(Luận văn thạc sĩ) conducting the environmental assessment for khanh hoa coal company VVMI to make sure the environment within and surrounding company safety

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHAM THI MINH TAM CONDUCTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR KHANH HOA COAL COMPANY- VVMI TO MAKE SURE THE ENVIRONMENT WITHIN AND SURROUNDING COMPANY SAFETY BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Enviromental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : 2016 - 2020 Thai Nguyen, 27/10/2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT After months of internship at Khanh Hoa Coal Company, despite many difficulties, but with the enthusiastic help of the brothers and sisters in the company, I have successfully completed my graduation internship First of all, I would like to thank all of Khanh Hoa Coal Company for creating conditions for me to practice at the Faculty of Environment Special thanks to Mr Nguyen An Ninh for directly guiding and helping me a lot in the process of completing the report Thanks for the help of PhD Director Nguyen Huu Tho has led the way, guided me in the direction of research, comments the thesis to make it more scientific and more professional Also thank the good feelings that he has for me Thanks also to Teachers of Advanced Education Program who have devotedly taught me the knowledge and support me during the long learning I would like to thank my parents for being a strong supporter of mine throughout the course and thank for give me the opportunity to study Special thanks for my classmate K48-ESM has joined with me over a long way of learning Finally, I would like to wish you good health, happiness and success in your teaching path Thai Nguyen, 27 October, 2020 Student Pham Thi Minh Tam PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Natural resources are physical assets available in nature that humans are able to exploit and use, however they cannot regenerate themselves, so they are considered non-living things Although they are non-living, they still play an important role and has a close relationship with the environment [1] Every activity of exploiting resources, whether good or bad, affects the environment In the process of industrialization and modernization of the country, our nation is constantly promoting and creating strong conditions for the development of the industry, especially the industrial exploitation because our country is known as "gold forests, silver sea" Vietnam is the country with the largest coal reserves in Southeast Asia so far [2], so the coal mining industry has been interested in investing and developing According to statistics, Vietnam's coal reserves are enough to exploit for hundreds of years [3] in Quang Ninh, coal reserves are about 10.5 billion tons (of which 3.5 billion tons were searched and explored); Red River Delta region is forecasted to be about 34.5 billion tons; remaining in other provinces However, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Vietnam's coal volume is only about 165 million tons, with mainly open-pit mines distributed in provinces such as Quang Ninh, Lang Son, and Thai Nguyen [4] The Coal industry is an industry that exploits the nation's nonrenewable natural resources It plays an important role in the country's economic development, especially in ensuring the national energy security However, the coal mining industry causes great disadvantages to the protection of the natural environment as well as human living environment such as smoke and dust from mines Besides, coal is also a source of great harm to the environment, is the main culprit creating the greenhouse effect [5] This requires the state and investors to have appropriate management solutions, technology solutions and treatment solutions to minimize negative impacts on the environment On the mineral map of Vietnam, Thai Nguyen is a province with rich resources, especially Coal Currently, there are many coal mines operating in the area such as Khanh Hoa, Phan Me, Nui Hong Khanh Hoa is a large coal mine located in the 10 North of Thai Nguyen city Coal mining here has brought many economic benefits, creating jobs for local people methods, contributing to promoting the development of the market economy However, the outdated exploitation technology causes the waste of resources, changes the terrain landscape, narrows the area of production land and forest land due to the continuous expansion of the exploitation area, causing pollution Contamination of the soil, water, air environment, and accumulation of wastes altering biological resources and ecosystems [6] It is necessary to assess the environmental impact of coal mining activities, thereby helping to determine the correct level of environmental pollution caused by coal mining in addition to find out the most appropriate treatment Starting from the above situation, I carried out the research topic: “Conducting the environmental assessment for Khanh Hoa Coal Company- VVMI to make sure the environment within and surrounding company safety” to bring out the current state of the environment in Khanh Hoa coal mine and find out suitable environmental improvement measures 1.2 Research’s objective - Detecting environmental pollutants at Khanh Hoa Coal Company - Assess the level of Impact on the surrounding factory - Propose solutions to minimize and prevent impacts 1.3 Research question and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research questions - Is the ambient environment of Khanh Hoa Coal Company safe to the local people, workers and ecosystems around the factory? - Which environment factor suffered the most impact Khanh Hoa Coal Company? 11 - How we can mitigate the impact of Khanh Hoa Coal Company to the environment and local people? 1.3.2 Hypotheses - Null hypothesis: + Although the white smoke emitted from Khanh Hoa Coal Company, the parameters of factors contained in the smoke are lower than the permitted level The air quality ambient factory is safe + The treated wastewater from company which discharge to the environment is acceptable because all the indicator is meet the regulation standard + The soil around the factory is safe and the local people can have agricultural production - Alternative hypothesis: + Observing the white smoke flew from Khanh Hoa Coal Company and some strange smell The air quality of the ambient the factory is polluted The indicators of air quality higher than the permitted standard + The treated wastewater inside the factory has a smell and not transparent Thus, the water discharged in the environment is pollution and impact on aquatic species and daily life water of local people + The soil around company could be polluted by heavy metal because of the production activities of factory 1.4 Limitations Collecting and sanitation issues Waste collection (including liquid and solid waste) is being carried out by Khanh Hoa Coal Company in accordance with the State's process and regulations However, in fact, the infrastructure and collection and treatment are still manual 12 and ineffective because there are still damaged points of pipes and sewers In addition, the volume of input water tanks is small, sometimes causing overflow, stasis, very unhygienic and wastewater after treatment will be discharged directly into the environment Meanwhile, other types of waste generated in the life process, the company will collect all of them into a dedicated container to transfer to the unit with the function of treating domestic waste Moreover, during the manufacturing process, it will create dust that gets into the air and is difficult to collect and treat completely before being discharged into the environment Therefore, more or less affects the quality of the surrounding environment and human health Management and handling With the wastewater, the company does not directly treat it, but hired Environment-TKV One Member Limited Company to treat mine wastewater into industrial wastewater and discharge it directly into the environment In terms of solid waste generated in the mining process, the company uses specialized trucks and collects it at two landfills in the South and the West Waste generated in the process of living is gathered and assigned to the functional unit for treatment In terms of air and noise have not been handled according to a specific process, methods and techniques are still rudimentary such as watering, car washing, vehicle repair and maintenance are not really effective, potentially many risks polluting the environment Environmental awareness Propaganda and advocacy for environmental protection in general and management and treatment of wastewater and wastes in particular have been concerned and focused but not really effective Communication is mainly through word of mouth or through loudspeaker However, the company has also made certain investments to ensure environmental sanitation 13 1.5 Definitions According to the 2014 environmental protection law: - Environment is a system of natural and man-made material factors that affect the existence and development of humans and organisms [7] - Environmental pollution is the change of environmental components not in accordance with environmental technical regulations and environmental standards, and adversely affects humans and organisms [7] - Environmental technical regulation is the limit of parameters on the quality of the surrounding environment, the content of pollutants contained in the waste, technical and managerial requirements that are available by state agencies authority issued in the form of mandatory documents applicable to environmental protection [7] - Environmental standards are the limits of parameters of the quality of the surrounding environment, the content of pollutants contained in the waste, technical and management requirements that are managed by state agencies and agencies published in the form of a voluntary document applying to protect the environment [7] 14 PART II: LITTERATURE REVIEW Background In recent years, along with the continuous development of the country of Vietnam in general, Thai Nguyen province in particular has grown strongly in all aspects With the advantage of the available natural resources, especially coal, many coal mining companies have been built to exploit "black gold" One of them cannot be ignored Khanh Hoa coal company- VVMI Over 71 years of construction and development, Khanh Hoa Coal Company VVMI is a unit of Viet Bac Mining Industry Corporation TKV-JSC is located in Son Cam commune, Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen city with an area of 11,141m2 [8] and is constantly being expanded, has gone through many stages with different names, according to the Decision No 1371 / QD-BCN dated May 26, 2006 by the Minister of Industry (now the Ministry of Industry and Trade) decided to name it Khanh Hoa Coal Company-VVMI With an initial charter capital of 60 billion VND [9] and annual investments up to hundreds of billion VND, the development ability of Khanh Hoa Coal Company in the future is extremely strong The main task of the Company is to exploit and process coal for the Cao Ngan thermal power plant, the cement factories of the Corporation and the Bac Thai Coal Company with the annual coal consumption volume of about 600,000 tons To implement the company's production development strategy for the period 2020-2025 and a vision to 2030, Khanh Hoa Coal Company will perform a number of key tasks, such as: Continuing to research and apply solutions Advanced technology and technology improve production and business efficiency, associated with the work of ensuring labor safety and hygiene and environmental protection in the coal mining process At the same time, to focus on speeding up the implementation of projects on compensation for ground clearance to expand production fields and waste disposal sites; invest in renovating and synchronizing modern equipment with suitable large capacity; to continue researching and promoting the application of mechanization, computerization, and automation of stages in the production line to improve the efficiency of production and business; investment in human resource development; perfecting mechanisms and policies to attract workers with high professional qualifications, good skills 15 and real enthusiasm to build and develop the company; continue to implement the project of restructuring the workforce in accordance with the new governance model, ensuring streamlining and compactness with the aim of increasing labor productivity and increasing income for employees, with target "Safety - Efficiency - Development" [10] Impact of Khanh Hoa Coal Company 2.1 Positive impact 2.1.1 Providing a fuel source for the country From 2015 to 2019, the Company exploited 2.3 million tons of raw coal (225,762 tons of underground coal), peeled 21 million cubic meters of rock and soil, dug 4,213m of furnace, consumed 3.1 million tons of coal, submit to the budget 831.5 billion dong, average income is 8.5 million dong / month Millions of tons of that coal has produced millions of tons of cement and billions of kilowatts of electricity contribute significantly to the construction of the country One of the development steps of Khanh Hoa Coal is the Cao Ngan thermal power plant investment project approved by the Government on December 3, 1998, with the total investment of the project is nearly 124 million USD and to assign 100MW of electricity generation capacity, using 75% of Khanh Hoa coal and 25% of Nui Hong coal In July 2007, Cao Ngan Thermal Power Plant officially generated commercial electricity on the national grid Thanks to the establishment of the Cao Ngan Thermal Power Plant and the cement plants of Viet Bac Mining Industry Corporation, Khanh Hoa coal has had stable consumption with the annual output from 550,000 to 600,000 tons From here, Khanh Hoa Coal Company has the main task to always ensure adequate supply of coal for the Cao Ngan Thermal Power Plant and the cement plants of Viet Bac Mining Industry Corporation "[11] 16 2.1.2 Solving the career issue In addition to providing fuel for the energy industry, Khanh Hoa Coal Company also solves employment problems for many workers Mining activities in the past years have also contributed significantly to promoting the local economy, bringing practical benefits in social life such as: Creating jobs and stable income for about 900 employees Including many local workers, contributing to solving unemployment with the average monthly saraly from to 10 million per person, increasing income and stabilizing society [12] At the same time, besides focusing on speeding up the implementation of clearance compensation projects to expand production; invest in renovating and synchronizing modern equipment with suitable large capacity; The company also invests in developing human resources, perfecting mechanisms and policies to attract workers with high professional qualifications, good skills and really dedicated to building and developing the company; continue to implement the project of restructuring the workforce in accordance with the new governance model, ensuring streamlining and compacting in order to increase labor productivity and increase income for employees 2.2 Negative impacts There is no denying what Khanh Hoa Coal Company has brought to Vietnam However, it inevitably has negative impacts not only on the natural environment but also the social and social environment 2.2.1 For the natural environment Although the negative impact on the natural environment is minimized by wastewater and solid waste treatment systems, it causes a great impact on the environment However, due to the specificity of the coal mining industry that it is necessary to use a lot of water to wash the contaminants, there are many toxic substances in coal such as lead and arsenic, so it cannot be denied the harmful 17 permitted level This means that the soil quality is quite good for crops and does not affect much the soil organisms around the Khanh Hoa coal mine PART V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Minimizing, preventing and responding to environmental pollution incidents of Khanh Hoa Coal Company In recent years, Khanh Hoa-VVMI Coal Company under the Vietnam BacVinacomin Mining Industry Corporation has taken practical steps to implement environmental protection measures according to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report The Khanh Hoa coal mine rehabilitation and expansion project was approved in Decision No 421 / QD-UBND dated March 4, 2008 and according to the environmental impact assessment report of the pit fringe mining project Thien approved No 1685 / QD-UBNĐ of the People's Committee of Thai Nguyen province on July 17, 2009 There are also activities to celebrate the world environment day, propaganda activities to protect and preserve the sense of environmental protection throughout the company Carry out the regular dredging of drainage ditches, so every year in the rainy season, local flooding does not happen The Company has implemented well environmental protection measures (both technical and managerial), so in the past years the Company has not let any accidents or accidents happen, waterlogging has not occurred However, during the mining process, there is still erosion on the quarry bank due to the soft structure 52 of the rocky pillar shoreline (not due to design error), the local dehydration phenomenon in An Khanh communes, communes Phuc Ha The remaining environmental problems are dust pollution, waste water cannot be fully treated, pollution of ditches, so the annual volume of dredging ditches is quite high, the density of green trees is still thin New environmental pollution problems arise when renovating and expanding capacity such as dust pollution, noise at a higher level, wastewater, if not collected through thorough treatment, will pollute the surface water system ( Lang Ngo stream, Huyen stream and Tan Long stream) receive 1.1 Measures to minimize air pollution a) Dust from drilling and blasting - Using the differential blasting method through the hole with main types of explosives Anfo and Anfo are water-resistant, or emulsion - Perform wet drilling (using pressure water to remove dust) - Limiting the drilling and blasting by strengthening the mechanical opening method b) Dust from transportation • For the transportation of coal from the field to the coal sieve cluster: Regularly watering dust on all transportation routes; Always have tire pullers working on the roads to repair damaged areas and collect spilled stones during transportation • For transporting coal for consumption: Spraying water to stamp dust from the quarry to An Khanh thermal power plant times a day (twice in the morning, twice in the afternoon) • For transportation of waste soil and rock: Using water spray method to stamp dust on transport routes suitable to weather conditions will minimize the generated dust content, frequency of times / shift 53 Figure 8: Dedicated car for watering (Tam, 2020) 54 Figure 9: Sprinkler system (Tam, 2020) c) Dust from screening - Continuing to maintain the equipment of mist spraying workshops - Covering coal warehouse - Water spray treatment (mist) of coal pouring funnels, coal heap, places forming dust and creating large amount of dust (bunker) - Regularly collect coal dust piles in places where dust is deposited 55 Figure 10: Water sprayer to stamp out dust (Tam, 2020) In addition, in order to mitigate noise, the company regularly maintains machinery, equips with anti-noise equipment, protects workers and arranges working hours according to regulations for workers working in high noise areas; planting trees around the outer partition 1.2 Measures to mitigate water pollution a) For underground water Undergroundwater in the project area exists and moves in the fracture zone of the sandstone and grit layers while the clay, coal clay and coal layers are the water insulation layers When mining pit water and rainwater runoff, the surface soaks into the groundwater will be filtered through layers of clay, coal clay and coal, so the concentration of pollutants decreases However, the exploitation period lasted plus deep exploitation reduced the groundwater level This is also an undesirable 56 impact and overcome by collecting and mechanically treating the entire amount of waste water in the field so that the treated water will not be polluted, when it is mixed into surface water and supplied to the water source groundwater will minimize pollution for groundwater; not to drop toxic chemicals (explosives, grease, acid solutions) Leveling and sealing the cracks at the bottom of the pit to avoid the ingress of dirt and toxic pollutants that affect the quality of groundwater b) For surfacewater For surface water and domestic wastewater, the company develops a treatment process according to the following diagram: 57 Aerating PAM PAC Wastewater Regulating tank Neutralization compartment Mixing compartment PAM, PAC Mud tank No Stirring compartment chậm Landfill WASTEWATER STANDARD: NOTE: - pH: 5,5 – Path of waste water - Concentration of suspended solid waste: - Concentration of Fe: - Concentration of Mn:  5mg/l Clarifier tanks Lamella Mud tank No.2 Clean water tank Stream m Landfill  100mg/l The path of the mud  1mg/l The path of re-treated wastewater 56 Explanation of technology diagram: Wastewater from the mine is collected by the pumping system and sent to the regulating tank to stabilize the flow and concentration, then the wastewater is transferred to a neutral tank, where the wastewater is aerated Wastewater through the mixing compartment PAC and PAM deposition aid, continues to be passed through the slow stirring compartment to help the flocculants and sedimentation aids disperse into the water and make the suspended solid particles have size Small glue stick together to form colloidal cotton, these colloidal cotton will settle down by gravity, it settles more efficiently and faster thanks to the inclined lamen sediment plates because water from the reactor to the settling tank will move from the bottom up according to the slanted slab designed, during moving the colloidal cotton will collide and stick to the surface of the lamen settling plate When the colloidal cotton sticks together on the surface of the lamen settling plate is heavy enough and can overcome the repulsion of the moving water, the colloidal cotton will slide down in the opposite direction and fall to the bottom of the sedimentation tank Wastewater after sedimentation is taken to a tank containing clean water and flows into the stream Sludge from the regulating tank to the sedimentation tank is taken to sludge tanks and by sludge pumping system respectively, then sludge is discharged through the company's waste dump 57 Figure 11: Treated water discharged to environment (Tam, 2020) 1.3 Measures to mitigate soil pollution The project land zoning is allocated by the local authority to facilitate management and take responsibility for legal as well as environmental issues and land backfill after the project comes into operation; To avoid the phenomenon of arid and weathering of the soil, the project combines tree planting with the back ground work of the ground and pit banks after the completion of exploitation and disposal Treating wastewater in the environment, wastewater containing grease, domestic wastewater before being discharged into the environment, not discharge untreated water into the environment because they will soak into the ground causing soil and underground water pollution 58 Due to the open-pit exploitation, the topographic landscape of the area is strongly deformed during the project's operation To create environmental landscape and prevent dust and noise spread to the surrounding air, during mining, plant trees on the ground, on both sides of the transportation route, after finishing mining Planting and completely covering the landfill sites and sites 1.4 Minimize the environmental impact of solid wastes and landfills For domestic waste: The Company has arranged garbage bins in reasonable locations; Sign contracts with Urban Environment Company to collect, transport and handle daily according to the regulations of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen province For hazardous waste: Currently, Khanh Hoa-VVMI Coal Company has a register of hazardous waste source owner issued by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen province dated November 7, 2008 with a code number QLCTNH 19.000007 The amount of hazardous waste generated monthly is managed by the Company at the Company's warehouse and contracted with a fully functional unit to periodically transport for treatment For waste from the exploitation: The Company is maintaining the dumping at landfills (West and South waste dump) However, it is expected that after 2025, waste soil and rock will only be disposed of at the western landfill and finished dumping the western landfill in 2036 Statement of impacts Although the industry has developed rapidly and is considered the strength of the Vietnamese economy However, there are some negative impacts that the company has on the environment that strongly affects people living in the area or around the company such as noise pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and Hazardous emissions, air pollution,etc Due to its economic development, population growth and rapid urbanization, Vietnam is facing significant environmental changes The hot spots in Vietnam contain solid waste, heat and air pollution For the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), these are the biggest challenges 59 From our EIA find all plant activities such as water pollution, noise pollution, and so on They are below the current environmental index as their impact is minimal and the plant is working to address the impact to ensure that it is not harmful to the environment In addition, one of the activities with the highest environmental impact index compared to the current one is the air from the factory, the air from the factory is heavily polluted, leading to many impacts on the environment Emissions in the air are one of the biggest characteristics faced by the people living around the factory and most workers Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) belongs to a group of extremely absorbing gases known as nitrogen oxides or nitrous oxides (NOx) Other nitrogen oxides include nitrogen acids and nitric acids NO2 is used as a source of the larger nitrogen oxide groups NO2 is basically in the air from fuel combustion NO2 grows from emissions from trucks, cars and buses, power plants and terrain materials The air released from the factory contains nitrogen dioxide, the biggest effect of breathing in high levels of nitrogen dioxide is increasing the likelihood of respiratory problems Nitrogen dioxide stimulates the lining of the lungs, and it may decrease immunity to lung diseases This will cause problems like wheezing, coughing, colds, flu and bronchitis Furthermore, from the land size of the coal mine, the mining location causes air pollution close to the area where local people live and this is a huge problem for local people because from the interview with locals living around the company they mention the quality of the air they breathe around their environment, they tell us that the air quality is very harmful to their health and every day, hundreds of large trucks pass by carrying dust and dirt, causing serious air pollution Khanh Hoa Coal Company has also been trying to overcome and minimize the impact of mining on the environment with methods from manual to modern Throughout our EIA, we have discovered the factory activity which harms the environment and the people living and working around the area And they factory should work towards this issue to make sure that they reduce the great impact which they are causing, especially the air pollution which is the biggest trait, they should make provisions on how to manage the amount of No2 which they are releasing to the atmosphere by reducing the number of cars, truck, vans, ect Which 60 they use in daily bases, however, planting some trees will also contribute a lot in decreasing the impacts of air pollution Recommendations and conclusion In conclusion, the result which we get from Khanh Hoa coal Company EIA, the building of this factory will affect the environment and the people living within the area but the impact will be very low since they factory is working on every possible way to mitigate and reduce the level of environmental impact which they are causing Khanh Hoa-VVMI Coal Company must strictly comply with the regulations on environmental protection management and monitoring as committed in the company's environmental impact assessment report Besides, due to changes in water quality fluctuating over time and space, it is necessary to increase the number of surveys Sewage treatment system improvement (combined use of physical and chemical treatment) To supplement water quality monitoring points at industrial and urban wastewater receiving points It is also important to decentralize waste and closely monitor the disposal, solid waste classification, and improvement of the collection system In addition, the company should focus on upgrading and maintaining some traffic routes Invest in dust spraying system to reduce dust located in large dust generating areas such as screening workshop, waste treatment area, transportation road Increase the frequency of watering during the dry season In addition to technical solutions, the company needed to incorporate management solutions to improve the capacity and environmental awareness of the miners Strengthen education to raise public awareness about the importance of clean water and environmental sanitation Also they should make a provision for the challenges which they will be facing in the future especially the impacts from climate change, thus, they cannot full fight the avoid the climatic impact rather they 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find out the most appropriate treatment Starting from the above situation, I carried out the research topic: ? ?Conducting the environmental assessment for Khanh Hoa Coal Company- VVMI to make. .. Is the ambient environment of Khanh Hoa Coal Company safe to the local people, workers and ecosystems around the factory? - Which environment factor suffered the most impact Khanh Hoa Coal Company?