Giáo trình quản lý chất lượng thực phẩm bùi hữu thuận, trần ngọc điệp

BQ GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI CU U LONG • HOC • BUI HU U THUAN - TRAN NGOC DIEP • • • GIAO TRINH QUAN LY CHAT LlTONG THVC PHAM Vinh Long - 2020 Ld"i gidri thieu CMt luong thirc pham vd cung quan no lien quan d£n an toan thuc pham, sire khde, sir cong ciia nha san xudt Chdt lirong thirc pham san xudt can dap img nhieu doi hoi khac khe cua cac tieu chudn quoc gia, quoc te nhimg chat lirong san pham chin anh hirdng cua rat nhieu yeu to cong nghe, thiet bi, nha xudng, nguyen vat lieu, each to choc quan ly san xuat, bao quan Quan ly chat lirong san pham on dinh de dat cac muc dich la viec lam kho cho moi nha may, xi nghiep san xudt thirc pham Cac nha khoa hoc thirc pham, cac nha quan ly chat lirong da hinh cac phtrong thirc quan ly, tieu chudn san xudt, san pham de giup cho ngirbi lam ky thuat, nhung ngubi quan ly chat lirong dam bao dupe chat lirong tot theo yeu cau cua cac thi tnrdng Kidn thuc vd quan ly chat luong san pham vd cung quan ddi vdi sinh vien cac nganh cong nghe thirc pham, che bidn thuy san, cong nghe sau thu hoach vi vay hoc phdn '‘quan ly chdt luong thuc pham” duoc dua vao giang day chuong trinh chinh khda cua hdu het cac tnrdng giang day ve thuc pham Hoc phdn gibi thieu cho sinh vien biet ve pham chat thuc pham, nhung bien dong chat luong san xudt, phuong phap lay mdu thuc pham, cac phuong phap kiem soat va quan ly chat lirgng thuc pham hien hanh, cac van ban phap ly ve quan ly chat luong Giao trinh duac viet nham muc dich cd them phuong tien day hoc tdi thieu phuc vu giang day dai hoc Tuy nhien su phuc tap ve ban chat cua chat luong, su ddi hoi ve chat luong thuc pham mot tang cao, cac chuan quan ly thuc pham khdng ngung cai tien, cac qui luat lien quan den quan ly chat luong cua nude ta cung ludn thay ddi Du rdt cd gang cua cac tac gia, giao trinh dupe viet va xuat ban lan chu quan, khach quan, khdng the tranh khdi nhieu thieu sot khdng mong muon Mong cac doc gia, cac ddng nghiep cam thong, gdp y cho cac tac gia de nhung lan tai ban tdi chat luong giao trinh dupe cai tien hon Cac tac gid MUC LUC • • CHLfONG CHAT LUONG CUA SAN PHAM THU’C PHAM 1.1 Khai niem thuc pham 1.2 Cac tinh chat dac tnmg cua san pham thuc pham2 1.2.1 Cac thuoc tinh ca ban cua thuc pham .2 1.2.2 Chat luang san pham 1.3 Cac yeu to cau chat lupng thuc pham 1.3.1 Chat luang dinh dudng 1.3.2 Chat luang ve sinh 1.3.3 ChSt luang thi hieu (hay chat luang cam quan)10 1.3.4 Ch£t luang su dung hoac dich vu 11 1.3.5 Chat luang cong nghe 12 1.3.6 Chat luqng khac 12 1.4 Cac y£u t6 tarn ly - xa hoi cua chat luang 12 CHUONG SU BIEN DONG CUA CHAT LUONG 15 THUC PHAM QUA MOT TIEN TRINH SAN XUAT 2.1 Nguyen lieu 15 2.2 Con nguai 19 b r e 2.3 Nha xuang, may moc, thiet bi 21 2.3.1 Nha xuang 21 2.3.2 Thiet bi va dung cu 29 2.4 Moi truang 34 2.5 Tham so cong nghe san xuat 35 CHU'ONG PHUONG PHAP LAY MAU THU'C PHAM41 3.1 Muc dich, y nghia cua vice lay man 41 3.2 Mot so khai niem chung 42 3.2.1 Mdu 42 3.2.2 Phep lay mau 42 3.2.3 Tap hop 42 3.2.4 Don vi san pham 42 3.2.5 Don vi lay man 43 3.2.6 L6 hang 43 3.2.7 Mau ban dau 43 3.2.8 Mau rieng 43 3.2.9 MSu chung 43 3.2.10 Mau trung binh 43 3.2.11 Mau phan tich 44 3.3 Yeu cau chung cua viec lay mau 44 3.4 Phuong phap lay mau 3.4.1 Chi dan ban dau 44 44 3.4.2 Dung cu lay mau 45 3.4.3 Cac dang mau thubng lay de kiem tra 47 3.4.4 Chudn bi mSu 50 ( 3.4.5 Bao goi, van chuyen, bao quan mau trung binh51 3.4.6 Bien ban lay man 52 CHU’ONG NGUYEN LY KIEM SOAT VA QUAN LY CHAT LU0NG SAN PHAM 54 4.1 Dinh huvng vao khach hang 54 4.2 Su lanh bao 56 4.3 Sir tham gia cua moi ngircri 57 4.4 Kiem soat theo qua trinh 58 4.5 Quan ly co he thong 59 4.6 Cai tien lien tuc 60 4.7 Quyet dinh dua tren sir kien 61 4.8 Moi quan he chat che vdi ngubi cung ring 62 CHU’ONG CAC PHUONG PHAP KIEM SOAT VA QUAN LY CHAT LUONG THLfC PHAM HIEN HANH 64 5.1 Quan ly chat lirang theo phuong phap truyen thong (danh gia san pham) 65 5.2 Quan ly chdt lirpng theo GMP (Good Manufacturing 66 Practice) 5.3 Quan ly chat luong theo HACCP 73 5.3.1 Khai niem ve HACCP 73 5.3.2 Lich su phat then cua he thong HACCP 75 5.3.3 Mot so thuat ngu 78 5.3.4 Cac nguyen tac cua he thong HACCP 81 5.3.5 Xay dung he thong HACCP 82 5.4 Quan ly chat luong theo ISO 9000 166 5.4.1 ¥ nghia 166 5.4.2 Cau true cua Bo Tieu chuan ISO 9000 168 5.4.3 Cac nguyen tac quan ly chat luong cua ISO 9000 170 5.4.4 Nhung dieu kien de ap dung edng ISO 9000 174 5.4.5 Ung dung cua he thong ISO 9000 tai Viet Nam 175 5.5 Quan ly chat luong theo TQM 176 5.6 Tieu chuan BRC 177 5.7 Tieu chudn GAP (Good Agricultural Practices: Thue hanh nong nghiep tot) 178 Chuang CAC VAN BAN PHAP LY LIEN QUAN DEN QUAN LY CHAT LUONG 180 6.1 He thong van ban quan ly chat luong 181 6.1.1 Luat an toan thuc pham 181 6.1.2 Mot so thuat ngu dupe su dung 186 6.1.3 Nguyen tac quan ly an toan thuc pham .189 6.1.4 Chinh sach cua Nha nude ve an toan thuc pham 190 6.1.5 Nhung hanh vi bi cam 192 6.1.6 Xu ly vi pham phap luat ve an toan thuc pham 194 6.1.7 Dieu kien bao dam an toan thuc pham 194 6.1.8 Dieu kien bao dam an toan thirc pham doi vcri ca sd san xuat, kinh doanh thirc pham 197 6.1.9 Di£u kien bao dam an toan thirc pham bao quan thirc pham 198 6.1.10 Dieu kien bao dam an toan thirc pham van chuyen thirc pham 199 6.1.11 Dieu kien bao dam an toan thirc pham san xuat, kinh doanh thirc pham nhd le 199 6.1.12 Di£u kien dam bao an toan thirc pham san xuat, kinh doanh thirc pham tuoi song 200 6.1.13 Dieu kien bao dam an toan thirc pham so che, che bien thirc pham, kinh doanh thirc pham da qua che bien 202 6.1.14 Dieu kien bao dam an toan thirc pham kinh doanh dich vu an uong 203 6.1.15 Di£u kien bao dam an toan thirc pham doi vdi nguyen lieu, dung cu an uong chira dimg thirc pham va ngudi kinh doanh there an dirdng 205 6.1.16 Chung nhan co so du dieu kien an toan thirc pham san xuat, kinh doanh thirc pham 206 6.1.17 Ki6m nghiem thirc pham, phan tich nguy co doi vdi an toan thirc pham, phdng ngua, ngan chan va kh4c phuc sir cd ve an toan thirc pham 213 6.1.18 Truy xudt nguon gdc thirc pham, thu hdi va xu ly ddi vdi thirc pham khdng bao dam an toan 218 - Doan tra chuyen nganh: dirge lap de tien hanh cuoc tra theo pham vi, doi tirgng, noi dung, nhiem vu, thdi han ghi quyet dinh tra Doan tra chuyen nganh co Tnrdng doan tra tra vien, vien doan tra, cong chiic tra chuyen nganh - Thdi han tra cua doan tra chuyen nganh dirge quy dinh nlnr sau: + Cuoc tra chuyen nganh Thanh tra bo, Tong cue, Cue thuoc Bo ti£n hanh khong qua 45 ngay; tnrdng hgp phirc tap cd the keo dai hon nhimg khong qua 70 + Cuoc tra chuyen nganh Thanh tra sd, Chi cue thuoc sd tien hanh khong qua 30 ngay; tnrdng hgp phuc tap cd the keo dai hon, nhung khong qua 45 + Thdi han cua cuoc tra dirge tinh tir cong bo quyet dinh tra den ket thuc viec tra tai ncn dirge tra + Viec keo dai thdi han tra ngirdi quyet dinli tra chuyen nganh quyet dinh 7 - Hoat dong kiem tra an toan thuc pham + Hoat dong kiem tra an toan thuc pham phai bao dam nguyen tac: a) Khach quan, chinh xac, edng khai, minh bach, khong phan biet doi xu; 232 b) Bao ve bi mat thong tin, tai lieu, ket qua kiem tra lien quan den co, quan, to chuc, ca nhan san xuat, kinh doanh thuc pham dupe kiem tra chua co ket luan chinh thuc; c) Khong dupe sach nhieu, gay phien cho to chuc, ca nhan san xuat, kinh doanh thuc pham; d) Chiu track nhiem truoc phap luat ve ket qua kiem tra, ket luan co lien quan r + Co quan quan ly an toan thuc pham thupc Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh thuc hien viec kiem tra an toan thuc pham pham vi dia phuong theo qui dinh cua Bp quan ly nganh va su phan cong cua Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh + Trong trubng hop kiem tra lien nganh ve an toan thuc pham co lien quan den pham vi quan ly cua nhieu nganh hoac dia phuong, co quan chu tri thuc hien kiem tra co trach nhiem phbi hop vdi co quan huu quan thupc cac bp, co quan ngang bp, Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh co lien quan de thuc hien - Quyen han va nhiem vu cua co quan quan ly an toan thuc pham kiem tra an toan thuc pham: + Trong pham vi nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh, co quan quan ly an toan thuc pham co cac quyen sau day kiem tra an toan thuc pham: a) QuySt dinh lap doan kiem tra thuc hien cong tac ki&m tra theo ke hoach hoac dpt xuat; b) Canh bao nguy co khong bao dam an toan thuc pham; 233 c) Giai quySt khiSu nai, t6 cao quyet dinh cua doan kiSm tra, hanh vi cua vien doan kiem tra theo quy dinh cua phap luat ve khieu nai, to cao + Trong pham vi nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh, co quan quan ly an loan thuc pham co nhiem vu sau day: a) Xay dung ke hoach kiem tra hang nam trinh co quan nha nude co tham quyen quyet dinh; •» r b) Tiep nhan ho so dang ky kiem tra an toan thuc pham x AX* nhap khau; xac nhan dieu kien bao dam an toan thuc pham doi vdi thuc pham nhap khau; c) Ra quySt dinh xu ly chain nhat thbi han 03 lam viec, ke tu nhan dupe bao cao cua doan kiem tra ve viec tarn dinh chi boat dong san xuat, kinh doanh, niem phong thuc pham, tarn dung viec quang cao doi vdi thuc pham khdng bao dam an toan - Doan kiem tra + Doan kiem tra Thu trudng co quan quan ly an toan thuc pham quyet dinh lap tren co so chuong trinh, ke hoach kiem tra da dupe co quan nha nude cd tham quyen phe duyet hoac trudng hop cd yeu cau kiem tra dpt xuat 9 + Trong qua trinh kiem tra an toan thuc pham, doan kiem tra co nhung nhiem vu, quyen han sau day: a) Yeu cau to chuc, ca nhan san xuat, kinh doanh thuc pham xuat trinh cac tai lieu lien quan va xu ly vi pham qua trinh kiem tra theo quy dinh tai Dieu 30 va Dieu 40 cua 234 Z' A r A Luat chat hrqng san pham, hang hoa; cung cap ban cac tai lieu quy dinh tai khoan can thiet; ~ ' 7 > r b) Lay mau de kiem nghiem can thiet; c) Niem phong thirc pham, tam dung ban thuc pham khong phu hop, tam dimg quang cao thuc pham co noi dung khong phu hop qua trinh kiem tra tren thi truang va phai bao cao co quan quan ly an toan thirc pham thbi han khong qua 24 gib, ke tir niem phong thuc pham, tam dimg ban thuc pham khong phu hop, tam dimg quang cao; d) Yeu cau to chirc, ca nhan san xuat, kinh doanh thuc pham khong phii hop vbi tieu chuan da cbng b6 ap dung, quy chuan ky thuat, quy dinh ve dieu kien tuong ung co bien phap khac phuc, sira chua; e) Bao dam nguyen tac kiem tra quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 68 cua Luat tien hanh kiem tra; f) Bao cao chinh xac va kip thbi ket qua kiem tra cho co quan quan ly an toan thuc pham ' r a Mot sb van ban qui pham phap luat ve quan ly chat luong dupe trinh bay b Bang Bang 8: Mot so van ban qui pham phap luat ve quan ly chat luong Nam hanh So hieu Ten van ban 01/2009/TT- Thong tu- cua Bo Khoa hoc 20/03/2009 va Cong nghe quy dinh ban 235 Nam hanh ban So hieu Ten van ban BK1ICN Danh muc san pham hang hoa co kha nang gay mat an toan thuoc trach nhiem quan ly cua Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe 03/2010/TTBLDTBXH Thong tu ban hanh Danh 9/1/2010 muc san pham, hang hoa nhom va hirong dan trinh tu, thu tuc va noi dung kiem tra chat luong san pham, hang hoa san xuat 05/2007-QH12 Luat Chat luong san pham, 21/1 1/2007 hang hoa 06/2009/TTBK11CN Thong tu cua Bo Khoa hoc 03/04/2009 va Cong nghe hudng dan ve dieu kien, thu tuc xet tang giai thudng chat luong san pham, hang hoa cua to chuc, ca nhan 07/2015/VBHN- Nghi dinh quy dinh chi tiet 27/02/2015 thi hanh mot so dieu cua BKHCN Luat Chat luong san pham, hang hoa 236 Nam hanh So hieu Ten van ban 11/2009/TTBKHCN Thong tu Quy dinh ve Giai 06/05/2009 thubng Chdt luong Quoc gia 27/2012/TTBKHCN Thong tu 27/2012/TT- 27/01/2013 BKHCN quy dinh viec kiem tra nha nude ve chat luong hang hoa nhap khau thuoc trach nhiem quan ly cua Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe ? ban / A A 80/2013/NDCP Nghi dinh quy dinh ve xu phat vi pham hanh chinh linh vuc tieu chuan, luong va chat luong san pham, hang hoa 19/07/2013 6.2 Cac quy chuan, tieu chuan san pham Doanh nghiep cong b6 tieu chuan chat lugng san pham, hang hoa cua minli theo cac birbc sau: -Xay dung hoac chap nhan tieu chuan de ap dung -Cong bo tieu chuan bang “Ban cong bo tieu chuan chat luong san pham hang hoa’’ theo mau quy dinh Thu tuc cong bo va trinh tu thu tuc: 237 Sau cong bo doanh nghiep gui ho so cong bo tieu chudn d£n Chi cue Tieu chuan Do lubng Chat luong tinh, true thuoc Trung uong noi doanh nghiep dat try sb chinh Ho so cong bo tieu chuan bao gom: a) Ban cong b6 tieu chuan chat luong san pham, hang hoa; b) Tieu chuan ap dung cho san pham, hang hoa (tru trubng hop ap dung Tieu chuan Viet Nam hoac tieu chuan nganh) Neu doanh nghiep ap dung tieu chuan quoc te, tieu chuan khu vuc hoac tieu chuan nude ngoai phai cd ban dich tieng Viet A A kem ho so Chi cue Tieu chuan Do luong Chat luong la co quan dau moi d dia phuong tiep nhan ho so cong bo tieu chuan cua doanh nghiep, cd trach nhiem kiem tra tinh phu hop cua tieu chuan vdi cac quy dinh cua nha nude Trong thdi gian 10 lam viec ke tu nhan dupe ho so cong bo, neu ho so phu hop vdi quy dinh, Chi cue Tieu chuan Do luong Chat luong se cap phieu tiep nhan cong bo theo mau quy dinh tai Phu luc II cua Quy dinh Truong hop ho so khong phu hop, Chi cue Tieu chuan Do luong Chat luong se thong bao diem khong phu hop bang van ban de doanh nghiep tien hanh khac phuc va thuc hien cong bo lai A 238 I f CAU HOI Ly phai xay dung Luat thuc pham? r > Hay neu nhung nguyen tac cor ban ve quan ly an toan thuc pham theo Luat an toan thuc pham Viet Nam? r r Hay neu nhung hanh vi bi cam san xuat thuc pham? Hay neu cac dieu kien dam bao an toan thuc pham doi vdi cof so san xuat, kinh doanh thuc pham? Hay mo ta dieu kien bao dam an toan thuc pham kinh doanh thu an dudng pho? > r r Ho so' xin cap Giay chung nhan an toan thuc pham bao gom nhung giay to gi? Hay neu cac trubng hop thu hoi va xu ly doi vdi thuc pham khong dam bao an toan? \ A • A A t r A 239 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tai lieu tieng Viet Le NguySn Doan Duy va Nguyen Cong Ha (2014), Quan ly chat lirong va luat thuc pham Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Can Tho Dang Van Hop, D6 Van Ninh va Nguyen Thuan Anh (2006), Quan ly chat lirong thuy san, Nha xuat ban Nong nghiep Nguyen Dire Lirong va Pham Minh Tam (2000), Ve sinh va an loan thirc phim, Trirbng Dai hoc Ky thuat Thanh Ho Chi Minh Pham Ngoc Tuan va Nguyen Nhu Mai (2005), Dam bao chat lu-ong, Nha xudt ban Dai hoc Quoc gia Thanh Ho Chi Minh Ha Duyen Tir (2006), Quan ly chat lirong cong nghiep thirc pham, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat Pho Dire Tru, Vu Thi Hong Khanh, Pham Hong, Quan ly chat lu’ong theo ISO 9000, nha xuat ban Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat, Ha noi, 1999 Luat an toan thuc pham (2010), Nha chinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi Tai lieu chu’ong trinh dao tao Cong nghe che bien thuy san va an toan thirc pham (2005), SEAQIP DANIDA Tai lieu tieng Anh Ali, 1.(2004), Food quality assurance - Principles and Practices, CRC Press LLC Codex 2003, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), System and Guidelinesb for its application FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission Rome 240 International Standard, ISO 900o, 2nd ed, 2000 - 12 - 15, Quality management system - fundamental and vocabulary International Standard, ISO 9001, 3nd ed, 2000 - 12 - 15, Quality management system - requirements NACMCF (1998), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control PointPrinciples and Application Guidelines J Food Protect 61, 762 — 775 241 PHU • LUC • Thong tir 19/2012/TT - BYT, Huang dan viec cong b6 hap quy va cong bo phu hop quy dinh an toan thirc pham Bo Y Te, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/The-thao-Y-te/Thong-tu-192012-TT-B YT-huong-dan-viec-cong-bo-hop-quy-cong-bo-phuhop-quy-dinh-151174.aspx truy cap 8/8/2019 Thong tu 26/2012 / TT - BYT, Qui dinh cap Giay chung nhan ca so du dieu kien an toan thuc phAm doi vdi cac ca so san xuat, kinh doanh thuc pham chi'rc nang, thuc pham tang cirang vi chat dinh duong phu gia thuc pham, chiat ho tro che bien thuc pham: nuac khoang thien nhien, nude uong dong chai; dung cu, vat lieu bao gdi chua dung thuc pham thuoc pham vi quan ly cua Bo Y te Bo Y Te, https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Doanh-nghiep/Thongtu-26-2012-TT-BYT-quy-dinh-cap-giay-chung-nhan-co-so-dudieu-kien-an-toan-152412.aspx truy cap 8/8/2019 Thong tu 27/ 2012/ TT - BYT, Huong d&n viec quan ly phu gia thuc pham, Bo Y T£, Nude Cong hda Xa hoi Chu nghTa Viet nam, ban hanh 30/11/2012 Thong tu 30/ 2012/ TT - BYT, Qui dinh ve dieu kien an toan thuc pham doi vdi co sd kinh doanh dich vu an uong, kinh doanh thuc an dudng https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuongmai/Thong-tu-30-2012-TT-B YT-dieu-kien-an-toan-thuc-pham-doivoi-co-so-kinh-doanh-152633.aspx truy cap 8/8/2019 Thong tu 149/ 2013/ TT - BTC, Qui dinh muc thu, nop, quan ly va su dung phi, le phi quan ly an toan ve sinh thuc pham https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuong-mai/Thong-tu-149- 242 i I 2013-TT-BTC-phi-le-phi-quan-ly-an-toan-ve-sinh-thuc-pham21 1401 aspx truy cap 8/8/2019 Nghi dinh 38/2012/ND - CP, Qui dinh chi tiet thi hanh mot so dieu cua Luat an toan thirc pham, cong thong tin dien tu nude Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu NghTa Viet Nam, http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvan ban?class id=l &_page=l &mode=detail&document_id=l 58155 Truy cap 8/8/2019 TCVN6063 - 1995, Tieu chuan Viet Nam bia -phan tich cam quan - phuong phap cho diem, https://vanbanphapluat.co/tcvn6063-1995-bia-phan-tich-cam-quan-phuong-phap-cho-diem, truy cap 8/8/2019 Vi du: Quy trinh cong nghe che bien tom bien luoc boc vd dong IQF Bang mo ta qui trinh cong nghe Xi nghiep dong lanh ABC Huyen X, tinh ¥ Mo ta qui trinh cong nghe che bien Ten san pham: lom bien luoc boc vo dong IQb Cong doan Thong so ky thuat chinh Mo ta (1) (2) (3) Tiep nhan nguyen lieu Nhiet nguyen lieu Nguyen lieu dugc uop da thung each nhiet d