humor, or wordplay that may not directly translate into the target language Translators need to adapt these elements to ensure they resonate with the target audience while maintaining the intended impact Time Constraints: In the case of film scripts and advertisements, translations often need to fit within specific time constraints Translators must ensure that the translated text fits the allocated time without compromising the message or impact Creative Adaptation: Translating film scripts and advertisements requires creative adaptation to capture the essence and tone of the original text Translators may need to find equivalent expressions, idioms, or slogans that have a similar effect in the target language Brand Consistency: Commercial advertisements often involve translating slogans, taglines, or brand names Translators must ensure that the translated text maintains the brand's identity and conveys the intended message effectively Legal and Ethical Considerations: Translating commercial advertisements requires adherence to legal and ethical guidelines Translators must ensure that the translated text complies with advertising regulations and does not make false or misleading claims Overall, translating film scripts and commercial advertisements requires a combination of linguistic skills, cultural understanding, and creative adaptation to effectively convey the intended message to the target audience What is the main difference between translation and interpretation? Which of them is usually made at a higher level of accuracy? Are there any intermediate forms of translation? Difference between Translation and Interpretation Translation and interpretation are both forms of language conversion, but they differ in several key aspects: Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn 10 Nature of Conversion: Translation involves converting written text from one language to another, while interpretation involves converting spoken or signed language in realtime Medium: Translation is typically done on written documents, such as books, articles, or websites Interpretation, on the other hand, is performed orally or through sign language during live events, meetings, or conversations Time Constraints: Translation allows for more time and careful consideration of word choices, grammar, and style Interpretation, on the other hand, requires quick thinking and immediate response, as it happens in real-time Accuracy: Both translation and interpretation aim for accuracy, but translation generally allows for a higher level of precision Translators have more time to research, consult references, and revise their work, resulting in a more refined and accurate final product Intermediate Forms: There are intermediate forms that combine elements of both translation and interpretation One such form is sight translation, where a translator reads a written text aloud in another language Another form is consecutive interpretation, where the interpreter listens to a speaker and then renders the message in the target language after a pause In summary, translation and interpretation differ in terms of medium, time constraints, and level of accuracy While translation allows for more precision, interpretation requires quick thinking and immediate response Intermediate forms, such as sight translation and consecutive interpretation, bridge the gap between the two 10 What is the context of situation? 11 What is the context of culture? The context of culture refers to the social, historical, and environmental factors that shape and influence a particular culture It includes the beliefs, values, customs, traditions, language, and behaviors of a group of people The context of culture helps us understand why certain cultural practices exist and how they are connected to the larger social and Composed by Linh - Skype: lilynguyen180285 Kakaotalk: hoanglinh1802dn Wechat: hoanglinh1802dn Line: hoanglinh1802dn