Quan hệ nhật bản ấn độ trong hai thập niên đầu thế kỷ xxi

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP HCM TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN KHOA ĐÔNG PHƢƠNG HỌC NGUYỄN THỊ KIM QUA QUAN HỆ NHẬT BẢN - ẤN ĐỘ TRONG HAI THẬP NIÊN ĐẦU THẾ KỶ XXI LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ CHUYÊN NGÀNH: CHÂU Á HỌC MÃ SỐ: 8310602 THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH – NĂM 2023 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP HCM TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN KHOA ĐÔNG PHƢƠNG HỌC NGUYỄN THỊ KIM QUA QUAN HỆ NHẬT BẢN - ẤN ĐỘ TRONG HAI THẬP NIÊN ĐẦU THẾ KỶ XXI LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ CHUYÊN NGÀNH: CHÂU Á HỌC MÃ SỐ: 8310602 CÁN BỘ HƢỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: PGS.TS NGUYỄN TIẾN LỰC THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH – NĂM 2023 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi tên Nguyễn Thị Kim Qua, học viên cao học lớp Châu Á học, khóa 20202022, khoa Đơng Phương học Tôi xin cam đoan luận văn thạc sĩ “Quan hệ Nhật Bản – Ấn Độ hai thập niên đầu kỷ XXI” cơng trình nghiên cứu tôi, hướng dẫn khoa học PGS.TS Nguyễn Tiến Lực Các số liệu, tài liệu nêu Luận văn trung thực, đảm bảo tính khách quan, khoa học có nguồn gốc xuất xứ rõ ràng Học viên Nguyễn Thị Kim Qua LỜI TRI ÂN Luận văn tốt nghiệp cao học hoàn thành Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Để hồn thành luận văn này, thân nhận nhiều giúp đỡ, động viên Trước tiên, tơi xin bày tỏ lịng biết ơn sâu sắc cảm kích đặc biệt đến Thầy PGS.TS Nguyễn Tiến Lực, người Thầy tận tâm, giúp đỡ từ ngày đầu tơi bắt đầu chương trình cao học suốt q trình tơi thực luận văn Chính bao dung, ấm áp Thầy nguồn động lực to lớn, tiếp thêm tinh thần niềm đam mê cho đường học thuật Tôi xin gửi lời cảm ơn sâu sắc đến Thầy PGS.TS Hồng Văn Việt, Ngun Trưởng khoa Đơng Phương học, Nguyên Giám đốc Trung tâm nghiên cứu Thái Lan, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Người Thầy ln quan tâm tận tình, tâm huyết đến Anh/chị Xin bày tỏ biết ơn chân thành đến Thầy TS Hồ Minh Quang, Trưởng khoa Đông Phương học, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Thầy ln dìu dắt bước Anh/chị từ ngày đầu nhập học, quan tâm sâu sắc bảo chúng tơi Tơi xin bày tỏ lịng cảm kích đến Ban Giám hiệu, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, đặc biệt quý Thầy/cơ Phịng Sau Đại học q Thầy/cơ khoa Đơng Phương học giúp đỡ tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho học tập, nghiên cứu thực luận văn Cuối cùng, tơi xin cảm ơn chân thành đến Anh/chị phịng Thơng tin – Tư liệu Thơng Xã Việt Nam khu vực phía Nam, hỗ trợ nhiệt tình cho việc tham khảo tài liệu liên quan đến đề tài Xin cảm ơn đến gia đình ln thấu hiểu, ủng hộ, khuyến khích tơi q trình học tập thực đề tài nghiên cứu Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, ngày 20 tháng 02 năm 2022 Học viên Nguyễn Thị Kim Qua MỤC LỤC MỞ ĐẦU 1 Lý chọn đề tài Mục đích nghiên cứu Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề Đối tƣợng phạm vi nghiên cứu 14 4.1 Đối tượng nghiên cứu 14 4.2 Phạm vi nghiên cứu 14 Cơ sở lý luận, phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu nguồn tƣ liệu 14 5.1 Cơ sở lý luận .14 5.2 Phương pháp nghiên cứu 14 5.3 Nguồn tư liệu 16 Những đóng góp luận văn 16 Bố cục luận văn 17 NỘI DUNG 19 CHƢƠNG 1: NHÂN TỐ TÁC ĐỘNG TỚI QUAN HỆ NHẬT BẢN – ẤN ĐỘ TRONG HAI THẬP NIÊN ĐẦU THẾ KỶ XXI 19 1.1 Sự thay đổi cấu trúc trị quan hệ quốc tế khu vực năm đầu kỷ XXI .19 1.1.1 Tình hình giới 19 1.1.2 Tình hình khu vực 22 1.1.3 Nhân tố Trung Quốc 26 1.2 Yêu cầu tăng cƣờng quan hệ đối tác chiến lƣợc Nhật Bản – Ấn Độ 31 1.2.1 Phía Nhật Bản 31 1.2.2 Phía Ấn Độ 36 1.3 Quan hệ Nhật Bản – Ấn Độ từ sau Chiến tranh lạnh (1991) đến năm 2000 40 Tiểu kết chƣơng 43 CHƢƠNG 2: QUÁ TRÌNH TRIỂN KHAI QUAN HỆ ĐỐI TÁC CHIẾN LƢỢC NHẬT BẢN – ẤN ĐỘ TRONG HAI THẬP NIÊN ĐẦU THẾ KỶ XXI .48 2.1 Quan hệ trị – ngoại giao .48 2.1.1 Các chuyến thăm lẫn lãnh đạo hai nước .48 2.1.2 Nâng cấp “Quan hệ đối tác chiến lược toàn cầu” lên “Quan hệ đối tác chiến lược đặc biệt toàn cầu” Nhật Bản – Ấn Độ .51 2.2 Quan hệ kinh tế – thƣơng mại 54 2.2.1 Viện trợ ODA Nhật Bản cho Ấn Độ .55 2.2.2 Đầu tư FDI 60 2.2.3 Quan hệ thương mại .63 2.2.4 Tài trợ ứng phó với Đại dịch Covid-19 69 2.3 Quan hệ an ninh – quốc phòng 71 2.3.1 Tăng cường hợp tác an ninh – quốc phòng 71 2.3.2 Cùng sáng lập xây dựng “Bộ tứ kim cương” 75 2.4 Quan hệ văn hóa, khoa học giao lƣu nhân dân 82 2.4.1 Văn hóa giáo dục 82 2.4.2 Khoa học công nghệ .85 2.4.3 Giao lưu nhân dân 87 Tiểu kết chƣơng 89 CHƢƠNG 3: THÀNH TỰU VÀ TRIỂN VỌNG CỦA QUAN HỆ NHẬT BẢN – ẤN ĐỘ 93 3.1 Thành tựu đạt đƣợc 93 3.2 Triển vọng thách thức .100 Tiểu kết chƣơng 106 KẾT LUẬN 108 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO .116 I TÀI LIỆU TIẾNG VIỆT 116 II TÀI LIỆU TIẾNG ANH 117 III TÀI LIỆU TIẾNG NHẬT .118 IV TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO ĐẶC BIỆT CỦA THÔNG TẤN XÃ VIỆT NAM 119 V TÀI LIỆU INTERNET 120 PHỤ LỤC 126 Phụ lục 126 Phụ lục 135 DANH MỤC CÁC TỪ VIẾT TẮT Viết tắt Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt AIIB Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank Ngân hàng Đầu tư cở sở hạ tầng châu Á ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations Hiệp hội quốc gia Đông Nam Á Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Thỏa thuận mua bán hàng hóa dịch Agreement vụ chéo ACSA APEC Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation BRI Belt and Road Initiative CECA Comprehensive Econnomic Cooperation Agreement Diễn đàn Hợp tác Kinh tế châu Á – Thái Bình Dương Sáng kiến Vành đai Con đường Hiệp định Hợp tác Kinh tế Toàn diện DMIC Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Hành lang công nghiệp Delhi –Mumbai EAS East Asia Summit Hội nghị Cấp cao Đông Á EPA Economic Partnership Agreement Hiệp định đối tác kinh tế FDI Foreign Direct Investment Đầu tư trực tiếp nước FOIP Free and Open Indo – Pacific FTA Free Trade Agreement Hiệp định thương mại tự GDP Gross domestic product Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội JETRO Japan External Trade Research Organization Ấn Độ Dương – Thái Bình Dương tự rộng mở Tổ chức xúc tiến mậu dịch Nhật Bản JICA JIBIC Japan International Cooperation Agency Japan Bank for International Cooperation Cơ quan Hợp tác Quốc tế Nhật Bản Ngân hàng Hợp tác Quốc tế Nhật Bản JITS Japan Industrial Town Thị trấn Công nghiệp Nhật Bản IMF International Monetary Fund Quỹ tiền tệ Quốc tế JOCV Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers Hợp tác Hải ngoại Nhật Bản METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Tổ chức Hiệp ước Bắc Đại Tây Dương The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Hiệp ước khơng phổ biến vũ khí hạt Nuclear Weapons nhân NPT SAARC ODA OECD South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development QUAD Diamond Quartet TPP Trans – Pacific Partnership Agreement UNCLOS UNSC The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Security Council Bộ Kinh tế, Thương mại Công nghiệp Nhật Bản Hiệp hội Hợp tác khu vực Nam Á Viện trợ phát triển thức Tổ chức Hợp tác Phát triển Kinh tế Bộ tứ Kim cương Hiệp định Đối tác xuyên Thái Bình Dương Công ước Liên hợp quốc Luật biển Hội đồng Bảo an Liên hợp quốc DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG BIỂU VÀ BIỂU ĐỒ BẢNG BIỂU Bảng 2.1: Tổng FDI Nhật Bản vào khu công nghiệp Ấn Độ (tính từ tháng 01 năm 2000 đến tháng 12 năm 2020) Bảng 2.2: Tỷ trọng (%) Nhật Bản Ấn Độ kinh tế giới Bảng 2.3: Thương mại song phương Nhật Bản – Ấn Độ BIỂU ĐỒ Biểu đồ 2.1: Xu hướng cam kết giải ngân ODA Nhật Bản cho Ấn Độ Biểu đồ 2.2: Dòng vốn FDI từ Nhật Bản đến Ấn Độ MỞ ĐẦU Lý chọn đề tài Trong kỷ XXI, kỷ thách thức hội kinh tế quốc gia khu vực giới Một quốc gia có vị trí vững mạnh trật tự giới mới, điều kiện tiên kinh tế Mỗi quốc gia nhận thức sâu sắc xu tồn cầu hóa diễn mạnh mẽ Vì vậy, phụ thuộc hay liên kết quốc gia điều quan trọng kinh tế, an ninh, trị Tại nước nổ lực xây dựng hịa bình thịnh vượng Ở nay, hịa bình giới củng cố định nhiều nơi xảy tình trạng xung đột biên giới, sắc tộc, mâu thuẫn tôn giáo,… Do việc đối ngoại, quan hệ quốc tế liên kết quốc gia với yếu tố giúp cho quốc gia có cân phát triển quyền lực khu vực giới Đối ngoại hai chức nhà nước lịch sử Nó thể vai trị hoạt động nhà nước mối quan hệ nhà nước, dân tộc tổ chức quốc tế khác Trong thời đại ngày nay, quốc gia khơng thể phát triển, chí khơng tồn khơng có quan hệ với giới bên ngồi Vì “Chính sách đối ngoại hoạt động đối ngoại tất yếu khách quan quan hệ quốc gia quốc tế” (Đoàn Văn Thắng, 2001, tr.41) Nhật Bản – quốc gia biết đến với nhiều tiến vượt bậc giới giao thông, khoa học kỹ thuật xã hội người Sau Chiến tranh giới thứ hai trở thành quốc gia có kinh tế thứ hai sau Mỹ Góp phần thúc đẩy mạnh mẽ vào phát triển tổ chức, trì ổn định hịa bình phát triển quốc gia khu vực châu Á – Thái Bình Dương Chính phát triển này, tạo cho Nhật Bản vị quan trọng chiến lược nhiều quốc gia Nhưng nếu, Nhật Bản ln “đứng n” vị trí mà khơng có sách phù hợp, tăng trưởng kinh tế Nhật Bản giới hạn đó, nhiều nước đỉnh tồn cầu Trong điều kiện đó, chuyên gia cho Nhật Bản nên có sách khơn ngoan đối nội lẫn đối ngoại Ở năm đầu kỷ XXI, Nhật Bản xây dựng chiến lược ngoại giao kỷ mình, nhấn mạnh “lợi ích quốc gia”, tăng cường “tính tự chủ ngoại giao” đối phó “tình hình khu vực” Đây the wider Indo – Pacific region, strengthening cooperation with ASEAN, and promoting discussions between strategists and experts of the two countries; - enhance defence and security cooperation and dialogues, including the MALABAR and other joint exercises, defence equipment and technology cooperation in such areas as surveillance and unmanned system technologies, and defence industry cooperation - ensure partnerships for prosperity through the Japan-India Investment Promotion Partnership, speedy implementation of key infrastructure projects including the Mumbai Ahmedabad High Speed Railway (MAHSR), and advancing cooperation in the fields of energy, smart cities, information and communication technology, space, science and technology, bio-technology, pharmaceuticals and health - strengthen people-to-people and cultural ties through enhanced Japanese language teaching in India and collaboration in the fields of tourism, civil aviation, higher education, women’s education, skills development and sports; - work together on global challenges such as proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs), terrorism, space and cyber security, United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform, climate change and environment; - strengthen trilateral cooperation frameworks with the United States, Australia and other countries Reinforcing Defence and Security Cooperation The two Prime Ministers emphasised the significance of defence and security cooperation in enhancing the strategic partnership between the two countries In this context, they welcomed the regular and institutionalised engagement through the annual Defence Ministerial Dialogue, the National Security Advisers' dialogue, the “2+2” Dialogue, the Defence Policy Dialogue and Service-to-Service staff talks The two Prime Ministers commended the significant progress achieved in maritime security cooperation evidenced by the expansion in scale and complexity of the MALABAR Exercise in the Bay of Bengal in July 2017 (MALABAR-17) They noted the ongoing close cooperation between the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) and the Indian Navy in various specialised areas of mutual interest, 136 including anti-submarine aspects They also acknowledged the importance of bilateral cooperation in maritime security by strengthening and enhancing exchanges in expanding maritime domain awareness (MDA) in the Indo – Pacific region The two Prime Ministers shared the intention to expand joint exercises and cooperation in such areas as humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HA/DR), peacekeeping operations (PKOs), counter-terrorism including the possibility of joint field exercises between Indian Army and Japan’s Ground Self-Defence Force (JGSDF) in 2018, and reciprocal visits by air assets to each other’s country They welcomed significant development in the long-standing partnership between the two Coast Guards, including the 16th High Level Meeting and the joint exercise in Yokohama in January 2017 between the two coast guards The two Prime Ministers noted recent progress in bilateral cooperation on defence equipment and technology, including the commencement of the technical discussion for the future research collaboration in the area of Unmanned Ground Vehicles and Robotics Japan’s readiness to provide its state-of-the-art US-2 amphibian aircraft was appreciated as symbolising the high degree of trust between the two countries The two governments decided to continue their discussions in this regard The two Prime Ministers welcomed the recently held annual Defence Ministerial Dialogue and the first Defence Industry Forum in Tokyo on September, which was addressed by the two Defence Ministers as well as the discussions covering other promising initiatives in defence industry cooperation They recognised the importance of enhancing interactions between governments and defence industries of the two countries in order to encourage equipment collaboration including defence and dualuse technologies The two Prime Ministers welcomed the holding of the Second India – Japan Cyber Dialogue in New Delhi on 17 August this year and reaffirmed their commitment to an open, free, secure, stable, peaceful and accessible cyberspace, enabling economic growth and innovation as well as mutual cooperation in this regard Working Together for a Better Connected World 137 10 The two Prime Ministers expressed their strong commitment to work together to enhance connectivity in India and with other countries in the Indo – Pacific region including Africa They welcomed the deepening of their connectivity dialogue aimed at achieving concrete progress, and decided to further accelerate such an initiative 11 The two Prime Ministers also underlined the importance of all countries ensuring the development and use of connectivity infrastructure in an open, transparent and non-exclusive manner based on international standards and responsible debt financing practices, while ensuring respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, the rule of law, and the environment They also reaffirmed the importance of “quality infrastructure” which, among others ensures alignment with local economic and development strategies, safety, resilience, social and environmental impacts, and job creation as well as capacity building for the local communities 12 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the efforts to explore the development of industrial corridors and industrial network for the growth of Asia and Africa, which will benefit various stakeholders in the Indo – Pacific region including Africa They shared the desire to further promote cooperation and collaboration in Africa in line with the priority measures identified through the Japan – India dialogue on Africa and the processes of Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) and the India Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) 13 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the Japan-India cooperation on development of India’s North Eastern Region (NER) as a concrete symbol of developing synergies between India’s Act East policy and Japan’s Free and Open Indo Pacific Strategy In this context, they noted with satisfaction the setting up of the India-Japan Act East Forum They appreciated the cooperation between Japan and North Eastern Region of India, ranging from key infrastructure such as road connectivity, electricity, water supply and sewage, to social and environmental sustainability such as afforestation and community empowerment, as well as people-to-people exchanges including the “IRIS Program” inviting youth from the NER to Japan 14 The two Prime Ministers also stressed the importance of the development of the smart islands to enhance regional connectivity and decided to further accelerate 138 consultations to identify technologies, infrastructure and development strategies for the purpose Partnership for prosperity 15 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the commencement of the project on the ground at the Sabarmati Station for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail (MAHSR), which will be an important symbol of a new era marked by the 75th Anniversary of India’s Independence Expressing satisfaction at the steady progress, they directed their teams to multiply their efforts for achieving the target schedule 16 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the exchange of notes for 100 billion yen as the first ODA loan for the MAHSR project They also witnessed commencement of the construction of the HSR training institute in Vadodara They appreciated the commencement of the JICA technical cooperation program for the capacity development of the National High Speed Rail Corporation 17 The two Prime Ministers committed to advancing “Make in India” and transfer of technology in HSR projects, and expressed optimism in this direction They welcomed the series of business matching efforts to establish Japan-India cooperation, such as the prospective technology collaboration between Kawasaki and BHEL Both sides will explore further strengthening of partnership in high speed railways They also recognised that there is potential for further collaboration between India and Japan in the modernisation and expansion of the conventional railway system and the construction of metro rails in India They also highlighted the importance of the safety of conventional railways, and appreciated the commencement of the JICA technical cooperation program by the dispatch of railways safety experts of Japan in August 2017, followed by a railway safety seminar and other programs 18 Prime Minister Modi updated Prime Minister Abe about his Government’s efforts for the country’s economic and social development Prime Minister Abe reiterated Japan’s strong support for the initiatives such as “Make in India”, “Digital India”, “Skill India”, “Smart City”, “Clean India,” and “Start-Up India” Prime Minister Abe highly appreciated Prime Minister Modi’s economic reforms, especially the historic introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which facilitates ease of doing 139 business and promotes market integration in India by realising a simple, efficient and nation-wide indirect tax system 19 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the expansion of Japan’s Foreign Direct Investment in India under the “Japan – India Investment Promotion Partnership”, committed to by both sides in 2014 They shared the view that the Japan-India Roadmap for Investment Promotion will provide greater impetus to “Make in India” through investment promotion activities, expanding the scope of professional services and assistance provided by JETRO to Japanese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) operating in India, Review Mechanisms for Issue Resolution and Approvals, Single Window Clearance Procedures, Japan Industrial Townships and infrastructure development Prime Minister Abe expressed appreciation for the facilitation provided by “Japan Plus”, and the coordination by the Core Group They also welcomed the progress in the projects of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC), through JICA, the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) including the DMIC Logistic Data Bank Project and expressed expectations of promoting industrial investment in DMIC cities They welcomed the signing of “the Joint Statement on the Development of the New Capital City and Industrial Cooperation in Andhra Pradesh” They also welcomed Japanese cooperation for smart city projects in Ahmedabad, Chennai as well as Varanasi 20 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Cooperation on the joint development of the “Japan and India Special Program for Make in India” in Mandal-Becharaj-Khoraj, Gujarat, as a regional development project driven by manufacturing cluster, and the plan to establish a JETRO’s Business Support Centre in its Ahmedabad office to promote Japanese SMEs investment in Gujarat 21 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the start of the first four Japan – India Institutes for Manufacturing (JIMs) in the States of Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu in 2017, under the Manufacturing Skill Transfer Promotion Program, and looked forward to more JIMs They also welcomed the commencement of the first Japanese Endowed Courses (JEC) in Andhra Pradesh from September 2017 They 140 strongly hoped that this program will introduce Japanese manufacturing practices and accelerate training of future shop floor leaders and engineers 22 The two Prime Ministers expressed the confidence that synergy between Japan’s advanced technology and India’s rich human resources can transform both countries into new centres of production in the global industrial network They underscored the potential to further cooperate in human resources development and exchanges, including through utilising such frameworks as Japan’s “Innovative Asia” initiative and the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) 23 The two Prime Ministers noted with satisfaction the significant contribution of Japan’s ODA to the socio-economic development of India, especially the historically highest ever amount of ODA loan provided through JICA in the last two consecutive years Prime Minister Abe expressed Japan’s intention to continue to support India’s efforts for social and industrial development including building key infrastructure projects 24 Prime Minister Modi appreciated the provision of ODA loan to the following projects, in addition to the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Railway (MAHSR) Project and its related training institute: - Project for Upgradation of Environmental Management for Ship Recycling in Alang and Sosiya in Gujarat - North East Road Network Connectivity Improvement Project (Phase 2) - Kolkata East-West Metro Project (III) - Gujarat Investment Promotion Program In this regard, the two Prime Ministers welcomed progress in the ODA projects in urban transportation sector such as the Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata and Ahmedabad Metro, the Mumbai Trans-Harbour Link Project, and the introduction of the Intelligence Transport System along with the Eastern Peripheral Highway in Delhi 25 The two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the entry into force of the Agreement between the Government of Japan and the Government of the Republic of 141 India for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy They looked forward to a working group to strengthen bilateral cooperation in this field and reiterated their shared view that the Agreement reflects a new level of mutual confidence and strategic partnership in the cause of clean energy, economic development and a peaceful and secure world 26 The two Prime Ministers recognised that access to reliable, clean and affordable energy is critical for the economic growth of both countries In this regard, they decided to strengthen bilateral energy cooperation and welcomed the Japan – India Energy Partnership Initiative as well as early convening of 9th Energy dialogue They appreciated Japan’s proposal for Japan – India Clean Energy and Energy Efficiency Cooperation Plan They also welcomed the efforts to promote renewable energy, including the establishment of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and the progress of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)’s demonstration project such as a micro grid system using solar power in Neemrana They looked forward to further acceleration of cooperation in areas of energy saving, energy efficiency and energy storage as well as manufacturing of eco-friendly vehicles including hybrid and electric vehicles 27 In this regard, the two Prime Ministers welcomed the opening of the first lithiumion battery factory in India by a joint venture of three Japanese companies – Suzuki, Toshiba and Denso as well as a new automotive factory this year They decided to further promote public and private sector collaboration to make environmentally friendly and energy efficient technologies accessible and affordable to the general public, recognising that such investments facilitate India’s National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (NEMMP) and Faster Adoption of Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) vision, and underlined the importance of support measures to promote eco-friendly vehicles including in terms of “Make in India” and transfer of technology 28 The two Prime Ministers also stressed that sustainable ship industry is one of the key areas for sustainable growth of India, and reaffirmed their intention to achieve an 142 early conclusion of the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009 29 The two Prime Ministers recognised the important role of science and technology in dealing with both developmental and societal challenges, and underlined the importance of enhanced bilateral cooperation in such fields as IoT, ICT, marine science, biomedical sciences, genetics, stem cell technology, and heavy ion radiotherapy In this regard, they welcomed the successful holding of the 9th Japan – India Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation in January 2017 in Delhi 30 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the progress made in the bilateral IT and IoT cooperation through the bilateral Joint Working Group on IT and Electronics, in particular by the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the IoT Acceleration Consortium (ITAC) of Japan and the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) of India 31 The two Prime Ministers directed their respective sides to work closely to establish an India Japan Startup Hub, which will serve as a platform for promotion of information exchange, business collaboration and investments between the vibrant and innovative Startup ecosystems of two countries 32 The two Prime Ministers acknowledged that outer space is an ever-expanding frontier of human endeavour and welcomed the deepening of cooperation between the space agencies of the two countries in the field of earth observation, satellite based navigation, space sciences and lunar exploration They welcomed establishment of the ISRO-JAXA Joint Working Group under the space cooperation MoU signed in November 2016 They also welcomed co-hosting by India and Japan of the 24th Session of the Asia – Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF-24) in November 2017 in India They stressed the importance of enhancing comprehensive space cooperation 33 The two Prime Ministers noted with satisfaction the progress in the health sector and the joint efforts by their medical experts on medical device development They also noted the opportunities for collaboration between Indian and Japanese 143 pharmaceutical companies in light of the target regarding the quantitative share of generic medicines in Japan 34 The two Prime Ministers shared the importance of strengthening cooperation in the fields of agricultural and food related sectors They welcomed Japan’s participation in World Food India 2017 as a partner country 35 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the efforts to develop cooperation in disaster prevention, response, recovery and reconstruction as envisaged in the Memorandum of Cooperation on disaster risk reduction between the Cabinet Office of the Government of Japan and the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India They underlined the importance of identifying and disseminating best practices to “build better” and thus reducing losses arising from infrastructure damage during natural disasters, as aimed by the international coalition proposed by Prime Minister Modi at the Asia Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR)-2016 36 The two Prime Ministers recognised the importance of the empowerment of women to maximise their national potential, and decided to strengthen cooperation in this area, including through conferences such as the World Assembly for Women (WAW!) They welcomed the convening of the “Indo – Japan Consultation on “Women at Work and Changing Social Norms” in Delhi in July 2017 Expanding vistas of People-to-People Cooperation 37 The two Prime Ministers renewed their commitment to strengthening human and cultural ties commensurate with their Special Strategic and Global Partnership In this context, the two Prime Ministers welcomed a series of cultural events successfully held through the Year of Japan – India Friendly Exchanges in 2017 38 The two Prime Ministers recognised the importance of expanding Japanese language education in India, for achieving wider and closer industrial cooperation In this regard, they decided to endeavour towards establishing Japanese language certificate courses at 100 higher educational institutions in India as well as training 1,000 Japanese language teachers, over the next five years 144 39 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the exchange of notes for the construction of a state-of-art Convention Centre in Varanasi as a symbol of friendship between Japan and India and expressed their hope for its early completion 40 The two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the increased interaction at all levels of the government, between Members of Parliament, and between prefectures and states They welcomed the strengthening of parliamentary exchanges through mutual visits of parliamentarians from both sides 41 With a view to achieving greater policy coordination and deepening intellectual exchanges between the two countries, the two Prime Ministers encouraged interactions among senior officials, strategists and experts in leading think tanks and universities on wide-ranging issues in the Indo – Pacific region 42 Prime Minister Modi welcomed the growing interest in celebrating the International Day of Yoga in Japan and, in particular, welcomed the first-ever Parliamentary League for Promotion of Yoga set up in the Japanese Diet in April 2017 43 The two Prime Ministers underscored the importance of promoting tourism exchange between the two countries and hoped that the opening of the Japan National Tourism Organisation (JNTO) office in Delhi in March 2017 and further relaxation of visa requirements will facilitate business and tourism links between the two countries 44 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the expansion of civil aviation connectivity between India and Japan, utilising the recently updated open sky policies between the two countries 45 The two Prime Ministers noted the steady increase in the number of Indian students in Japan They welcomed the SAKURA Science Plan (Japan – Asia Youth Exchange Programme in Science) and the Japan East Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths (JENESYS) which contributed to increase in numbers of young Indian students and researchers in science and technology visiting Japan and hoped for further strengthening of collaboration in these fields 145 46 Aiming to enhance the positive influence of traditions of non-violence, tolerance and democracy in Asia, the two Prime Ministers welcomed the SAMVAD II conference held in Yangon, Myanmar, in August 2017 and looked forward to the next conference in 2018 47 Prime Minister Abe welcomed the support offered by Prime Minister Modi for Japan’s efforts towards the successful organisation of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games The two Prime Ministers noted with satisfaction the institutional linkages set up between Japan and India They also acknowledged that the Olympic and Paralympic Games offer a unique opportunity for the two countries to further deepen their cooperation Working with Partners on Regional and Global Challenges 48 Welcoming the 50th anniversary of the establishment of ASEAN, the two Prime Ministers renewed their commitment to strengthening political, economic, and security cooperation with ASEAN countries, with a view to supporting the ASEAN’s unity and its centrality to regional architecture They welcomed deepening bilateral policy coordination, including the launch of the Japan – India Dialogue on ASEAN in March 2017, and determined to work together to shape and strengthen the evolving regional architecture through ASEAN-led fora such as the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus, the Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum 49 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed that regular convening of the East Asia Summit (EAS) Ambassadors Meeting in Jakarta and the establishment of EAS Unit within the ASEAN Secretariat have contributed to ensuring that the EAS process, as the premier leaders-led forum to discuss broad strategic, security and economic issues of common concern, continues to retain its dynamic proactiveness in responding to emerging issues of global importance They decided to work in unison to enhance physical and digital connectivity within the EAS framework while striving to ensure greater economic benefits to all in an equitable and balanced manner They also decided to continue to enhance their cooperation in the maritime domain bilaterally as well as in multilateral fora 146 50 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed the importance of freedom of navigation, overflight and unimpeded lawful commerce in accordance with international laws They also highlighted the importance of peaceful resolution of disputes, including through full respect for legal and diplomatic processes, without resorting to the threat or use of force, and in accordance with the universally recognised principles of international law, notably the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) The two Prime Ministers also reiterated their desire and determination to work together to maintain and promote peace, stability, and development in the IndoPacific region 51 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed the importance of securing the maritime domain and combating piracy, armed robbery at sea and other transnational organised crimes through regional and international mechanisms such as the ARF, the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP), the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) and Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE) Mechanism, and expressed their commitment to pursue regional and international cooperation to combat these activities 52 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the renewed momentum for trilateral cooperation with the US and Australia They stressed on the strategic importance of these cooperative frameworks and shared willingness to expand concrete cooperation They resolved to work with other countries and regional partners to ensure a rulebased order in the Indo – Pacific Region 53 The two Prime Ministers condemned in the strongest terms North Korea’s continued development of its nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs, including the latest nuclear test conducted by North Korea on September as well as its uranium enrichment activities Recognising that North Korea’s continued pursuit of nuclear and ballistic missile programmes and its proliferation links, including the launch of a ballistic missile flying over Japanese territory on 29 August 2017, pose grave and real threat to international peace and stability and the international nonproliferation efforts, the two Prime Ministers strongly urged North Korea to abandon 147 its nuclear and ballistic missile programmes and not to take any further provocative actions, and to fully comply with its international obligations under relevant UNSC resolutions including the newly and unanimously adopted resolution 2375, and other international commitments They pledged to work together to deal with the current serious situation and called on the international community to rigorously and fully implement relevant UNSC resolutions to maximise pressure on North Korea They stressed the importance of holding accountable all parties that have supported North Korea’s nuclear and missile programmes They also urged North Korea to address at the earliest the abductions issue 54 The two Prime Ministers also condemned in the strongest terms the growing menace of terrorism and violent extremism They shared the view that terrorism in all its forms and manifestations is a global scourge that must be forcefully combatted through concerted global action in the spirit of “zero tolerance” Accordingly, the two Prime Ministers called upon all UN member countries to implement the UNSC Resolution 1267 and other relevant resolutions designating terrorist entities They also called upon all countries to work towards rooting out terrorist safe havens and infrastructure, disrupting terrorist networks and financing channels and halting crossborder movement of terrorists They underlined the need for all countries to ensure that their territory is not used to launch terrorist attacks on other countries They emphasised the need for stronger international partnership in countering terrorism and violent extremism, including through increased sharing of information and intelligence They called for enhanced bilateral cooperation in this regard The two Prime Ministers also called for Pakistan to bring to justice the perpetrators of terrorist attacks including those of the November 2008 terrorist attack in Mumbai and the 2016terrorist attack in Pathankot They looked forward to the convening of the fifth Japan-India Consultation on Terrorism and to strengthening cooperation against terrorist threats from groups including Al-Qaida, ISIS, Jaish-e-Mohammad, Lakshar-eTayyiba, and their affiliates 55 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed their shared commitment to expedite the reform process of the United Nations, in particular the UN Security Council, in order to make it more legitimate, effective and representative, given the contemporary 148 realities of the 21st century, and emphasized the importance of building upon the recent developments in the Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) aimed at launching text-based negotiations during the 72nd session of the General Assembly In this regard, they also called for collaboration among reform-oriented countries through the “Group of Friends” on UNSC reform They reiterated their support for each other’s candidature, based on the firmly shared recognition that India and Japan are legitimate candidates for permanent membership in an expanded UNSC 56 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed their shared commitment to the total elimination of nuclear weapons Prime Minister Abe stressed the importance of early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) They called for an immediate commencement and early conclusion of negotiations on a nondiscriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) on the basis of Shannon Mandate They expressed their resolve towards strengthening international cooperation to address the challenges of nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism 57 Prime Minister Abe welcomed India's accession to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC) and its intensified engagement with the export control regimes The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to work together for India to become a full member in the remaining three international export control regimes: Nuclear Suppliers Group, Wassenaar Arrangement and Australia Group, with the aim to strengthen the international non-proliferation efforts 58 The two Prime Ministers emphasised the need for concerted global action to combat climate change reflecting the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances and to preserve the environment for future generations They reiterated their commitment to work together to finalise the work programme for implementation of the Paris Agreement adopted under the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change by 2018 They also decided to accelerate further consultations on the Joint 149 Crediting Mechanism (JCM) Prime Minister Modi welcomed Japan’s cooperation on Clean India, including the Clean Ganga project 59 The two Prime Ministers underlined the crucial role of the rules-based multilateral trading system, and enhancing free, fair, and open trade, for achieving sustainable growth and development They committed to resist protectionism including unfair trade practices and underlined the need to remove trade-distorting measures They reaffirmed their commitment to work together to implement the Bali and Nairobi Ministerial decisions and make the eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference a success They also decided to steadily implement WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement 60 Recognising India as the largest democracy and a fast growing large economy in the Asia – Pacific region, and acknowledging India’s robust macro-economic stability and its efforts at financial reforms, Japan reaffirmed its support to India’s membership in the APEC The two Prime Ministers decided to work towards liberalisation and facilitation of trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region They reaffirmed to cooperate towards conclusion of a modern, comprehensive, high quality and mutually beneficial Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement, in order to achieve a balanced outcome They reaffirmed their commitment to further strengthening cooperation and to working with partners to tackle excess capacity in steel In this regard, they called for the removal of market-distorting subsidies and other types of support by governments and related entities They also reaffirmed their commitment to developing concrete policy solutions at the Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity by November 2017 Conclusion Prime Minister Abe thanked the Government and the people of India for their warm hospitality and extended a cordial invitation to Prime Minister Modi to visit Japan at a mutually convenient time for the next annual summit meeting Prime Minister Modi accepted the invitation with appreciation Prime Minister of Japan Prime Minister of the Republic of India Signed at Gandhinagar, Gujarat on 14 September 2017 150