0ÂFOÂF 7UwĂQJx}LKFKyQJKzLYLWQDP .KRDxLQxLQWơWyXELQ %PmQpLQWÔYLQWKmQJ /XQYjQWWQJKLS 7lQpWqL 7KFKLáQWQKWRQYPSKQJPậWVấTXWUạQK[ỉOòWQ KLáXVấEQJPDWODE 6LQKYLzQWKẳFKLQ %áL/.LQ /Sw79w+ *9K}QJGQ 7K6/4XF9ãQJ /Ă,&z0vQ 7URQJ TX WUQK WKẳF KLQ WS OXQ YxQ 7KF KLQ WQK WRzQ Yw Ps SKQJPWVTXzWUQK[êOWQKLXVE|QJ0$7/$%HP~QKQ~}F UWQKLXNLQ~ĐQJJĐSJLảS~YK}QJGQUWFKyQWQKWáWK\F{JLD ~QKFFDQKFKÊNKĐDWU}FYEQE~FELWOQKQJWK\F{NKRDwLQ wLQWạWXELQFDWU}đQJ&ãWKO WK{\ /r4XF9uÊQJ&KÂQKWK\~ WRPăL~LXNLQQKPWRWKXQOLFKRHPKLXUƯK|QằQJGãQJFDSKQ PP0DWODEWURQJTXWUQK[ạOWÂQKLXVơ (P[LQFKyQWKQKE\WƠOÔQJELW|QVyXVF~QWWFWK\F{JLD~QK DQKFKÊYEQE&KÂQKQKđVẳWQWyPYQKLWWKQKFDPăLQJ}đLPHP~KRQ WKQKOXQYxQQ\ (PFàQJ[LQWKQKWKWELW|QFFWK\F{WURQJWU}đQJ~G\GôHPWURQJ VXơWNKĐDKăFYáDTXD~HPFĐ~}FNLQWKằFWKẳFKLQOXQYxQQ\ (P[LQ&KyQWKQKFP|Q +LSKÔQJ 7KQJ 6LQKYLzQWKẳFKLQ %LOzNLzQ 0Âq8 &FQKNKRDKăFFFNV}YFFNWKXWYLzQOX{QTXDQWyP~QYLF SKWWULQYQyQJFDRNKQxQJWÂQKWRQY[ạOWUzQP\WÂQKQKQJYQ~FKX\zQ P{QUW~DGQJFDKă1K}QJ~YLW~}FPWFK}|QJWUQKEQJQJ{QQJOSWUQK FSFDRQKPJLLTX\WQKQJYQ~QK}Y\WK}đQJWơQQKLXF{QJVằFYWKđLJLDQ QKWOEzQFQKQKQJNLQWKằFVyXVFFDFKX\zQQJKQKNKRDKăFNWKXWQJ}đL OSWUQKFÔQSKLKLXELWW}đQJWQYKWKơQJP\WÂQKYE P{QWRQKăFY QKQJNQxQJFDOSWUQKw{LNKL~LX~ĐOQDQJLL~ơLYLFFQKFKX\zQP{QN WKXW wWR~LXNLQằQJGãQJQKDQKFKĐQJYKLXTXFKRFFQKFKX\zQP{Q QJRLQJKQKWLQKăFFFFKX\zQJLDSKWWULQSKQPP~WKLWOSQKQJF{QJFã WUJLảSQKQJPãF~ÂFKVạGãQJ~DGQJWUzQQKLXOĂQKYẳFFKX\zQP{QNKFQKDX 0$7/$%FàQJFKÂQKOSKQPPQK}Y\ 7URQJTXWUQKWKẳFKLQOXQYxQ~}FVẳJLFDWK\K}QJGQHP~FKăQ ~WLj 7KĐFKLQWQKWRtQYqPmSKQJPWVTXtWUQK[ÔOô WQKLXVEvQJ 0DWODE 'RNLQWKằFFÔQKQFKYWKđLJLDQ~KRQWKQKOXQYxQFĐJLLKQQzQ FKFUQJOXQYxQQ\FÔQQKLXWKLXVĐWHPUWPRQJ~}FVẳJĐSWKQJWKQFD WK\F{YEQE 0DWODEFĐWKOP~}FQKQJJKRW~QJUDVDRDLFĐWKVạGãQJPDWODE6DX~y\ HPVWUQKE\WURQJOXQYxQFDPQK 0ÂFOÂF $ 3K{Q 7êQJTXDQYNWKXW[ạOWÂQKLXVơ , &F~ÊQKQJKĂD .KLQLPFKXQJYWÂQKLX 3KyQORLWÂQKLX %LXGLQWÂQKLXUđLUF ,, &FKWKơQJ[ạOWÂQKLX +WKơQJWX\QWÂQK +WKơQJWX\QWÂQKEWELQ ,,, wLXFKVơ wLXFK$6. wLXFK36. .WKXW3$0 &FEOăFFĐ~SằQJ[XQJFKLXGLKXKQ &FEOăFFĐ~SằQJ[XQJFKLXGLY{KQ % 3K{Q *LLWKLXFKXQJY0$7/$% , 7PKLXYF{QJW\0$7+:25. ,, &|V0$7/$% *LLWKLXFKXQJY0$7/$% &FSKÂPFKằFQxQJYFFOQKFKX\zQGQJFKRKWKơQJ &FELQWURQJ0$7/$% &FOQKWK{QJGãQJWURQJ~âKR0$7/$% &FGQJ),/(VạGãQJWURQJ0$7/$% & 3K{Q 0{SKƠQJPWVơTXWUQK[ạOWÂQKLXVơEQJ0$7/$% , 7êQJTXDQ ,, &{QJVXWSKêFDWÂQKLX3$0Vơ ,,, wFWÂQKFDNzQKJLLKQYNzQKPR ,9 +WKơQJWK{QJWLQWKLWNFKRNzQKJLLKQExQJ 7KLWNWÂQKLXNK{QJFĐ,6, 7KLWNWÂQKLX~LXNKLQ,6, 9 &yQEQJWX\QWÂQK 9, wLXELzQVĐQJPDQJ 9,, wLXSKDVĐQJPDQJ 3K{Q, WQJTXDQYNWKXW[ơO WQKLXV , &zFvQKQJKD .KzLQLPFKXQJYWQKLX 7ÂQKLXOELXGLQYWOFDWK{QJWLQ 9PWWRQKăFWÂQKLX~}FELXGLQELKPFDPWKRFQKLXELQVơ ~FOS7K{QJWK}đQJWDFKNKRVWWÂQKFKWYWOFDKWKơQJWKHRELQVơ~FOS OWKđLJLDQ'R~ĐWDFKFĐWKFRLWÂQKLXOKP~|QWUÊELQWKLzQWKHRWKđLJLDQ[W *LWUÊFDKP[WWLPôLWKđL~LPOJLWUÊWằFWKđLFDWÂQKLX 3KqQOR{LWQKLX 7DFKLDWÂQKLXUDOPKDLQKĐPOQ7ÂQKLXOLzQWãFYWÂQKLXUđLUF D 7QKLXOLlQWÂF 1XELQ~FOSFDVẳELXGLQWRQKăFFDWÂQKLXOOLzQWãFWKWÂQKLX ~Đ~}FJăLOWÂQKLXOLzQWãF 1XGẳDYRKPVơWDFĐWKSKyQORLWÂQKLXOLzQWãFUDOPKDLORL 7ÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ 7ÂQKLXO}QJWạKR 7QKLXWutQJW 1XKPFDWÂQKLXOLzQWãFOOLzQWãFWKWÂQKLX~Đ~}FJăLO WÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ 7QKLXOuÊQJWêKRz 1XKPFDWÂQKLXOLzQWãFOUđLUFWKWÂQKLX~Đ~}F JăLOWÂQKLXO}QJWạKR E 7QKLXULUuF + QK [W W 1XWÂQKLX~}FELXGLQELKPFDFFELQUđLUFWKWÂQKLX~Đ~}F JăLOWÂQKLXU|UF5đLUF~y\~}FKLXOUđLUFWKHRELQVơ 1XGẳDYRELzQ~WDFĐWKSKyQORLWÂQKLXUđLUFOPKDLORL ắ 7ÂQKLXO\PX ắ 7ÂQKLXVơ 7QKLXO\PX 1XKPFDWÂQKLXUđLUFOOLzQWãFNK{QJ~}FO}QJWạ KRWKWÂQKLX~Đ~}FJăLOWÂQKLXO\PX 7QKLXV 1XKPFDWÂQKLXUđLUFOUđLUFWKWÂQKLX~Đ~}FJăLOWÂQ KLXVơ 1K}Y\WÂQKLXVơOPWESKQQPWURQJWÂQKLXUđLUFYYY\WRQ EOWKX\WYNWKXW[ạOWÂQKLXUđLUFFàQJEDRKPY~ảQJFKRFWÂQKLXVơ %LXGLQWQKLXULU{F D %LXGLQWRtQKF 0WWÂQKLXUđLUF~}FELXGLQELPWG\FFJLWUÊWKẳFKRFSKằF 1XQĐ~}FKQKWKQKELFFJLWUÊWKẳFWKQĐ~}FJăLOWÂQKLXWKẳF 1XQĐ~}FKQKWKQKELFFJLWUÊSKằFWKQĐ~}FJăLOWÂQKLXSKằF .ÂKLXWÂQKLXUđLUFO[Q7V Q7VOELQ~FOS QOVơQJX\zQ 7VOFKXNẵO\PX 'RTXWUQKO\PXWK}đQJOO\PX~XQzQWDFĐWKFKXQKR7V QzQWÂQKLX UđLUFO[Q 1K}Y\ELXGLQWRQKăFWÂQKLXUđLUF[QFãWKQK}VDX %LXWKằFWRQ1 Q 1 [Q QFÔQO L [W W 7ÂQKLXW}|QJWẳ [W W 7ÂQKLXO}QJWạKR [Q7V [Q7V 7ÂQKLXO\PX 7ÂQKLXVơ Q7V Q7V +QK E %LXGLQpWK wWLQPLQKKRPWFFKWUẳFTXDQWURQJQKLXWU}đQJKSWDGQJELX GLQ~âWKÊ 9Gă F %LXGLQEvQJGs\V &FKELXGLQQ\OLWNzFFJLWUÊFD[QWKQKPWG\VơQK}VDX [Q ^[Q[Q[Q` 9WÂQKLXUđLUFWKẳFFKWOFFG\VơQK}FFKELXGLQQ\QzQWD WK}đQJJăLWÂQKLXUđLUFOG\[Q ,, &zFKWKQJ[êOWQKLX 0WK[ạOWÂQKLXV[FOSPơLTXDQKQKyQTXJLDWÂQKLXYRY WÂQKLXUD7DFĐWKELXGLQK[ạOEQJP{KQKWRQKăFWK{QJTXDPWSKS ELQ~êLKRFPWWRQWạ7QR~Đ 7ÂQKLXYR[Q~}FJăLOWF~QJKD\NÂFKWKÂFK 7ÂQKLXUD\Q~}FJăLO~SằQJFDK[ạO 7DFĐWKP{WTXDQKQK}VDX \Q 7>[Q@KRF ) ( ) ( nynx T = 9LFSKyQORLFFKWKơQJ[ạOWÂQKLXUđLUF~}FWKẳFKLQWK{QJTXD FF~LXNLQUQJEXF~ơLYLSKSELQ~êL7 &FKWKơQJ[ạOWÂQKLXVơEDRJâP 9 +WKơQJSKLWX\Q 9 +WK{QJWX\QWÂQK +WKơQJWX\QWÂQKWKD\~êLWKHRWKđLJLDQ +WKơQJWX\QWÂQKEWELQ 'RWÂQKNKWKLFDKWKơQJWX\QWÂQKEWELQFYOWKX\WOQWKẳFKQK QzQWDFKQJKLzQFằXFFKWKơQJWX\QWÂQKEWELQFÔQFFKWKơQJSKLWX\QYK WKơQJWX\QWÂQKWKD\~êLWKHRWKđLJLDQVNK{QJ~FSWLGRWÂQKSKằFWSFDFKảQJ +WKQJWX\QWQK 0WKWKơQJ~}FJăLOKWKơQJWX\QWÂQKQXQĐWKRPQQJX\zQO[S FKâQJJLVạJ WYJ WO~SằQJFDKW}|QJằQJYLWF~QJ~XYROI WY I WWKKOWX\QWÂQKNKLYFKNKLQĐWKRPQ 7ÂQKWOKWKơQJWX\QWÂQK/YL~XYRIW~XUDJWWK 7 [Q 7F~QJ ~SằQJ \Q %LXGLQ[Q QYL Q YLQFÔQOL () () () t gatfLatfaL == 7ÂQKWêKS () () () () t gtgtftfL 2121 +=+ +WKQJWX\QWQKEWELQ 0WK/~}FJăLOWX\QWÂQKEWELQWKHRWKđLJLDQWLPHOLQHDULQYDULDQW V\VWHPQXQK}~SằQJFDK~ơLYLWF~QJIWOJW () () t gtfL = WK~SằQJFDK~ơLYLWF~QJIWlW VOJWlW ()() 00 ttgttfL = W ONKRQJWKđLJLDQWU ,,, oLXFKV oWYQv .WKXW~LXFKVơ~}FVạGãQJ~~LXFKVĐQJPDQJFĐWKOPELQGQJ ELzQ~WQVơKRFSKDFDVĐQJWKQKWáQJPằFJLQ~RQPFGFĐQKLXV|~â ~LXFKQK}QJYLFSKyQWÂFKFFSK}|QJWKằFQ\WXẵWKXFYRGQJ~LXFKYWFK VĐQJ&ĐKDLORLFK\XO /RLNWKS&RKHUHQW7FKVĐQJ~âQJEWK}đQJ~}FGQJWURQJ~LXFK GÊFKSKD36.YLJLWKLWEJLL~LXFKJĐFSKDFDVĐQJPDQJFĐTXDQKFơ ~ÊQKYLJĐFSKDVĐQJPDQJSKÂDSKW /RL NK{QJ NW KS 1RQFRKHUHQW7FKVĐQJ ~}đQJ EDRVạGãQJ~ WFK VĐQJ~LXFKGÊFKELzQ~$6.KRF~LXFKGÊFKWQ)6. 7URQJPWP\SKWVơE~LXFKVS[SFKXôLVơQKÊSKyQWKQKPWE W}|QJằQJJâPPELzQ~VĐQJPDQJPSKDVĐQJPDQJKRFPGLWQJLQ~RQWáWQ VơVĐQJPDQJKRFKQK6LQ'R~ĐFĐWK~}DUDGQJNLX~LXFKNKFQKDX~ĐO $6.36.)6. oLXFKNKRzGFKELrQv$6. 6L$ 'L$$&RV W 'L70ằFWKằLFDGQJVĐQJQKLXFĐ~UQJ7 *LVạVơPằFOWÂQKLXQKÊSKyQWKWQVơVĐQJPDQJW}|QJTXDQ~Q~ UQJ7FDGQJVĐQJYX{QJQKÊSKyQQK}VDX T n 2 0 = 'R~ĐPW~F{QJVXW + + + +++= ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 16 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 ffT ffTSin ffT ffTSin ffff A PSD ASK 1XVạGãQJEOăFW}|QJ~}|QJ += Tf TfSin f A PSD ASK 2 2 2 0 ) ( 16 'QJSKª oLXFKNKRzGFKSKD36. 36.KDLWUQJWKL%36. 6W $ FRV ω W ϕ 6W $ FRV ϕ FRV ω Wl$ VLQ ϕ FRV π ω W 6W 6 Wl6 W 1K}Y\F§WKWK¼FKLQ~LXFKG£FKSKDWK{QJTXDG£FKELzQ~ 7URQJ36.KDLWUQJWKLWDF§WKO\ELQ~ªLJ§FSKDWL ~Q ~L GLQFKRKDLWUQJWKLijYijF´DW¢QKLX~LXFK 36.WUQJWKL 1J}®LWDG³QJWUQJWKLSK·F´DV§QJPDQJOFKQKDX ~LGLQFKRFF QKQELW 7DF§ 6W $ FRV ϕ FRV ω W%VLQ ω W 6W $ FRV ω W 6W $ FRV ω W%VLQ ω W 7KQKSKQ~©QJSKDl7KQKSKQFXSK}|QJ 6W G,FRV ω WG4VLQ ω W 6tvNKLEvLXFK I .zQKGQ &KX\Q ~ªL Q¬L WLS VRQJ VRQJ 26& Σ %3) U U GO 7¢QKLX 1K£SKyQYR $ FRV ω W $ FRV ω W W ij ij 1KQ[W 7X\QKLzQWURQJ436.YQFÔQWâQWLVẳFKX\QWLSSKD WKẳFWFĐWK KQ FKEQJ SKDFX SK}|QJ OFKB2436. KRF ~LX FK FẳF WLX 06. 7KẳF W 2436.~ĐOYLFO\VPFKXNẵWÂQKLXFXSK}|QJG4 .WKXW3$0 0WWÂQKLXDQDORJQXWDJLQ~RQQĐWKHRTX\OXWEWEXFQR~ĐO\ PXWKHRWKđLJLDQWDWUX\Q~LFF~LPJLQ~RQ~ĐNKLWKXOLFFJLWUÊJLQ ~RQ~ĐWDFĐWKSKãFKâLWÂQKLX~FKR7á~ĐWDWK\UQJGQJWÂQKLXDQDORJ ~LXFKELzQ~G\[XQJ~FKRWDWUX\QG\[XQJG\[XQJEÊ~LXFKELzQ~~Đ .KLWKX~}FFF[XQJ~LXFKELzQ~WDFĐWKNK{LSKãFOLWÂQKLXFQWUX\QN WKXW3$0 3$03XOVH$PSOLWXGH0RGXODWLRQ 7URQJ K WKơQJ 3$0 NK{QJ FĐ WKLW EÊ P KR Y JLL P 1J}đL WD FK WUX\QPWG\[XQJFĐELzQ~~}F~LXFKELWÂQKLXDQDORJWK{QJWLQFQWUX\Q YWQVơG\[XQJ~SằQJWQVơO\PX~QESKQWKXESKQWKXVNK{LSKãF OLWK{QJWLQFQWUX\Q /WKX\WO\PX *LWKLWUQJFFWÂQKLXPX~XYRFĐWQVơ~~FĐWKWROLWÂQKLX DQDORJ~XWKXVDXNKLTXDEOăFWK{QJWKS7RQKăF~FKằQJPLQK~}FUQJWÂQ KLXDQDORJ~}FWROLNKLYFKNKLWQVơO\PXI OQK|QKRFEQJOQWQVơ FDRQKWFDWÂQKLX~XYR G4 7ÂQKLX ~4 ~O W W W W