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Chu bien: TS Dang Van Dong Tham gia bien soan: KS Nguyen Thi Thanh Tuyen TS Trinh Khac Quang - ThS Le Thi Thu Hu'dng Ung dung cOng nghe sinh hoc a i Chu bidn: TS Dang Van Dong Tham gia bien soan: KS Nguyen Thi Thanh Tuyen TS Trinh Khac Quang - ThS Le Thi Thu Hu’dng LfNG DUNG CONG NGHE SINH HOC TRONG CHON TAO VA NHAN GIONG CAY HOA LILY, LOA KEN NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI SO 4, TONG DUY TAN, HOAN KIEM, HA NOI DT: 04.38252916 - Fax: 04.9289143 E-mail: nhaxuatbanhanoi@hn.vnn.vn tfNG DUNG CONG NGHE SINH HOC TRONG CHON TAO VA NHAN GIONG CAY HOA LILY, LOA KEN Chu bien: TS Dang Van Dong Tham gia bien soan: KS Nguyen Thi Thanh Tuyen TS Trinh Khac Quang - ThS Le Thi Thu Htfcfng Bien tg.p: PHAM QU6C TUAN Trinh bay, bia: TU ANH, TU UYEN Ky thuat vi tinh: UT QUYEN, DINH HUNG Sita ban in: HA LINH, BICH THUY In 1.000 cuon khuSn kho 13 x 19 cm, tai Xucmg in Nha xuat ban Van hoa Dan loc Dang ky ke hoach xuat ban so: 553-2010/CXB/38 KT- 53/HN Quyet dinh xuat ban s6 : 423/QD - HN, 28 - 09 - 2010 In xong va nop luu chidu quy IV nam 2010 CHl/dNG VAI TRO CUA CONG NGHE SINH HQC TRONG CHQN TAO VA NHAN GIONG CAY TRONG Khai niem ve cong nghe sinh hoc Khai niem Biotechnology-cong nghe sinh hoc da dtfdc de xuat vao nam 1917 bcfi mot ky sti ngtfdi Hungari co ten la Karl Erky Nam 1961, mot nha sinh vat hoc ngtidi Thuy Bien la Carl Goren Heden de nghi d6i ten tap chi khoa hoc Journal of microbiological and Biochemical Engineering and technology Biotechnolgy and Bioengineering de dang tai cac nghien cdu linh vtfc vi sinh hoc ting dung va len men cong nghiep, tti thuat ngti Biotechnology da trd nen bien Cac nghien ctiu ve cong nghe sinh hoc da dtidc phat trien du”a tren cac linh vitc chuyen mon nhti vi sinh, hoa sinh va cong nghe hoa hoc DUa vao giai doan phat trien, ngtidi ta co the phan chia cong nghe sinh hoc (CNSH) d cap khac nhau: + CNSH truyen thong nhti: cac hoat dong che bien thtic pham (rtfdu, giam, stia chua, dtia chua, ca muoi, pho-mat, ttfdng, ntidc mam, men banh my ), u phan, phdi dat, diet khuan va tic che vi sinh vat co hai + CNSH can dai (tti cnoi the ky 19): vdi viec san xuat d quy mo cong nghiep cac san ph^m cua cong nghe len men, cong nghe vi sinh vat (con, bia, dung moi htfu cd, bot ngot va cac axit amin khac, axit Citric va cac axit htfu co' khac, chat khang sinh, nhieu vitamin, cac loai vac-xin, khang doc to, cac kit chuan doan benh truyen nhiem, thuoc trtf sau sinh hoc, phan bon sinh hoc ) + CNSH hien dai (ttf nhdng nam 1960 trd lai day):, vdi viec suf dung cac ky thuat trao doi, sufa chtfa, to hdp hoac cai tao vat chat di truyen d mdc phan tu" de tao nhffng loai sinh vat mdi hoac bat cac sinh vat nky tao cac protein hay cac san pham khac ma von dx chung khong tao dtfdc CNSH hien dai dhdc ddi tCf nhffng nghien cdu ve vi rut dong vat nhffng nam dau thap ky 1970 cua nha khoa hoc diidc giai thiidng Nobel: Paul-Berg, TrxTdng Dai hoc Stanford (My) Khac vdi CNSH truyen thong, CNSH hien dai dtfdc tien hanh chu ye"u nhd ky thuat di truyen Stf phat trien cua hang loat cac linh vtfc khoa hoc khac nhtf: hoa sinh hien dai, di truyen phan tur, vi sinh vat, sinh hoc phan tur da dong vai tro quan trong stf phat trien cua ky thuat di truyen CNSH hien dai bao gom cac lmh vtfc: Cong nghe di truyen (Genetic engineering); Cong nghe te bao (Cell engineering); Cong nghe vi sinh vat/Cong nghe len men (Microbial engineering/Fermentation engineering); Cong nghe enzym/protein (Enzyme/Protein engineering) va CNSH moi tru'dng {Environmental biotechnology) Nhuf vay, cong nghe sinh hoc hien dai la mot tap hdp cac nganh khoa hoc va cong nghe (sinh hoc phan tu", di truyen hoc, vi sinh vat hoc, sinh hoa hoc, thong ke sinh hoc, tin hoc dng dung ) nham tao cac quy trinh cong nghe khai thac d quy mo cong nghidp, de san xuat cac san pham c6 gia tri phuc vu dcfi song, phat trien kinh te xa hoi va bao ve moi tru'dng Hien nay, llnh vtfc chon tao va nhan giong cay trong, cong nghe sinh hoc hien dai thudng duftfc the hien thong qua hai cong nghe chinh la cong ngh$ te" bao va cong nghe di truyen Vai tro cua cong nghe sinh hoc chon tao va nhan giong cay Cong nghe sinh hoc la mot butfc tien mdi nhat no lure lau dai chinh phuc tvf nhien de nang cao dieu kien song cua ngvfdi Cong nghe sinh hoc co vai tro vo cung quan doi vdi cong tac chon tao va nhan giong cay trong, cu the: * Trong chQn tao giong cay trong: - Thuc day nhanh chong cong tac chon tao giong mdi - Tao giong cay mdi, nhanh, chinh xac, co nhieu dac tmh ky dieu theo y muon ma phtfdng phap truyen thong khong the thu dutfe - Gop phan dam bao du lifting thiTc, thdc pham cho dan so tren the gidi mot tang, dien tich dat dai cang thu hep lai, dong thdi dam bao moi trtfdng ben vffng va sach cho loai ngudi - So sanh gitta chon tao giong truyen thong va chon tao giong hien dai bang cong nghe sinh hoc C h o n t a o g io n g t r u y e n t h n g C h o n t a o g io n g h ie n d a i K hi lai g io n g , h a n g trieu g e n k h o n g Ltfa c h o n c h i m o t v a i g e n m o n g m o n g m u o n c o th e x u a t h ie n m u on c h u y e n v a o c a y tron g L a i g io n g th o n g thifdng k h o n g the C o th e dung hd p g e n cu a c a c lo a i tie n h a n h la i x a h oan toan k h ac nh au v a o c a y Dvfa, c h u y e n , ta o tfif nh itn g g e n tit D tfa, c h u y e n , ta o g e n th e o y m u o n n h ien roi c h u y e n v a o c a y Thifcfng tie n h an h phu th u o c n h ieu H o a h o c h o a qu a trinh c h o n v a o d ie u k ie n m o i trtfcJng g io n g C h o n lo c it ph u th u o c v a o d ie u k ie n m o i tru’d ng NhiT vay co the thay: so vdi chon tao giong trayen thong thi chon tao giong hien dai bang CNSH co ifu the hdn han tinh chu dong, chinh xac cao va it phu thuoc vao dieu kien ngoai canh * Trong nMn giong cSy trong: - Gop phan tao mot khoi ltfdng ldn cac cay sach benh mot thcfi gian ngan nham dap dng nhu cau cap thiet ve cay, cu giong cua thi tru'dng thong qua ky thuat nuoi cay mo te bao - So sanh gitfa phu'cfng phap nhan giong truyen thong va phtfdng phap nhan giong hien dai bang nuoi cay mo te bao: N h a n g id n g t h e o phu'cfng p h a p N h a n g id n g b a n g k y t h u a t n u d i tru y en th o n g cay m o te bao H e so" n h a n g io n g th ap , ta o m o t H e so" n h an g io n g c a o , ta o m o t k h o i lUPng c a y (c u ) g io n g k h o i lifting Idn c a y (c u ) g io n g m o t thefi g ia n d a i m o t thefi g ia n n g a n C a y (c u ) g io n g b i th o a i h o a n e u C a y (c u ) g io n g k h o n g bi th o a i h o a n h an g io n g qu a n h ie u vu lie n tie p k h i n h an g io n g qu a n h ie u v u lie n tiep C a y (c u ) g io n g n h an th e h e sau T a o the" h e c a c c a y (c u ) g io n g d e n h ie m c a c b e n h v e n a m , v i rut sa ch b e n h Thufcfng tie n h a n h ph u th u o c n h ieu K h o n g phu th u oc v a o d ie u k ie n v a o d ie u k ie n m o i trUcfng m o i trifling v i duftic tie n h an h tron g p h o n g v o trung Nhffng ting dung cua cong nghe sinh hoc chon tao va nhan giong cay - Nhan dong loat, du so" lifting, dong nhat, sach benh cac cay giong goc tot thong qua ky thuat nuoi cay mo te bao - Bao quan nguon gen (thong qua bao quan in vitro) - Nhan dong baft due hoac gio"ng tfu the lai - Khac phuc nhting han che" cua lai xa bang each ctiu phoi, tach phoi, nu6i phoi ddn boi - Rut ngan qua trinh tao dong thuan bang nuoi cay hat, bao phan va b&o tti - Tao si/ da dang di truyen bang each: tach dot bien soma, dung hdp te bao tran (lai te" bao) - Lfng dung chi thi phan tuf chon giong phan tuf, chon nhanh, chinh xac, co hieu qua cho giong mdi - Chuyen gen tao giong nang suat cao, chat ltfdng, dac biet la giong khang (khang vi nit, thuoc trCf co ) Nhin mot each khai quat thi ling dung cua cong nghe sinh hoc chon giong cay dtfcJc the hien mot each ro net va chu ye"u d cap do: te bao va phan tuf ADN, ttfdng dng vdi no la cong nghe-nuoi cay mo te bao va cong nghe gen (ky thuat di truyen tac dong cap phan tuf ADN) Thanh ttfu cua edng nghe sinh hoc lTnh vi/c nong nghiep Khong the phu nhan dtfdc rang cong nghe sinh hoc da toa sang lmh vvfc nong nghiep Bieu co the thay raft ro viec tao hang nghin cay mefi bang u“ng dung cong nghe sinh hoc Do la nhufng loai cay dtfdc bien doi gen, co chda nhffng dac tinh tot theo mong muon cua ngifdi nhtf: kha nang khang sau benh hai, khang thuoc diet co, khang thuoc truf sau, cay chiu han, cay chiu man, hay tao nhffng san pham ting dung cac nganh khac (thife pham, nguyen nhien lieu ) Vv du, bong, tufdng, ngo va cac cSy khab da dtfdc bien doi chtfa nhieu protein tuf vi khuan Bacillus thuringgiensis (BT), giup chung chong dddc cac loai trung gay hai Hien loai cay BT dddc rong rai d nhieu nddc Chang han viec canh tac bong BT d Trung Quoc da giam ro ret viec dung thuoc trd sau gay nguy hiem cho sdc khoe ngddi, rnang lai ldi nhuan cho nhttng ngddi nong dan Tu" dcJi vao nam 1996, viec suf dung cac loai cay cai thien nhd ky thuat di truyen da gia tang vdi toe hdn 10%/nam va theo mot bao cao cua Cd quan Qu6'c te ve tfng dung Cong nghe sinh hoc nong nghiep, ltfdng cay dddc su" dung d mdc gia tang 20% vao nam 2004 Cac loai cay mang gen cong nghe sinh hoc mdi la dau nanh, ngo, bong, chiem tddng dng 56%, 14% va 28% dien tlch cac loai cay tren toan cau vdi tong dien tlch chiem gan 30% tong dien tlch danh cho cac loai cay tren toan cau My la nifdc di dau ve dien tlch cay theo cong nghe sinh hoc vdi hdn 48 trieu ha, tiep theo la Argentina (16 trieu ha), Canada (6 trieu ha), Brazil (4,8 trieu ha), va Trung Quoc (4 trieu ha) Gia tri cay dng dung cong nghe sinh hoc la gan ti USD, tddng dng bang 15% san lddng cay toan cau va thi trddng giong Cay cong nghe sinh hoc mang lai ldi Ich vdi viec cung cap nhieu thde pham, thde an gia sue va td sdi, dong thdi doi hoi It thuoc trd sau hdn, tri chat lddng dat tot hdn va cd ldi hdn cho viec bao ve moi trddng ben vdng Hdn nda, thu nhap hang nam cua nong dan ngheo tai cac LAongiflorum va Lilium xformolongi hybrid, tren doi tifdng la cay hoa lily thl chifa co ket qua chifa nhieu Quy trinh nhan giong hoa lily bang in vitro mat tu- - nam, bao gom cac bvtdc: tach vay sach benh, khur trung vay, cat lat dat vao moi trtfdng nuoi cay tao cu con, nuoi ldn cu, ngoi vu’dn helm Set tom tat quy trinh nhan giong hoa lily bang in vitro dM c trinh bay nhUsau: -1 th a n g th a n g 1-2 n a m 115 Nhir vay c6 the thay nghien ciJu ting dung cong nghe sinh hoc chon tao giong hoa lily d Viet Nam mdi me nhting da co ket qua ban dau ratkha quan: da xac dinh dtfdc cap lai, da ctiu phoi dtfdc lai, da hoan thien durpc ky thuat nhan giong in vitro va da tao dtfdc dong lai co trien vong phuc vu cong tac chon tao giong nhffng nam sau Tuy nhien de cong tac chon tao giong hoa lily dat hieu qua cao thi can phai tang ctfdng hdn nda viec hoc tap ting dung cong nghe sinh hoc cua cac ntidc tien tien ve cay hoa lily nhti Ha Larv viec lai xa, lai khac loai, khac phuc tinh bat due cua lai va phu’dng phap danh gia dong lai cua lily Dong thdi can co sti phoi hop, hop tac nghien ctiu hOn ntia giffa cac nha khoa hoc cua cac Vien, cac Trticfng Dai hoc va cac cO sd nghien ctiu ca ntidc de hinh nhom nghien ctiu “manh” ve cay lily 116 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO L TAI LIEU TRONG NllCfC C ao T hi H u y en T rang, D o N a n g V in h , V u V a n V u (2 0 ), Nghien citu tao mo seo phoi hoa, phoi vd tinh tit lat cat bau nhuy vd vdi nhuy d giong hoa Lilium Oriental Sorbonne T a p ch i n o n g n g h ie p v a P T N T so /2 0 , tr -4 C ao T hi H u y en T rang, D tfdng M inh N g a , © M in h P hu , D o N a n g V inh, Ha T h i T h u y (2 0 ), Nghien citu tao cu trite tiep tit lat cat vay cu lily in vitro T ap ch i n o n g n g h ie p v a P T N T so /2 0 , tr -3 Dtfdng T an N htft, D N a n g V in h & c s (2 0 ), Mot so k it qua nghien citu ve hat nhan tao cua hoa Lily (Lilium sp p.) T a p ch i c6 n g ngh6 sinh h o c tap 2, so , tr -3 D ifdng T an Nhuft, N g u y S n T h a n h H a i (2 0 ), He thong nuoi cay bioreactor cong nghe sinh hoc thitc vat T a p c h i c o n g n g h e sinh h o c, (3): -2 D a n g V a n D o n g (2 0 ), Thitc trang va chii'n litoc nghiin cvtu va phat trien hoa, cdy canh d Viet Nam B a o cd o H o i n gh i H o a c a y can h toan q u oc /2 0 D a n g V a n D o n g , N g u y S n T hi D u y e n (2 0 ), K it qua khao nghiem mot so giong hoa lily mcri nhap noi tai Gia Lam - H a N o i T a p chi n o n g n g h ie p v a P T N T so + /2 0 , tr -4 D a n g V a n D o n g , N g u y e n Thi D u y e n (2 0 ), K it qua tuyen chon giong hoa loa ken (Lilium longiflorum) cho mien Bac Viet Nam T a p chi K hoa h o c va c o n g n g h e N N V ie t N a m so' ( )/2 0 , tr 3 -3 D a n g V a n D n g , N g u y S n T h i D u y S n , Trinh K h a c Q u an g, (2 0 ), Ket qua nghiin citu tuyin chon giong hoa loa ken Tit Quy (Lilium longiflorum) dphia Bdc Viet Nam T a p ch i N o n g n g h ie p v a P T N T so /2 0 , tr.53-58 D a n g V a n D n g , N g u y S n T hi T hanh T u y e n (2 0 ), Bao cao ket qua hoc tap cong nghi tao giong, nhan giong vd va phat trien xuat hoa lily d Ha Lan B a o c a o n o i b o V ie n N g h ie n cu"u R au qua (8 /2 0 ) 117 10 D a n g V a n D o n g , N g u y e n V a n Tinh (2 0 ), Nghien ciiu mot so bien phdp ky thuat tien tien san xud't hoa lily dp dung cho cac tinh mien Bac Viet Nam T ap ch i N N & P T N T so /2 0 , tr -3 11 D a n g V a n D o n g , Trinh K h ac Q uang, N g u y e n V a n T inh (2 0 ), Ket qua nghien ciiu tuyen chon giong hoa lily Sorbonne tai Viet Nam T ap chi N o n g n g h ie p va P T N T so" 12 /2 0 , tr.48-52 12 D o M inh Phu, D o a n Thi Thuy V a n , D a n g V a n D o n g , Trinh K h ac Q uang (2 0 ), Nghien ciiu hoan thien quy trinh cong nghe nhan giong hoa lily bang phitdng phdp nudi cay in vitro T ap ch i K h oa h o c va C on g n g h e N o n g n g h iep V ie t N a m so" thang (1 )/2 0 , tr -2 13 N g u y e n H on g M inh, Di truyen hoc (g ia o trinh d h o c ) N h a x u a t ban N o n g n g h ie p , 1999 14 N g u y e n Q uang T h ach , N g u y e n Thi N han , N g u y e n T h i Phifcfng T h ao (1 9 ), Nghien ciiu ting dung ky thuat nudi cay mo cong tac nhan giong cay hoa loa ken K e t qua n g h ie n cufu K H n o n g n g h ie p 9 -1 9 , Tnrcfng D H N o n g N g h ie p I Ha N o i, N X B N o n g N g h ie p 15 N g u y e n Q uang T h ach , N g u y e n T h i.N h a n , N g u y e n T h i Phifdng T h ao (1 9 ), Nghien ciiu ky thuat tao cii giong hoa loa ken ong nghiem T ap ch i N o n g n g h iep , C o n g n g h ie p , Thvfc p h am /1 9 16 N g u y e n Q uang T h ach , N g u y e n Thi L y A nh, N g u y ln T hi Phtfcfng T h ao, Cong nghe sinh hoc nong nghiep (g ia o trinh d h o c ) N h a x u a t b an N o n g n g h ie p , 0 17 N g u y e n Th H a, DuWng M inh N g a , H a Thi Thuy & cs (2 0 ), Bao cao khoa hoc cong nghe sinh hoc toan quoc nam 2003, tr -8 18 N guySn Thi L y Anh, N g u y ln Thi Htfcfng, N g u y en Q uang Thach (2005), Nghien cvtu tao cii lily in vitro va sUsinh triidng ciia cay lily tit cii in vitro Tap chi nong n g h ilp va PTN T so 1/2005, tr 33-35 19 N g u y e n T hi L y A nh (2 0 ), Sit sinh tritdng cua cay calla Lily cay mo dieu kien tit nhien T a p ch i n ong n g h ie p v a P T N T so" /2 0 , tr -2 20 N g u y ln T hi Phifdng T h ao (1 9 ), Nghien ciiu xay dying quy trinh nhan nhanh mot so' giong hoa loa ken nhap ndi bang phuctng phdp nudi cay in vitro L uan van thac sy 118 21 Nguyfcn Thi Phtfdng Thao, N gu yen Quang Thach, H oang Thi M (2005), Nghien ctiu nhdn nhanh giong hoa loa ken Liliumformolongo bang ky thuat nudi cay in vitro Tap chi g nghe sinh hoc (1), tr 117-123 22 N g u y e n Thj Phtfdng T h ao, N g u y e n Q uang T hach , N gu yS n Thi L y A nh (2 0 ), Cam ting tao callus va tdi sinh choi tti callus d cay hoa loa ken Lilium formolongo lam cO sd cho cong tac chon tao giong bang ky thuat chuyen gen T ap chi co n g n g h e sinh h o c (4 ), tr -5 23 N g u y S n T hi Phtfdng T h a o , N g u y e n Q u ang T h a ch (2 0 ), lfng dung ky thuat nudi cay Idp mong te bao tao vat lieu khdi dau in vitro phuc vu cong tac nhdn nhanh giong hoa loa ken Lilium formolongo T ap ch i co n g n g h e sin h h o c (4 ), tr -5 24 N g u y e n T h i Phtfdng T h a o , N g u y S n Q u ang T h a ch (2 0 ), lfng dung ky thuat AFLP ddnh gict da dang nguon gen cay hoa lily (Lilium sp p.) H o i nghi tfng d un g C N S H c o n g ta c n han v a ch o n ta o gi6"ng h oa D a la t /2 0 , tr -2 25 N g u y e n T hi Phtfdng T h a o , N g u y e n Q uang T h a ch , N in h T h i T h a o (2 0 ), K et qud btidc dau ve ting dung cac ky thuat cat ngan vdi nhuy, ctiu phoi va thu phan in vitro tao giong hoa lily Hoi nghi ting dung CNSH cong tac nhdn va chon tao giong hoa D a lat /2 0 , tr -2 26 Phan Hffu T o n (2 0 ), Cong nghe sinh hoc chon tao giong cay (g ia o trinh d h o c ) N h a x u a t b an N o n g n g h ie p , 0 27 T rieu Ttfdng V a n , V tfdng Thu D o n g & c s (2 0 ), Co sd khoa hoc va ky thuat sdn xuat hoa lily cat canh N h a xu at b an L a m N g h ie p Trung Q u o c B a n dich cu a V u Htfu T hinh, 0 28 Trinh K h a c Q u ang, D a n g V a n D o n g , L e T h i Thu H tfdng, N g u y e n T hi T hanh T u y en , H o M inh V ie t, B u i T hi Thu Htfdng (2 ), Ket qua nghien ctiu, khao nghiem mot so giong hoa lily mdi nhap noi tai Gia Ldm-Ha Noi va Moc Chau- Son La.T a p ch i N o n g n g h ie p v a P T N T than g /2 , tr.1 2 -1 29 Trinh K h a c Q uang, N g u y e n T h i T hanh T h u y , B u i T hi Htfdng (2 0 ), Nghien ctiu da dang di truyen cua cac giong hoa lily, loa 119 ken (Lilium s s p ) bang chi thi phan ti( RAPD T a p ch i N N & P T N T so /2 0 , tr 3-8 II TAI LIEU Nl/OfC NGOAI A san o Y (1 ), S tu d ies on th e c r o sse s b e tw e e n d istan tly rela ted s p e c ie s o f lilie s IV T h e culture o f im m ature hybrid em b ry o s -0 m m long J Japan S o c Hort S ci 49: 114-118 A san o Y (1 ), O v erco m in g in te rsp ec ific hybrid sterility in L ilium J Japan S o c H ort S ci 51: 75-81 A san o Y , M y o d o H (1 7 ), S tu d ies on c r o sse s b e tw e e n distantly rela ted s p e c ie s o f lilie s I For th e intrastylar p o llin a tio n tec h -n iq u e J Japan S o c H ort S ci 46: -6 B a rb a-G on za lez, R , K -B L im , M S R am an na, R G F V isse r & J.M V an T u yl 0 , O ccu rren ce o f 2n g a m e te s in th e F I hybrids o f O riental x A sia tic lilie s (L ilium ): R e le v a n c e to in te rg e n o m ic recom b ination and b ack crossin g E uph ytica 143: -7 Barz and N ico la s (1978), M etabolism o f phenotics and vitam ins in ce ll cultures Frontiers o f plant tissu e c e ll culture, C a lg a iy pp 345 -3 B io g o t-C (1 ), C om p araison d e s ap titudes p o u r le b o u r g eo n n e m e n t d e tissu es su p e r fic ie ls et d e tissu e frofond s b o u r g eo n n e m e n t c u ltiv e s in vitro C a sd ela tia g e d e u nlis h ybride cultivar E n ch a tm en C R e g e n P h y sio l ,8 -8 B u i V L , N hu t D T , Tran T h anh V a n K (1 9 ), P la n t p rod uction v ia sh o o t regen eratio n from thin c e ll la y e r p se u d o -b u lb le t ex p la n ts o f L iliu m lon gifloru m in vitro C R A cad S ci, P aris 2 :3 -3 C hi, H S 0 , In tersp ecific cr o sse s o f lily b y in vitro p o llin a te d o v u les B ot B u ll A ca d S in (2 0 ) 41: -1 C hi, H S Th.P Straathof, H J.M L o ffler & J.M V a n T u y l, 19 9 , In vitro se 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