Tai Lieu Chat Luong Marine Algae Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Environmental Assessment, and Biotechnology This page intentionally left blank Marine Algae Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Environmental Assessment, and Biotechnology Editors Leonel Pereira and João M Neto Department of Life Sciences IMAR-CMA and MARE (Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20140923 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8181-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface This is a book consisting of 11 chapters covering three thematic areas of great impact in modern societies Based on the main web site of algae (www.algaebase.org), developed in Chapter 11, it includes a revision of the taxonomy used on algae studies, as well as general aspects of biology and the methodologies used in this sector of marine biology (Chapter 1) The second thematic area comprises five chapters (Chapter to Chapter 5) focused on the use of algae as potential environmental sentinels; the threats that algae may represent when dispersed around the world due to the uncontrolled commercial trades’ activity; and their use for a sustainable modern world Following the conservational concerns presently implemented in most Western economies and some emerging countries, this information is of vital importance for a proper management of aquatic environments, and the sustainable management of their natural resources The third area is centered on the use of different strands of algae and its potential use in the industrial sector: food (human and animal feed), pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and agricultural fertilizers (Chapter to Chapter 10) This book is intended to find a wide market of potential users, from the academic field, research institutions and industry, to government agencies responsible for the implementation of integrated management of natural resources and environmental quality assessment of aquatic systems Two added values of the book are: i) the wide experience the authors of different chapters possess in different marine biology research areas; and ii) the combination of the potential uses of algae in modern society (industry) with a sustainable use of natural resources of aquatic ecosystems A special acknowledgement is addressed to our colleague Dr Joana Patrício by her great contribution and productive discussions had initially to structure and select the contents of the book Leonel Pereira João M Neto This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface Marine Algae: General Aspects (Biology, Systematics, Field and Laboratory Techniques) Tomás Gallardo v Searching for Ecological Reference Conditions of Marine Macroalgae Rui Gaspar, João M Neto and Leonel Pereira 68 Marine Macroalgae and the Assessment of Ecological Conditions João M Neto, José A Juanes, Are Pedersen and Clare Scanlan 97 Understanding Biological Invasions by Seaweeds Fátima Vaz-Pinto, Ivan F Rodil, Frédéric Mineur, Celia Olabarria and Francisco Arenas 140 Marine Algae as Carbon Sinks and Allies to Combat Global Warming Francisco Arenas and Fátima Vaz-Pinto 178 Review of Marine Algae as Source of Bioactive Metabolites: a Marine Biotechnology Approach Loïc G Carvalho and Leonel Pereira 195 Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy of Seaweed with Potential Use in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries Leonel Pereira and Paulo J.A Ribeiro-Claro 228 Kappaphycus (Rhodophyta) Cultivation: Problems and the Impacts of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder Anicia Q Hurtado, Renata Perpetuo Reis, Rafael R Loureiro and Alan T Critchley 251 viii Marine Algae Marine Algae and the Global Food Industry Maria Helena Abreu, Rui Pereira and Jean-Franỗois Sassi 300 10 Marine Macroalgae and Human Health Sarah Hotchkiss and Catherine Murphy 320 11 Internet Information Resources for Marine Algae Michael D Guiry and Liam Morrison 357 Index Color Plate Section 377 381 CHA P TE R CHAP Marine Algae: General Aspects (Biology, Systematics, Field and Laboratory Techniques) Tomás Gallardo Introduction Today, algae are not a taxonomic category However, the term is very useful for grouping both prokaryotic organisms, in which cell organelles are not delimited by membranes, and eukaryotic organisms, in which they are Considering biochemical criteria, their ecological affinities and common photosynthesis with oxygen production, in this chapter we will focus on both photosynthetic bacteria with chlorophyll a, division Cyanophyta, and the different divisions of eukaryotic algae Algae are simple organisms Many are unicellular, while others are multicellular and more complex, but they all have rudimentary conducting tissues They also exhibit a wide range of variation from a morphological and reproductive point of view Algae are biochemically and physiologically very similar to the rest of plants: they essentially have the same metabolic pathways, possess chlorophyll, and produce similar proteins and carbohydrates Some algae, such as euglenophytes, dinophytes and ochrophytes, have lost their photosynthetic capacity and live as saprophytes or parasites However, there are also representatives of other groups, such as green algae, in which more than a hundred heterotrophic species have been described An essential characteristic which distinguishes algae from other photosynthetic plants is their lack of an embryo and multicellular Dep Biología Vegetal, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain Email: tgallar@ucm.es 374 Marine Algae Fottea http://fottea.czechphycology.cz Fottea is a journal of Czech Phycological Society (formerly “Czech Phycology”), and “publishes papers on all aspects of the ecology, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, systematics and uses of algae (including cyanobacteria)” The first volume was published in 2007, but as volume 7, continuing the volume sequence of its predecessor, Czech Phycology International Journal on Algae http://www.begellhouse.com/journals/journal-on-algae.html Published since 1999, the “… quarterly International Journal on Algae … publishes selected papers translated from the first Russian language phycological journal, Algologia, founded in 1991 in the former Soviet Union The aim of Algologia is to present recent advances in algology The journal covers both fundamental and applied aspects in algology, including papers based on the results of a wide range of field and experimental studies, as well as reviews and surveys and procedure papers The journal is intended for specialists in theoretical, experimental, and applied algology, hydrobiology, microbiology, all scientists using algae as a model organisms for research, and all those interested in general problems of biology. The aim and scope of IJA is to inform the western scientific community, especially algologists, about original studies by scientists of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the following subjects: General Problems of Algology; Morphology, Anatomy, Cytology; Reproduction and Life Cycles of Algae; Genetics; Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics; Ecology, Cenology and Conservation of Algae and their Role in Nature; Flora and Geography; Fossil Algae; Systematics, Phylogeny and Problems of Evolution of Algae; New Taxa and Noteworthy Records; and Applied Algology.” Journal of Applied Phycology http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/journal/10811 Published since 1989 “The Journal of Applied Phycology publishes work in the rapidly expanding field of the commercial use of algae Coverage includes fundamental research and development of techniques and practical applications in such areas as algal and cyanobacterial biotechnology and genetic engineering, tissues culture, culture collections, commercially useful micro-algae and their products, mariculture, algalization and soil fertility, pollution and fouling, monitoring, toxicity tests, toxic compounds, antibiotics and other biologically active compounds Each issue of the Journal also includes a short section for brief notes and general information on new products, patents and company news.” Internet Information Resources for Marine Algae 375 Journal of Phycology http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1529-8817 Published since 1965, “all aspects of basic and applied research on algae are included to provide a common medium for the ecologist, physiologist, cell biologist, molecular biologist, morphologist, oceanographer, acquaculturist, systematist, geneticist, and biochemist The Journal also welcomes research that emphasizes algal interactions with other organisms and the roles of algae as components of natural ecosystems.” Nova Hedwigia and Nova Hedwigia Supplements http://www.schweizerbart.de/journals/nova_hedwigia Published since 1959, “Nova Hedwigia is an international journal publishing original, peer-reviewed papers on current issues of taxonomy, morphology, ultrastructure and ecology of all groups of cryptogamic plants, including cyanophytes/cyanobacteria and fungi The half-tone plates in Nova Hedwigia are known for their high quality, which makes them especially suitable for the reproduction of photomicrographs and scanning and transmission electron micrographs As the length of papers published in Nova Hedwigia main volumes is limited, Nova Hedwigia publishes Supplement Volumes as Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia in which more extensive monographic works (e.g., revisions of genera) are published.” (http://www.schweizerbart.de/ publications/list/series/nova_suppl) Phycologia http://www.phycologia.org Published since 1961, “Phycologia is published bimonthly by the International Phycological Society and serves as a publishing medium for information about any aspect of phycology, basic or applied, including biochemistry, cell biology, developmental biology, ecology, evolution, genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and systematics.” Phycological Research http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1440-1835 Published from 1952, initially as the Japanese Journal of Phycology (Sôrui; 1952–1995), the journal is published by the Japanese Society of Phycology “The Journal publishes international research dealing with all aspects of phycology to facilitate the international exchange of ideas The Journal publishes peer-reviewed research on all aspects of phycology.” Protist http://www.elsevier.com/journals/protist/1434-4610# Formerly Archiv für Protistenkunde, “Protist is the international forum for reporting substantial and novel findings in any area of research on 376 Marine Algae protists The criteria for acceptance of manuscripts are scientific excellence, significance, and interest for a broad readership Suitable subject areas include: molecular, cell and developmental biology, biochemistry, systematics and phylogeny, and ecology of protists Both autotrophic and heterotrophic protists as well as parasites are covered The journal publishes original papers, short historical perspectives and includes a news and views section.” Protistology http://protistology.ifmo.ru “Protistology publishes original papers (experimental and theoretical contributions), full-size reviews, short topical reviews (which are supposed to be somewhat “provocative” for setting up new hypotheses), rapid short communications, book reviews, symposia materials, historical materials, obituary notices on famous scientists, letters to the Editor, comments on and replies to published papers Chronicles will present information about past and future scientific meetings, conferences, etc.” List Server Lists List server lists are private or public e-mail lists run in accordance with listserv protocols (http://www.lsoft.com/products/listserv.asp) Private lists (e.g., BPS-L run by the British Phycological Society, and PSA-L run by the Phycological Society of America) are those to which it is not possible to subscribe but are run for the benefit of members of particular groups including societies Public lists are those to which anybody can subscribe ALGAE-L This list was established in May 1995 by Michael Guiry Currently, it has over 2600 subscribers and is monitored by the present authors Information, including subscription details is at http://www.seaweed.ie/algae-l/ and an archive is available at https://listserv.heanet.ie/cgi-bin/wa?A0=ALGAE-L ALGAE-L is currently run jointly by the present authors References Cited Fourtanier, E and J.P Kociolek 1999 Catalogue of the diatom genera Diatom Research 14: 1–190 Millar, A.J.K 2011 Phycological Societies Phycologia 50: 507–510 Silva, P.C and R.L Moe 1999 The Index Nominum Algarum Taxon 48: 351–353 Silva, P.C., P.W Basson and R.L Moe 1996 Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean University of California Publications in Botany 79: 1–1259 This page intentionally left blank Color Plate Section Chapter Figure Stations for macro algal collections Four stations (red dots) on the left figure, indicates areas of data collection for development of the RSLA-index Map on right shows where macro alga (black dots) and hydrograhical/hydrochemitry sampling (blue dots) were carried out in Glomfjord and the reference station in Tjongsfjorden The arrow indicates the discharge site for nitrogen and phosphorous compounds from a fertilizer plant 382 Marine Algae Figure Status classes as EQR values according to definitions in WFD Orange is “bad”, yellow is “moderate”, green is “good” and blue is “high” Note that not all stations were monitored among the three periods and reference station 11 was only registered in 2011 Color Plate Section 383 Chapter Figure (A) Wakame Undaria pinnatifida (Heterokontophyta), native to Japan, (c) David Villegas; (B) Red macroalga Lophocladia lallemandii, introduced into the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal (c) Miguel Cabanellas-Reboredo; (C) Caulerpa racemosa var cylindracea (Chlorophyta), native to SW Australia, (c) Miguel Cabanellas-Reboredo; (D) Japanese wireweed Sargassum muticum (Heterokontophyta), native to SE Asia, (c) David Villegas; (E) Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophyta), native to the tropical seas, (c) Miguel Cabanellas-Reboredo 384 Marine Algae Chapter Figure Diagram that illustrates infrared absorption and Raman scattering (Adapted from Pereira 2006) Color Plate Section 385 Chapter a Figure (a-e) Cultivation methods in Brazil, South America (Photos courtesy of RP Reis and RR Loureiro): (a) PVC raft; (b) tubular net; (c-d) stuffing of seedling into the tubular net; (e) tubular net with Kappaphycus ‘seedlings’ 386 Marine Algae YEAR Figure Global production of ‘cottonii’ (dwt, MT) from the major producing countries Figure Two major species of Kappaphycus, ‘cottonii’ type (a) alvarezii and (b) striatum, commonly used in cultivation (bar = cm, Photos courtesy of AQ Hurtado) Color Plate Section 387 Figure ‘spinosum’ type Eucheuma denticulatum (bar = cm, Photo courtesy of AQ Hurtado) Figure A branch of Kappaphycus with an ‘ice ice’ (bar = cm, Photo courtesy of AQ Hurtado) 388 Marine Algae a b c Figure (a-c) Examples of macro-epiphytes (Photos courtesy of AQ Hurtado) Color Plate Section 389 Figure 14 (a-d) Plantlet regenerants using tissue culture at NSTDC Cabid-an Sorsogon, Philippines (bar = cm, Photos courtesy of IT Capacio) Figure 16 Shoots in K alvarezii treated with AMPEP (Photo courtesy of AQ Hurtado) 390 Marine Algae Chapter Figure Agar cups Source: http://www.toxel.com/tech/2010/07/25/edible-cups-madefrom-jello/