The Power of Everyday Politics How Vietnamese Peasants Transformed National Policy Tai Lieu Chat Luong The Power of Everyday Politics Blank Page The Power of Everyday Politics How Vietnamese Peasants[.]
Tai Lieu Chat Luong The Power of Everyday Politics Blank Page The Power of Everyday Politics How Vietnamese Peasants Transformed National Policy BENEDICT J TRIA Cornell University Press KERKVLIET ITHAcA AND LONDoN Copyright © 2005 by Cornell University All rights reserved Except for brief quotations in a review this book, or parts thereof~ must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing ±rom the publisher For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 5T2 East State Street, Ithaca, NewYork T485o First published 2005 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kerkvliet, Benedict ] The power of everyday politics : how Vietnamese peasants transformed national policy I Benedict ] Kerkvliet p em Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN o-8or4-430T-6 (cloth : alk paper) Collectivization of agriculture-Vietnam HDr492.V 5K47 Agriculture and state-Vietnam I Title Peasantry-Vietnam 2005 338 r'8597-dc22 2004019430 Printed in the United States of America Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-tree papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-tree, or partly composed of nonwood fibers For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu Cloth printing TO To all my teachers in public schools (Great Falls, Montana), college (Whitman), graduate school (University ofWisconsin, Madison), and later years (University of Hawai'i, Manoa), especially (in chronological order) Ma~garet M TM:zlsh Henry Hart Inez Anderson Fred R Vtm der Mehden Urban F Isaacs Hanna Fenichel Pitken Svein Oksenholt John R W Smail John J Stifamiff James C Scott Robert Flutzo Matifred Hemziny:sen Robert Whitner ~r,zuyen Kim Thu Blank Page Contents List (!f Tables and Illustrations Acknowledgments x vm r Introduction Theorizing Everyday Politics in Collective Farming Building on Wobbly Foundations, 1955-1961 4· Coping and Shoring Up, I96I-I974 Collapsing from Within, 1974-198I 37 79 143 Dismantling Collective Farming, Expanding the Family Farm, I98I-I990 190 7· Conclusion 234 Appendixes r Tables and graph 245 Distribution to Collective Cooperative Members 255 Vietnamese Glossary 261 Selected Places and Terms 269 Abbreviations 273 Bibliography 277 Index 299 Vll Tables and Illustrations TABLES Food production in the Red River delta and all of northern Vietnam, 1939, 1954-1994 246 Labor exchange groups in northern Vietnam, 1955-1960 248 I Agricultural collective cooperatives in northern Vietnam, 1955-1960 248 Proportion of northern Vietnam agrarian households in collective 249 cooperatives, 1960-1981 Consumption of staple and other food by collective cooperative peasants in northern Vietnam, 1959-1974, 1976-1980 250 Households per agricultural collective cooperative and annual production per capita in northern Vietnam, 1959-1980 251 Income sources of an average collective cooperative member 252 What is left for an average paddy producer in Red River delta collective cooperatives prior to and during the product contract arrangement 253 GRAPH I Food per capita relative to the size of a collective cooperative Vlll 245 Illustrations MAPS I Northern Vietnam, circa 1990 47 Provinces in and around the Red River delta, circa 1990 48 1x Bibliography 291 Raymond, Chad "Rational Resistance to a Weak Authoritarian State: The Political Economy ofVietnamese Farmers from Collectivization to Doi Moi." Ph.D diss., University of Hawaii, 2000 The Renol'lltion of Agricultural Economic Management Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1990 Rev, Istvan "The Advantages of Being Atomized: How Hungarian Peasants Coped with Collectivization." Dissent 34 (Summer 1987): 335-50 Rusin ow, Dennison The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948-1974 13erkeley: University of California Pres, 1977 "Sau 30 Nam Hop Tac Hoa Nong Nghiep: Doi Song Nong Dan va Van De Quan Ly San Xuat Nong Nghiep Hien Nay" [Thirty years of cooperativization] In TllUc Tinng Kinh Tc-Xa Hoi Viet Nam Ciai Dom1 1986-1990, 27-60 Hanoi: Tap Chi Thong Ke, 1990 Scott, James C "Everyday Forms of Resistance." In Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, edited by Forrest D Colburn, 3-33 Armonk, N.Y.: M.E Sharpe, 1989 - - The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976 - - "Resistance without Protest and without Organization: Peasant Opposition to the Islamic Zakat and the Christian Tithe." Comparatil'e Studies in Society and History 29 (1987): 417-52 - - Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Impro!'e the Human Condition Ha!'e Failed New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998 - - Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985 Selden, Mark The Political Economy of Chinese DeiJclopment Armonk, N.Y.: M.E Sharpe, 1993 Sikor, Thomas "The Political Economy of Decollectivization: A Study of Differentiation in and among 13lack Thai Villages of Northern Vietnam." Ph.D diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1999 Smith, Gavin Li1;e/ihood and Resistance: Pcasallts and the Politics of Land in Peru Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989 Smith, Louis f~ F The Evolution of Agricultural Co-operation Oxford: 13asil 13lackwell, 1961 Smith, S Andrew Enticknap "Water First: A Political History of Hydraulics in Vietnam's Red River Delta." Ph.D diss., Australian National University, 2002 "So Lieu Hop Tac Xa Nong Nghiep Mien 13ac 1986 va 1989" [Data, northern agricultural cooperatives], n.d [circa 1990] Probably prepared for the Communist Party's central Agriculture Committee Sokolovsky, Joan Peasants and Power: State Auto11omy and the Collectil'ization of Eastem Europe Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990 Spoor, Max "Finance in a Socialist Transition: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1955-1964." ]oumal of Contemporary Asia I7, (1987): 339-65 St George, Elizabeth "Government Policy and Changes to Higher Education in Vietnam, 1986-1998: Education in Transition for Development?" Ph.D diss., Australian National University, 2003 Stern, Lewis Renwating the Vietnamese Communist Party New York: St Martin's, 1993 Stoker, Gerry "Introduction." In Theory and Methods in Political Science, edited by David Marsh and Gerry Stoker, 1-18 London: Macmillan, 1995 292 Bibliography Stromseth, Jonathan R "Reform and Response in Vietnam: State-Society Relations and the Changing Political Economy." Ph.D diss., Columbia University, I998 Stuart-Fox, Martin Buddhist Ki11J