Prevention of pollution of the marine environment from vessels the potential and limits of the international maritime organisation

Md Saiful Karim Prevention of Pollution of the Marine Environment from Vessels The Potential and Limits of the International Maritime Organisation Tai Lieu Chat Luong Prevention of Pollution of the Marine Environment from Vessels ThiS is a FM Blank Page Md Saiful Karim Prevention of Pollution of the Marine Environment from Vessels The Potential and Limits of the International Maritime Organisation Md Saiful Karim Faculty of Law Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia ISBN 978-3-319-10607-6 ISBN 978-3-319-10608-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10608-3 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955367 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface and Acknowledgements This book explores the role of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) as facilitator of the adoption and implementation of international legal instruments for the protection of the marine environment While several studies have examined different aspects of the international legal regime concerning vessel-source marine pollution, none have presented a research monograph particularly emphasising or critically examining the role of IMO in the protection of the marine environment and the emerging challenges in fulfilling this role This book aims to fill that gap It contributes to this aspect of international legal scholarship, with particular emphasis on the north–south tensions IMO is currently facing This book also presents an overview of the IMO legal instruments and their implementation process It will work as a guide for the implementation of IMO marine environmental legal instruments This book is likely to interest environmental lawyers, international lawyers and those involved with environmental governance This includes academics, governments, international organisations and non-governmental organisations Apart from the research and academic community, this book may be useful for government officials who are involved with national implementation of IMO marine environmental legal instruments, particularly officials of coast guards and maritime administrations Although it is a research monograph, this book may be used as a prescribed text for training programs for government officials, and as a recommended text for postgraduate courses on marine environmental law While writing this book, particular emphasis has been given to fulfilling the demands of the target readership The idea of writing this book first came to my mind in 2006 when I was a research student at the National University of Singapore There are two reasons for writing this book The main reason is that the perspectives of least developed countries have not been well documented in the existing literature on vessel-source marine pollution Moreover, there is a shortage of books that concisely and critically present the IMO law-making process and IMO marine environmental legal instruments for a new researcher in this field As a new researcher in this field I felt v vi Preface and Acknowledgements both of these concerns when I was pursuing my research degree at the National University of Singapore This book incorporates some materials from my three previously published articles including ‘Implementation of the MARPOL Convention in Developing Countries’ (2010) 79 Nordic Journal of International Law 303, Brill Academic Publishers; ‘Environmental Pollution from Shipbreaking Industry: International Law and National Legal Response’ (2010) 22 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 185; and ‘Implementation of the MARPOL Convention in Bangladesh’ (2009) Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law 51 I would like to thank the editors and publishers of those journals I would like to thank all the institutions with which I was involved in the last 10 years in different capacities including Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, National University of Singapore (NUS), Macquarie University and Southern Cross University (SCU) I am also grateful to my current employer, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), for providing excellent research support My heartfelt gratitude goes to my former research supervisors Professor Natalie Klein and Professor Alan Tan I would also like to thank my colleagues at the Queensland University of Technology for their unwavering support I would particularly like to thank my research assistants Alexander ButtonSloan and Paul T Perovic Finally, my gratitude and love to my family Brisbane, QLD, Australia September 2014 Md Saiful Karim Abbreviations Abuja MoU ADB AFS APEC BAN BIC BIMCO BS MoU BWM CBD CBDR CCC CDEM CESA CIRM CLC CLIA CMI CMoU COLREGs CoP COW CRISTAL West and Central Africa Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control Asian Development Bank Anti-Fouling System Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Basel Action Network Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal Baltic and International Maritime Council Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Black Sea Region Ballast Water Management 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Subcommittee on Carriage of Cargoes and Containers Construction, Design, Equipment and Manning Community of European Shipyards’ Associations Comite´ International Radio-Maritime International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Cruise Lines International Association Comite´ Maritime International Caribbean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea Conference of Parties Crude Oil Washing Contract Regarding an Interim Settlement of Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution vii viii CSC DGAC DNV dwt EC WSR EEZ EU FAL Convention FAL FAO FOC FOEI FONASBA FPSOs FRF FSI FSUs FUND GAIRS GEF GESAMP GHGs GIWA grt GT HNS HTW IAASP IACS IADC IAEA IAIN IALA IAMU IAPH IAPPC IBIA IBTA Abbreviations Clean Shipping Coalition Dangerous Goods Advisory Council Det Norske Veritas Deadweight tons European Council Waste Shipment Regulation Exclusive Economic Zone European Union Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic Facilitation Committee Food and Agriculture Organisation Flag of Convenience Friends of the Earth International The Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers and Agents Floating Production Storage and Offloading Units Fund for Reception Facilities Flag State Implementation Floating Storage Units International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Generally Accepted International Rules and Standards Global Environment Facility Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection Green House Gases Global International Waters Assessment Gross registered ton Gross Tonnage Hazardous and Noxious Substances Subcommittee on Human Element, Training and Watchkeeping International Association of Airport and Seaport Police International Association of Classification Societies International Association of Drilling Contractors International Atomic Energy Agency International Association of Institutes of Navigation International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities International Association of Maritime Universities International Association of Ports and Harbors International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate International Bunker Industry Association International Bulk Terminals Association Abbreviations ICC ICMA ICOMIA ICS IFAW IFSMA IGOs IHMA IICL IIDM III IIMA ILAMA ILO IMarEST IMCA IMCO IMHA IMLA IMO IMPA IMRF INTERCARGO InterManager INTERTANKO IOI IOMoU IOPCF IOPCSF IOPPC IPIECA IPPIC IPTA IRU ISAF ISCO ISF ISO ISRT Fund ISSA ix International Chamber of Commerce International Christian Maritime Association International Council of Marine Industry Associations International Chamber of Shipping International Fund for Animal Welfare International Federation of Shipmasters’ Associations Intergovernmental Organisations International Harbour Masters’ Association Institute of International Container Lessors Iberoamerican Institute of Maritime Law Subcommittee on Implementation of IMO Instruments International Iron Metallics Association International Life-saving Appliance Manufacturers’ Association International Labour Organisation The Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology International Marine Contractors Association Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation International Maritime Health Association International Maritime Lecturers Association International Maritime Organisation International Maritime Pilots’ Association International Maritime Rescue Federation International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners International Ship Managers’ Association International Association of Independent Taker Owners International Ocean Institute Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund International Oil Pollution Compensation Supplementary Fund International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate 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July 2014 International Legal Instruments Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, opened for signature 23 March 1989, 1673 UNTS 57 (entered into force May 1992) Convention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature June 1992, 1760 UNTS 79 (Entered into force 29 December 1993) (hereinafter CBD) Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, opened for signature April 1965, 591 UNTS 265 (entered into force March 1967) Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas, opened for signature 29 April 1958, 559 UNTS 286 (entered into force 20 March 1966) Convention on the Continental Shelf, opened for signature 29 April 1958, 499 UNTS 311 (entered into force 10 June 1964) Convention on the High Seas, opened for signature 29 April 1958, 450 UNTS 82 (entered into force 30 September 1962) Convention on the International Maritime Organization, opened for signature March 1948, 289 UNTS 48 (entered into force 17 March 1958) 164 Bibliography Convention on the International Maritime Organization, opened for signature March 1948, article 1(a), 289 UNTS 48 (entered into force 17 March 1958) (hereinafter the IMO Convention 1948 or the IMCO Convention 1948) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, opened for signature 29 December 1972, 11 ILM 1294 (entered into force 30 August 1975) Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, opened for signature September 2009, IMO Doc SR/CONF/45 (19 May 2009) (not yet in force) International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, opened for signature November 1974, 1184 UNTS (entered into force 25 May 1976) International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments (hereinafter BWM Convention), 2004, IMO Doc BWM/CONF/36 (2004) reprinted in ATNIF (2005) 18 (not yet in force) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, opened for signature November 1973, 1340 UNTS 184 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 to the 1973 Convention, opened for signature 17 February 1978, 1341 UNTS (entered into force October 1983) (MARPOL 73/78) International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, opened for signature 29 November 1969, 973 UNTS (entered into force 19 June 1975) (this convention is being replaced by 1992 Protocol) International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, opened for signature 27 November 1992, 1953 UNTS 255 (entered into force 30 May 1996) (hereinafter CLC 92) International Convention on Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, opened for signature 27 November 1992, 87 UKTS Cm 3433 (entered into force 30 May 1996) (hereinafter FUND 92) International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Bunker Oil Spills, opened for signature 23 March 2001, IMO Doc LEG/CONF 12/19 (entered into force 21 Nov 2008) International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), opened for signature May 1996, 35 ILM 1406 (not yet in force) (superseded by 2010 Protocol) International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, opened for signature 30 November 1990, 30 ILM 733 (entered into force 13 May 1995) International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships 2001, IMO Doc AFS/CONF/26 (5 October 2001) (entered into force 17 September 2008) International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, opened for signature 18 December 1971 1110 UNTS 57 (entered into force 16 October 1978), as amended by the 1976 Protocol to the 1971 Fund Convention, 16 ILM 621 (entered in force 22 November 1994) (ceased to operation 24 May 2002) International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, opened for signature 29 November 1969, ILM 25 (entered into force May 1975) as amended by the 1973 Protocol Relating to Intervention On the high Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances other than Oil, opened for signature November 1973, 13 ILM 650 (entered into force 30 March 1983) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature 11 December 1997, 2303 UNTS 148 (entered into force 16 February 2005) Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, opened for signature 18 May 2007, IMO Doc LEG/CONF.16/19 (not yet in force) Protocol of 2003 to the International Convention for the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992, opened for signature 16 May 2003, UKTS Cm 6245 (entered into force March 2005) Protocol of 2010 to the International Convention On Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea 1996, 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Protection Committee on Its Sixty-Third Session, IMO Doc MEPC 63/23 (14 March 2012) 34 Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Sixty-Fifth Session, IMO Doc MEPC 65/22 (24 May 2013) Report of The MEPC on its 65th Session, Annex 5, IMO Doc MEPC 65/22 (24 May 2013) Report of the third Intersessional Meeting of the working group on greenhouse gas emissions from ships, IMO Doc MEPC 62/5/1 (8 April 2011) Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (Vol II) (13 August 1992) Resolution A.927(22) (2001) PSSA and Special Areas Guidelines, IMO Doc A 22/Res.927 (15 January 2002) (hereinafter PSSA and Special Area Guidelines) Resolution A.982(24), Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Areas, IMO Doc A 24/Res.982 (6 February 2006) Resolution MEPC.111 (50), IMO Doc MEPC 50/3, ANNEX (4 December 2003) Resolution MEPC.118(52), Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Fiftysecond Session, Annex 6, IMO Doc MEPC 52/24/Add.1 (1 November 2004) Resolution MEPC.141(54), Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its FiftyFourth Session, Annex 2, IMO Doc MEPC 54/21 (27 March 2006) Resolution MEPC.156(55), Report Of The Marine Environment Protection Committee On Its Fifty-Fifth Session, Annex 13, IMO Doc MEPC 55/23 (16 October 2006) Resolution MEPC.186(59), Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Fiftyninth Session, Annex 22, IMO Doc MEPC 59/24/Add.1 (28 July 2009) Resolution MEPC.200(62), Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its SixtySecond Session, Annex 12, IMO Doc MEPC 62/24(26 July 2011) Resolution MEPC.203(62), Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on Its SixtySecond Session, ANNEX 19, IMO Doc MEPC 62/24/Add.1 (26 July 2011) Resolution MEPC.203(62), Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on Its SixtySecond Session, ANNEX 19, IMO Doc MEPC 62/24/Add.1 (26 July 2011) Resolution, MEPC 53/24/Add.2, Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee On Its Fifty-Third Session, Annex 21, IMO Doc MEPC 53/24/Add.2 (1 August 2005) Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, IMO Doc A24/Res.982 (6 February 2006) Second IMO GHG Study Summary, IMO Doc MEPC 59/4/7 (9 April 2009) Strategic Plan for the Organization (for the Six-Year Period 2012 to 2017), IMO Doc A 27/Res.1037 (20 December 2011) Submission of the Friends of the Earth International (FOEI), International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Clean Shipping Coalition (CSC), IMO Doc MEPC 65/2/13 (8 March 2013) Submission of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners (INTERCARGO), International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO), International Parcel Tankers Association (IPTA), Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) and NACE International, IMO Doc MEPC 63/2/20 (23 December 2011) 168 Bibliography Technical Co-Operation Activities for the Protection of the Marine Environment, IMO Doc MEPC 5/15/1 (8 February 2013) The International Greenhouse Gas Fund – strengths and weaknesses, IMO Doc MEPC 62/5/33 (20 May 2011) Other Documents Alam Z, IMO Conventions and their Implementation, paper presented at the East Asian Seas Congress, Haikou City, Hainan Province, PR China, 12–16 December 2006 APCEL (1996) Proceeding of the IMO/APCEL/MPA Workshop on the Ratification and Implementation of MARPOL 73/78 in the East Asian Seas: 30 October - November 1996, Singapore APCEL, Singapore Beckman R, Ratification and Effective Implementation of IMO Conventions in the East Asian Seas Region, paper presented at the East Asian Seas Congress, Haikou City, Hainan Province, PR China, 12–16 Dec 2006 Carlton JT, (2001) Introduced species in U.S coastal waters: environmental impacts and management priorities Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, Virginia Commonwealth of Australia, National Biofouling Management Guidelines for Commercial Vessels (2009) Directive 2005/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 2005 amending Directive 1999/32/EC, 2005 O J (L 191) 59 Hossain MMM and Islam MM (2006) Ship Breaking Activities and its Impact on the Coastal Zone of Chittagong, Bangladesh: Towards Sustainable Management YPSA, Chittagong Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics, Shipping Statistics and Market Review, vol 55 (11), (2011) Kanthak J and Bernstorff A, (1999) Ships for Scrap: Steel and Toxic Wastes for Asia Greenpeace, Hamburg Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Conference on Recycling of Ships & Other Marine Structures, Recycling is a Shore Based Industry (4–5 May 2005) (prepared by Chowdhury FR) Cases Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, I.C.J Reports 1960, p 150, 171 ITLOS decision in M/V “SAIGA” (No.2) case (St Vincent and Grenadines v Guinea) 38 ILM 1323 Index A Angola, 119 Annex VI, 50, 113 Anti-fouling systems (AFS), 77 Convention, Archipelago of Sabana-Camaguey, 55 Assembly, 21 Australia, 68, 78 B Bahamas, 30 Ballast water management (BWM), 71, 73, 75, 76, 80 Convention, Ballast water management plan (BWMP), 76 Baltic Sea, 55 Bangladesh, 96 Basel Convention, 83, 94, 96 Bengal, 67 Brazil, 29, 106 Bulk liquids and gases (BLG), 79 BWM See Ballast water management (BWM) C Canada, 68 Canary Islands, 55 CBD See Convention on biological diversity (CBD) CBDR See Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) CDEM See Construction, design, equipment and manning (CDEM) Chile, 106 China, 29, 30, 67, 96, 106, 112 Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 6, 9, 57, 59 Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), 2, 11, 18, 96, 106, 117–121, 125, 139, 143 Conference of parties (CoP), 84, 96, 98 Congo, 100 Construction, design, equipment and manning (CDEM), 130 Convention on biological diversity (CBD), 69, 70, 78 CoP See Conference of parties (CoP) Council, 22–23 Crude oil washing (COW), 45 D Deadweight tonnage (DWT), 45, 47 Denmark, 30 DWT See Deadweight tonnage (DWT) E EEDI See Energy efficiency design index (EEDI) EEZ See Exclusive economic zones (EEZ) Emission control areas, 53 Emission trading system (ETS), 116 Energy efficiency design index (EEDI), 106, 107, 109–111 Energy efficiency operational indicator (EEOI), 107 Erika, 47 Escherichia coli (E-coli), 74 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Md S Karim, Prevention of Pollution of the Marine Environment from Vessels, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10608-3 169 170 EU See European Union (EU) Europe, 67 European Commission, 30 European Community, 94 European Council, 51 European Union (EU), 2, 47, 51 Exclusive economic zones (EEZ), 33, 52, 114 Exxon Valdez, 46 F Facilitation committee (FAL), 27 Flag of convenience (FOC), 16, 17, 32, 33, 118 Florida Key, 55 FOC See Flag of convenience (FOC) France, 93 Fund for reception facilities (FRF), 133 G GAIRS See Generally accepted international rules and standards (GAIRS) Galapagos Archipelago, 55 Generally accepted international rules and standards (GAIRS), 34, 114 GESAMP See Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) GHGs See Green house gases (GHGs) Great Barrier Reef, 55 Greece, 30 Green house gases (GHGs), 2, 8, 52, 105, 106, 107, 125 H Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS), 59, 60 Convention, Hong Kong, 93, 127 I IMCO See Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) IMDG code See International maritime dangerous goods (IMDG) code IMO See International Maritime Organization (IMO) India, 29, 67, 96, 106, 112 Indonesia, 67 Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), 1, Convention, 24 Index International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 6, 7, 10, 11, 33, 43, 47, 51, 52, 53, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 126, 150 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL), 4, International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation of Oil Pollution Damage (FUND), 6, 58 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION), International maritime dangerous goods (IMDG) code, 9, 49 International Maritime Organization (IMO), 1, 5, 8, 10, 15, 18, 19, 21, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43, 60, 61, 71, 72, 75, 77, 84, 88, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 111, 125, 149, 150 Convention 1948, 16 Ship Recycling Convention, 97 International non-governmental organisations (INGOs), 20 International oil pollution compensation fund (IOPCF), 59 International oil pollution prevention (IOPP), 75, 76 International Parcel Tankers Association (IPTA), 116 International Tribunal for the Law of Sea (ITLOS), 17 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 79 Intervention, 56–57 Intestinal Enterococci, 74 IOPP See International oil pollution prevention (IOPP) J Jamaica, 119 Japan, 30, 67 Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), 3, K Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), 30 Kuwait, 106 Kyoto Protocol, 105, 117 Index L LDC See Least developed countries (LDC) Least developed countries (LDC), 97, 98, 119, 121, 128, 130, 135 Le Clemenceau, 92, 95 LEG See Legal Committee (LEG) Legal Committee (LEG), 7, 26–27 Liberia, 30 Load on top (LOT), 45 London Convention, London Dumping Convention, 60 M Malpelo Island, 55 Malta, 30 Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), 2, 7, 20, 25–26, 70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 100, 105, 117, 119 Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), 24–25, 28 Market-based measures (MBM), 115–116 MARPOL Annex VI, 107 Marshall Islands, 30 MBM See Market-based measures (MBM) MEPC See Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) MSC See Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) N Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wreck (WRC), National Oil Pollution Contingency Plan (NOPCP), 56 Nigeria, 119 NLS See Noxious and liquid substances (NLS) Non-government Organisations (NGOs), 20 NOPCP See National Oil Pollution Contingency Plan (NOPCP) North Sea, 68 Norway, 100 O Oil Pollution Act (OPA), 46 Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 55–56 Oil record book, 47 Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 132 P Pakistan, 96 Panama, 30 171 Papahna¯umo-kua¯kea, 55 Paracas, 55 Paris MOU, 129 Particularly sensitive sea area (PSSA), 8, 9, 10, 43, 53, 54 PCBs See Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution prevention and response (PPR), 28 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 52, 93 Port State Levy (PSL), 116 Precautionary principle, 125 Prestige, 47 Prior informed consent (PIC), 95 PSSA See Particularly sensitive sea area (PSSA) R Republic of Korea, 30 S Saba Bank, 55 Safety management system (SMS), 108 Saudi Arabia, 106 Secretariat, 28 SEEMP See Ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP) Segregated ballast tanks (SBTs), 45 SEMP, 108–109 Ship dismantling, 83 recycling, 83, 87 recycling plan, 89 Shipboard oil pollution emergency plans (SOPEP), 45 Shipbreaking, 83 Ship efficiency and credit trading (SECT), 116 Ship energy efficiency management plan (SEEMP), 106, 107, 109 Ship to ship (STS), 46 Singapore, 30 Small islands developing states (SIDSs), 119 SOLAS, South Africa, 119 Special drawing rights (SDR), 58, 59 Strait of Bonifacio, 55 Sub-committee on marine pollution (SCMP), 24 T Technical Cooperation Committee (TC), 26 Tokyo MOU, 129 Torres Strait, 55 172 Torrey Canyon, Tributyltin (TBT), 69 Turkey, 96 U UK See United Kingdom (UK) UN See United Nations (UN) UNCLOS See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) UNEP See United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) UNFCCC See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) United Kingdom (UK), 30, 56 United Nations (UN), 9, 16 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 69 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 3, 5, 7, 9, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 52, 54, 57, 69, 113, 114, 126, 150 Index United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 30 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 126, 127 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 11, 18, 117, 118 United States (US) Ghost Ships, 95 United States of America, 30 V Venezuela, 112, 119 Vessel efficiency system (VES), 116 Vibrio cholerae, 67, 74 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 52 management plan, 52 W Wadden Sea, 55 Western European Waters, 55 World Bank, 30 World Health Organization (WHO), 67