Politics and the Limits of Law Tai Lieu Chat Luong POLITICS AND THE LIMITS OF LAW This Page Intentionally Left Blank Nostalg ia Jewishness is a lul laby for old men gumming soaked white bread [.]
Tai Lieu Chat Luong POLITICS AND THE LIMITS OF LAW This Page Intentionally Left Blank Nostalg ia Jew ishness is a lullaby for old men gumming soaked white bread , CONTRAVERSIONS JEWS AND OTHER DIFFERENCES DANIEL BOYARIN, CHANA KRONFELD, AND NAOMI SEIDMAN, EDITORS The task of “ The Science of Judaism” is to g ive Judaism a decent bur ial , founder of nine tee nth-ce ntur y philolog ical Jew ish Studies moder nist Yiddish poe t This Page Intentionally Left Blank POLITICS AND THE LIMITS OF LAW secularizing the political in medieval jewish thought MENACHEM LORBERBAUM Stanford Universit y Press • Stanford, Califor nia Stanford University Press Stanford, California © by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America on acid free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lorberbaum, Menachem Politics and the limits of law : secularizing the political in medieval Jewish thought / Menachem Lorberbaum p cm — (Contraversions) Includes bibliographical references and index --- (alk paper) Judaism and politics—History—To Maimonides, Moses, ‒—Contributions in political science Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi, ?‒—Contributions in political science I Title II Contraversions (Stanford, Calif.) . .''—dc Original printing Last figure below indicates year of this printing: Typeset by James P Brommer in /. Minion and Copperplate ACKNOWLEDGMENTS has benefited from the generosity of many individuals and institutions, and I would like to express my gratitude for the friendship and encouragement I have received David Hartman created the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, a spiritual community where the ideas I have written about could freely be explored and discussed I thank him for his nurture and support and for showing me that honesty is the condition for commitment Moshe Halbertal and Noam Zohar, my colleagues at the Shalom Hartman Institute, have always been there for me, reading my work and never tiring of my formulations and reformulations Most of this book was written at the School of Social Science of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, where I was privileged to have Michael Walzer as a teacher and a friend His guidance and tutelage have been inspiring This book is one of the fruits of our collaborative efforts to revitalize the tradition of Jewish political thought No atmosphere could be as conducive to this work as that of the Institute for Advanced Study An earlier version of this work was submitted as a Ph.D dissertation to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem My thesis adviser, Aviezer Ravitzky, has been a constant source of encouragement in its maturing into a book Gerald Blidstein, Yaron Ezrahi, Warren Zev Harvey, Allan Silver, and Israel Tashma read early versions of this work; their insights and comments were most helpful vii The Department of Jewish Philosophy at Tel-Aviv University provided a superb scholarly framework within which to develop my ideas I am grateful to my colleagues for their support Parts of this work were presented at seminars and colloquiums, and I have benefited from the comments of Sara KleinBraslavy, Shlomo Biderman, and Yael Tamir The late Jacob Levinger and the late Gershon Weiler actively participated in those encounters The work on this book was completed while on sabbatical from Tel-Aviv University The Koret Jewish Studies Publications Program generously subsidized the publication of this book My editor, Nessa Olshansky-Ashtar, has worked tirelessly to make this a better book Philosopher, critic, and editor, she has been the best reader an author could hope for Finally, I wish to thank Daniel Boyarin, editor of the Contraversions series; Helen Tartar of Stanford University Press; and my copyeditor, Robert Burchfield, for their dedicated work viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTENTS xi INTRODUCTION: DIVINE LAW AND SECULAR POLITICS The Polity, 3; Biblical and Talmudic Background, 6; Synopsis, 13 PART 1: MAIMONIDES THE NATURAL FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICS 17 “Man Is Political by Nature,” 18; Modern Interpretations, 24; Polity and Society, 25; Medieval Interpretations, 28; Naturalizing Divine Law, 30 THE INSUFFICIENCY OF LAW 35 Maimonides on Law, 35; From Law to Politics, 41 THE CODE ON THE PRIORITY OF POLITICS 43 Monarchy—A King Must Be Appointed and Honored, 44; The King and the Sanhedrin, 47; The King’s Right to Command, 51; The King’s Right to Punish, 55; Royal Law, 61; Consent, 65; The Maimonidean Monarchy— Instrumental or Natural?, 67 ix Kellner, Menachem Maimonides on Judaism and the Jewish People Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, Kern, Fritz Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Kirschenbaum, Aaron Equity in Jewish Law: Beyond Equity Hoboken, N.J., and New York: Ktav and Yeshiva University Press, ——— “The Role of Punishment in Jewish Criminal Law: A Chapter in Rabbinic Penological Thought.” Jewish Law Annual (): ‒ Klein-Braslavy, Sara “Vérité Prophetique et Vérité Philosophique chez Nissim de Gerona.” Revue des Études Juives (): ‒ Kraemer, Joel “Alfarabi’s Opinions of the Virtuous City and Maimonides’ Foundations of the Law.” Studia Orientalia: Memoriae D H Baneth Dedicata (): ‒ ——— “Naumus Veshariya Bemishnat Harambam.” Te’udah (): ‒ Kreisel, Howard “Judah Halevi’s Influence on Maimonides: A Preliminary Appraisal.” In Maimonidean Studies, edited by Arthur Hyman, ‒ New York: Yeshiva University Press, ——— Maimonides’ Political Thought Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, Landman, L Jewish Law in the Diaspora: Confrontation and Accommodation Philadelphia: Dropsie College, Lapidus, Ira M “The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society.” International Journal of Middle East Studies (): ‒ Lederhendler, Eli The Road to Modern Jewish Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press, Lerner, Ralph “Moses Maimonides.” In History of Political Philosophy, edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, ‒ Chicago: Rand McNally, Lerner, Ralph, and Mushin Mahdi, eds Medieval Political Philosophy Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, Levinger, Jacob S Maimonides as Philosopher and Codifier Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, ——— Maimonides’ Techniques of Codification Jerusalem: Magnes, Lieberman, Saul Hellenism in Jewish Palestine New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, ——— “Interpretations in Mishna” (Hebrew) Tarbiz (): ‒ ——— Tosefeth Rishonim Jerusalem: Bamberger and Wahrmann, ——— Tosefta Ki-fshutah Part , Order Nezikin New York: Jewish Theological Seminary, Lifshitz, B “The Legal Status of the Responsa Literature.” In Authority, Process and Method: Studies in Jewish Law, edited by H Ben-Menahem and N Hecht Vol of Jewish Law in Context Chur, Switzerland: Harwood, Hebrew original in Shenaton ‒ (‒) Lorberbaum, M “Basic Paradigms of Medieval Jewish Political Thought.” In BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 A Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Thought, edited by Daniel H Frank and Oliver Lehman Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (forthcoming) ——— “Maimonides’ Conception of Tiqqun ’Olam and the Teleology of Halakha” (Hebrew) Tarbiz (): ‒ ——— “Maimonides Letter to Ovadyah.” SVARA (): ‒ ——— “Making Space for Leviathan: On Hobbes’ Political Theology.” In Leviathan: Jewish Modernity as Political Theology, edited by Christoph Schmitt Berlin: Vorwerk (forthcoming) Lowith, Karl Meaning in History Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Luz, Ehud Parallels Meet: Religion and Nationalism in the early Zionist Movement, ‒ Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, Macy, Jeffrey “The Rule of Law and the Rule of Wisdom in Plato, al-Farabi and Maimonides.” In Studies in Islamic and Judaic Traditions, edited by William M Brinner and Stephen D Ricks, ‒ Atlanta: Scholars Press, Markus, R A Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St Augustine Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Melamed, Abraham “The Political Discussion in Anatoli’s “Malmad Ha’Talmidim” (Hebrew) Daat (): ‒ Mendenhall, George E The Tenth Generation Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Morell, Samuel “The Constitutional Limits of Communal Government in Rabbinic Law.” Jewish Social Studies (): ‒ Mowinckel, Sigmund He That Cometh Translated by G W Anderson New York: Abingdon Press, Mulgan, R G “Aristotle’s Doctrine that Man Is a Political Animal.” Hermes (): ‒ Nahlon, Aharon “The Authority of Communal Enactments (Takkanot Ha-Kahal): The Legislative Body According to the Tashbetz” (Hebrew) Shenaton (): ‒ ——— “The Communal Enactments (Takkanot Ha-Kahal): Their Legal Nature according to the Tashbetz” (Hebrew) Shenaton ‒ (‒): ‒ ——— “Local Legislation and Independent Local Leadership according to Maimonides.” In Maimonides as Codifier of Jewish Law, edited by Nahum Rakover, ‒ Jerusalem: Library of Jewish Law, Netanyahu, B Don Isaac Abravanel: Statesman and Philosopher Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, Newman, Louis E “Law, Virtue and Supererogation in the Halakha: The Problem of ‘Lifnim Mishurat Hadin’ Reconsidered.” Journal of Jewish Studies (): ‒ Paurs (Faur), Jose “The Basis for the Authority of the Divine Commandments According to Maimonides” (Hebrew) Tarbiz (): ‒ 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY Pedaya, Haviva “Possessed by Speech: Towards an Understanding of the Prophetic Pattern among Early Kabbalists.” Tarbiz (): ‒ Pines, Shlomo “Al-Farabi and Maimonides” (Hebrew) Shenaton ‒ (‒): ‒ ——— “Aristotle’s Politics in Arabic Philosophy.” In Oriental Studies (): ‒ Reprinted in Studies in the History of Arabic Philosophy, ‒ Vol of The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, edited by Sarah Stroumsa Jerusalem: Magnes, ——— “The Limitations of Human Knowledge According to Al-Farabi, ibn Bajja, and Maimonides.” In Twersky, Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, ‒ Reprinted in Harvey and Idel, The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, vol , ‒ ——— “The Philosophic Sources of The Guide of the Perplexed.” In Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, lvii‒cxxxiv ——— “The Philosophical Purport of Maimonides’ Halachic Works and the Purport of The Guide of the Perplexed.” In Maimonides and Philosophy, edited by Shlomo Pines and Yirmiahu Yovel Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, , ‒ Reprinted in Harvey and Idel, The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, vol , ‒ ——— “On the Term Ruhaniyyot and its Origin, and on Judah Halevi’s Doctrine” (Hebrew) Tarbiz (): ‒ ——— “Quelques Reflections sur Maimonide en Guise de Preface.” In Maimonide, La Livre de la Connaissance, ‒ Translated by V Nikiprowetzky and A Zaoui Paris: n.p., Reprinted in Studies in the History of Jewish Thought, ‒ Vol of The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, edited by Warren Zev Harvey and Moshe Idel Jerusalem: Magnes, ——— “Shi’ite Terms and Conceptions in Judah Halevi’s Kuzari,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , , ‒ Reprinted in Harvey and Idel, The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, vol , ‒ ——— Studies in the History of Jewish Philosophy, The Transmission of Texts and Ideas (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, Rabbinovicz, R Variae Lectiones in Mischnam et in Talmud Babylonicum (Dikdukei Sofrim) (Hebrew) New York: M.P., Ravitzky, Aviezer History and Faith Amsterdam: J C Gieben, ——— “Prohibited Wars in the Jewish Tradition.” In The Ethics of War and Peace, edited by Terry Nardin, ‒ Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Rosenberg, Shalom “‘For the Most Part’ (Al Derekh haRov)” (Hebrew) Shenaton ‒ (‒): ‒ ——— “More on ‘For the Most Part’” (Hebrew) In The Jewish Spiritual Leadership in Our Time, edited by Ella Belfer, ‒, ‒ Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: Dvir, BIBLIOGRAPHY 205 Rosenthal, E I J “Political Philosophy in Islam and Judaism.” Judaism (): ‒ ——— Political Thought in Medieval Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ——— Studia Semitica Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Rosenthal, E S “For the Most Part.” In P’raqim, edited by E S Rosenthal Vol (‒), ‒, and vol (‒), ‒ Saperstein, Marc Jewish Preaching: ‒ New Haven: Conn.: Yale University Press, Schmitt, Carl Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty Translated by George Schwab Cambridge: MIT Press, Scholem, Gershom G Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism New York: Schocken, ——— The Messianic Idea in Judaism New York: Schocken, ——— Origins of the Kabbalah Translated by Allan Arkush, edited by R J Werblowsky Princeton, N.J.: Jewish Publication Society and Princeton University Press, Schorsch, Ismar “On the History of the Political Judgment of the Jew.” In From Text to Context: The Turn to History in Modern Judaism Hanover, N.H., and London: Brandeis University Press, Schwarzschild, Steven S “Moral Radicalism and ‘Middlingness’ in the Ethics of Maimonides.” In The Pursuit of the Ideal: Jewish Writings of Steven Schwarzschild, edited by Menachem M Kellner Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, Segal, Peretz “Postbiblical Jewish Criminal Law and Theology.” Jewish Law Annual (): ‒ Septimus, Bernard “Communal Struggle in Barcelona during the Maimonidean Controversy” (Hebrew) Tarbiz (): ‒ ——— Hispano-Jewish Culture in Transition: The Career and Controversies of Ramah Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ——— “‘Open Rebuke and Concealed Love’: Nahmanides and the Andalusian Tradition.” In Twersky, Rabbi Moses Nahmanides (Ramban), ‒ ——— “Piety and Power in Thirteenth-Century Catalonia.” In Twersky, Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, ‒ Shilo, Shmuel Dina De-Malkhuta Dina (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press, Shohat, I “Concerning the First Controversy over the Writings of Maimonides” (Hebrew) Zion (): ‒ Silman, Yochanan Philosopher and Prophet Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, Silver, Allan “Kingship and Political Agency.” JPT, pp ‒ ——— “Kingship and Political Agency in Jewish Thought.” SVARA (): ‒ Silver, Daniel J Maimonidean Criticism and the Maimonidean Controversy ‒ Leiden: Brill, 206 BIBLIOGRAPHY Soloveitchik, Haym “Maimonides’ Iggeret Ha-Shemad: Law and Rhetoric.” In Rabbi Joseph H Lookstein Memorial Volume, edited by L Landman, ‒ New York: Ktav, ——— The Use of Responsa as Historical Source (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center and the Hebrew University, Stern, Josef “Maimonides on Language and the Science of Language.” In Maimonides and the Sciences, edited by Robert Cohen and Hillel Levine Dordecht: Martinus Nijhoff/Kluwer Publications (forthcoming) ——— Problems and Parables of Law Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, Strauss, Leo The City and Man Chicago: Rand McNally, ——— “Farabi’s Plato.” In Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume, ‒ New York: American Academy for Jewish Research, ——— “How to Begin to Study The Guide of the Perplexed.” In Maimondes, The Guide of the Perplexed ——— “On Abravanel’s Philosophical Tendency and Political Teaching.” In Isaac Abravanel (Six Lectures), edited by J B Trend and H Loewe, ‒ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ——— Persecution and the Art of Writing Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ——— Philosophy and Law Translated by E Adler Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, ——— The Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes Translated by Elsa M Sinclair Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ——— “Quelques Remarques sur la Science Politique de Maimonide et de Farabi.” Revue des Études Juives (): ‒ ——— What is Political Philosophy? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Susser, Bernard “On the Reconstruction of Jewish Political Theory.” In Public Life in Israel and the Diaspora, edited by Sam N Lehman-Wilzig and Bernard Susser, ‒ Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan, Susser, Bernard, and Eliezer Don Yihyeh “Prolegomena to Jewish Political Theory.” KC, ‒ Talmon, S “The King’s Law” (Hebrew) In The Rise of the Israelite Monarchy, edited by A Malamat, ‒ Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center, Tashma, Israel Early Franco-German Ritual and Custom (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Magnes, ——— “Jewish Judiciary and Law in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries in Spain” (Hebrew) Shenaton (): ‒ ——— “Law, Custom and Tradition in Early Jewish Germany—Tentative Reflections” (Hebrew) Sidra (): ‒ ——— “The Literary Work of Joseph Ha-Levi ibn Migas” (Hebrew) Kirjat Sepher (‒): ‒, ‒; (): ‒ BIBLIOGRAPHY 207 ——— “The Literary Work of R Meir Ha-Levi Abulafia” (Hebrew) Kirjat Sepher (): ‒ ——— “Philosophical Considerations for Halakhic Decision-Making in Spain” (Hebrew) Sefunot (New Series) () (): ‒ ——— Ritual, Custom and Reality in Franco-Germany ‒ (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Magnes, Tcherikover, V The Jews in Egypt (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Magnes, Twersky, Isadore Introduction to the Code of Maimonides New Haven: Yale University Press, ——— “Some Non-Halakhic Aspects of the Mishneh Torah.” In Jewish Medieval and Renaissance Studies, edited by A Altmann, ‒ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ———, ed A Maimonides Reader New York: Behrman, Tykocinski, H The Geonic Ordinances (Hebrew) Translated by Meir Havazelet Jerusalem: Sura, Urbach, E E The Halakha—Its Sources and Development (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Massada, ——— The Tosaphists: Their History, Writings, and Methods (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, Walzer, Michael “War and Peace in the Jewish Tradition.” In The Ethics of War and Peace, edited by Terry Nardin, ‒ Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Walzer, Michael, Menachem Lorberbaum, and Noam J Zohar, eds., Yair Lorberbaum, co-editor The Jewish Political Tradition (JPT), Vol , Authority New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, Weber, Max Economy and Society Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich Berkeley: University of California Press, Weiler, Gershon Jewish Theocracy Leiden: Brill, Weinfeld, Moshe “The Transition from Tribal Rule to Monarchy and Its Impact on the History of Israel.” KC, ‒ Wolfson, Harry A Studies in the History of Philosophy and Religion Edited by Isadore Twersky and G H Williams vols Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ‒ Yuval, Israel Jacob Scholars in Their Time (Hebrew) Jerusalem: Magnes, 208 BIBLIOGRAPHY NAME INDEX In this index “f ” after a number indicates a separate reference on the next page, and “ff ” indicates separate references on the next two pages A continous discussion over two or more pages is indicated by a span of numbers Passim indicates a cluster of references in close but not consecutive sequence Arama, Isaac, n Abravalia, Joseph, f Abravanel, Isaac, , , n, n, n; critique of politics, ff, , n Absalom, Abulafia, Meir b Todros Halevi, , , n Adam, , n Ibn Adret, Solomon b Abraham (Rashba), f, , , , f, , ; conception of politics, ‒, f, , f, n Works: Responsa :, n; :, , n; :, n; :, n; :, ; :, ff, , , ; :, ‒, ; :, n; “Responsum on Informers,” ‒ Ahab, n Akiva, Rabbi, , , , n Albeck, Hanoch, n Albeck, Shalom, Albo, Joseph, Alfasi, Isaac, , n, n Anatoli, Jacob, Anderson, Perry, n Aristotle, f, , , ‒ passim, , , nn,, n, n, n; on equity, ‒, n, n, n Works: Nicomachean Ethics, , ; Politics, Asher b Yehiel, Atlas, Samuel, n Augustine, n, n Baer, Isaac, , n Ibn Bajja, Abu Bakr Muhammad, Baron, Salo W., n Ben-Hadad, n Ben-Menahem, Hanina, n Berman, Harold J., , Berman, Lawrence V., , n, n Blidstein, Gerald, f, f, n, n, n; “two tiers,” , Works: 209 Political Concepts in Maimonidean Halakhah, , , , n Borenstein, Abraham, n Buber, Martin, , f, n Caesar, Chavel, Charles B., Cohen, Hermann, n Cohen, Mark, n Crescas, Asher, f, nn‒ Crescas, Hasdai, , n Crisp, Jacob, of Toledo, n Ibn Daud, Abraham, Works: The Book of Tradition, n; The Exalted Faith, f, n David, f, f, , , n Duran, Profiat (Efodi), f, n Duran, Shimon b Zemah, n Efron, Joshua, n Eleazar b Azariah, Eliezer b Jacob, , Elijah of Vilna, n Englard, Itzhak, n Enosh, ‒ Ibn Falaquera, Shemtov, f Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad, , f, n, n Works: The Virtuous City, , , n Finkelstein, Louis, Funkenstein, Amos, n, n Galston, Miriam, , n, nn‒,, n, n Gerondi, Jonah, Gerondi, Nissim b Reuben (Ran), ff, n, n; conception of politics, , f, ‒, , n; critical of Kabbalah, , n; critical of philosophy, ‒, n; and science, f, , n Works: Commentary on the Bible, nn‒; Novellae, n; Responsa, , f; , ; Sermons (Derashot ha-Ran), ; , , ; , ; , ; 210 NAME INDEX , , f; , f, ‒, , ‒, ; , Gerundi, Jonah, Goitein, S D., Grodzinsky, Chaim Ozer, Gutenmacher, Daniel, Habiba, Joseph, , n Halevi, Aaron, , Halevi, Judah, ‒ , , , , , n Works: Kuzari :‒, , n; :‒, ; :, n; :‒, f; :, , ; :, ; :, ; :, n; :, n Hananel, Rabbenu, n Al-Harizi, Judah, n Hartman, David, , n, n, n Harvey, Zev, n, n, n Herod, n Herzog, Isaac, , n Hippocrates, n Hobbes, Thomas, f, , , , f Horowitz, Isaiah, n Idel, Moshe, n Isaiah, ‒ Ishbili, Yom Tov, , n Jeroboam, f, n Jesus, Joab, Johanan, Rabbi, Jonah of Girona, f Josephus Flavius, f, n Joshua, ff, Kant, Immanuel, , n Kaspi, Joseph, n Kaufmann, Yehezkel, n Kimchi, David, f Kirschenbaum, Aaron, ‒, , n, n Korah, Lapidus, Ira, n Locke, John Works: Letter Concerning Toleration, ‒, ; Second Treatise of Government, Machiavelli, Nicollo, Works: The Discourses, ; The Prince, Macy, Jeffrey, n Maimonides, ff, n; conception of politics, , , f, , , ff, , ‒, n; as monarchist, , f, , , n; naturalization of politics, ff, , ; as proto-Hobbesian, ; on talmudic precedent, n Works: Commentary on the Mishnah, Horayot :, ; Makkot :, , ; Sanhedrin :, n; Eight chapters, n, n The Guide of the Perplexed, , ; Introduction, ; :, f, ; :, f, , ; :, n; :‒, n; :, , , n, n; :,ff, ff, ‒, , , , n; :, n; :, ff; :, ; :, , n; :, , , , , f, , n; :, n; :, ‒; :, n; :, , n; :, , , , n, n; :, n; :, n; :, n, n; :, , , nn,; :, f Medical Aphorisms, n Mishneh Torah, , Introduction, n Laws concerning Damages by Chattels, :, n Laws of the Foundations of the Torah, :, n; :‒, Laws concerning Idolatry, :, ‒; :, Laws of Kings, ; :, n; :‒, n; :, ; :, ; :, ; :, ; :, ; :, , ; :, , ; :‒, ; :, , , , , ; :, ; :, , ff; chapter , ; :, ff; :, ; :, n; :, ; :, ; :, n; :, f, n; :, ; :, ; :, ; :, , Laws concerning Murder and the Preservation of Life, :‒, n; :,, , ; :‒, Laws concerning Neighbors, chapter , ; chapter , ; :, , f Laws concerning Original Acquisition and Gifts, :, ; :, Laws concerning Rebels, :, , n; :, , ; Laws concerning Repentance, :, Laws concerning Robbery and Lost Property, :, ; :, f; :, , ; :, Laws concerning Sales, :, , n; :, ; :, n, , n Laws concerning Sanhedrin, :‒, ; :, ; :‒, n; :, n; :, n, n; :, n Laws concerning the Study of the Torah, :, Laws concerning Transgressions through Error, :, , , Responsa, , n; , n; , n; , n Treatise on Logic, , n, n Meir of Rothenberg, , , Meiri, Menachem: Bet ha-Behirah, , , n, n Mendelssohn, Moses, Mendenhall, George E., n Ibn Migash, Joseph, , , , n, nn‒, n Mohamed, Moses, , , f, , , n Nahlon, Aharon, , , n Nahmanides, f, , , ‒, ‒, f, n, n Works: Commentary on the Torah, f; Mishpat ha-Herem, ff, ; Responsa, , n; , n Narboni, Moses, n Papa, Rav, , Pedro III, NAME INDEX 211 Perfet, Isaac b Sheshet, , nn,, n, n Plato, , , , , , n Works: Laws, , n, n; Republic, , ; Statesman, Rashi, n Ravitzky, Aviezer, n, n Rosenberg, Shalom, Rosenthal, E S., , n Saadia Gaon, Works: Books of Beliefs and Opinions, Introduction:, Saladin, n Samuel, , , f Saperstein, Marc, , n Saul, Scholem, Gershom, , n, n Schorsch, Ismar, n Septimus, Bernard, D., , n Shapur, King, Ibn Shem Tov, Shem Tov, n, n Shilo, Shmuel, f Shimon b Gamaliel, , , 212 NAME INDEX Shimon b Shatah, Solomon, , , Spinoza, Baruch, , , , , f Works: TTP, See also Sovereign supremacy Stern, Joseph, Strauss, Leo, , , , n Works: The City and Man, ; Persecution and the Art of Writing, n; Philosophy and Law, , , n Talmon, S., n Tcherikover, V., n Ibn Tibbon, Judah, , , n Ibn Tibbon, Samuel, f Twersky, Isadore, , n Weber, Max, n Weiler, Gershon, Works: Jewish Theocracy, , , Weinfeld, Moshe, Yannai, King, , , Zerhaiah Halevi, GENERAL INDEX Anarchy, , Anitnomianism, Aristocracy, f, Criminal law, , , ‒, f Custom, ; and law, ff, f, nn‒ “Custom voids halakha,” , Barcelonean school, , , , , n Dat, ff, , nn,, n; she-lo ka-dat, Democracy, , Destruction of civilized society (hashatat yishuvo shel olam), , , Din, f, ; din Torah, ; din ha-melekh / ha-malkhut, f, ‒, , , , , , n, n; and psharah, ; she-lo ka-din, , , n Dina demalkhuta, Dina demalkhuta dina (“the law of the kingdom is law”), , , , f, , , n, n, n Disobedience, , Divine influence, , ‒, ff Divine law See under Halakhah; Law; Royal law; Torah Caliph, n Cannon law, xiii Capital punishment, , , , ‒, , , , n, nn, City, , , , n, n, n See also Town; Townspeople Civil law, , See also under Law, ritual vs civil Community, , , ; and corporation, n; of faith, ; holy, , See also Kahal Consent, ff, , , n Constitution, , ; conflicts and tensions, , ff, , , , ; law, , , ; politics of, xiii; theory of, , , See also under Monarchy, constitutional; Polity, constitutional arrangements Corporal punishment, , f, , n Courts, f, f, f, ; discretionary powers of, , , , n See also Sanhedrin Emergency measures, , , , f, , Equality, f, , n Equity, ‒, n See also under Aristotle Exilarch, n 213 Exile, xiv, , , , , n, n Expulsion from Spain, Extralegal powers, f, ‒ passim, , , , , , , , , n God, ; law of, , ; as king, , , , f; as political agent, ; as sovereign, See also Divine law; Theocracy Good men of the city/town, Government, , f, ff, ‒, , , , ff, ff, , , , ‒ passim; forms of, f, f, , , , , n; self-government, See also Ruling Halakhah, , , ; Ashkenazic, , , n; ideal and social, Halakhic polity, , , Happiness, , , , f, n See also Human beings, perfection of Herem (ban), ‒, , , n Holy spirit, , n Hora’at sha’ah (temporary decisions), , , n Human beings: as anarchic, ; lacking selfsufficiency, , ; as microcosm, ; perfection of, , , , , f, , , , , ; as political, , , , , , ; as rational, f, ; as social, , , See also Happiness Ideal and Real, , , , , , ff, , n Idolatry, , ‒; politics as, f, n Informer, ff Islamic law, xiii, n Jerusalem, , Jewish law, xiii, , See also Halakhah; Torah Jewish Political Thought, xiv, n Jewish State, ; See also State of Israel Judges, Book of, , n Justice, , ‒, f, , , f, , , , , , , nn‒; absolute and political, , , , f, f, f, , , , n See also Aristotle, on equity 214 GENERAL INDEX Kabbalah, , f, , n, nn‒, n, n Kahal, ‒, f, n; autonomy of, xiv, f, ; discretionary powers, ‒ passim, ; enforcement powers, f, , ; as legal personsa, ff, ; legislation by, , , , ff, f, , n; as polity, f, f, , , f, f; and rabbi, Kings: accountability of, , ff; authority of, ; autonomy of, , ; beyond the law, , ; deification of, , n; discretionary powers of, , , , , , ; House of David, f, , f, , , f, , , n, n; of Israel, , , ff, f, ff, , , , , , nn,; limits upon, , ; non-Jewish, ff, , ; prerogatives of, ‒ passim, , , , n; right to punish, , ; right to tax, , ‒; and Sanhedrin, ‒, , f, See also Monarchy; Royal law; Sovereign supremacy; Sovereignty King’s law, , , f, , , , , n See also Royal law Knowledge, ‒, nn‒, n Law: analytic conditions of, , ff, ; annulment of, f, n; and commands, , ; commensurability of, ; conventional, ; correction of, , , n; definition of, , , ; as good, , ; grading, ff; ideal, n; as just, ff, , , ; legal systems, , , , , f, , n; limitations of, ‒, , , ; limits of, , , , , , ; and medicine, f, n; and politics, , , , , , f, f, n; preeminence of, ; primacy of, ; rational, , f; revealed, xiv, ; ritual vs civil, f, , , ; rule of, , , , , , f, , , , n; suspension of, ; true and just vs political, f, , ff, See also Halakhah; Royal law; Torah Legislator, ; prophet as, , Legislation, , ‒, , , , ff, , n, n See also under Kahal Legitimacy, , , f, , Magic, Maxims: Breach the fence of the world, f, , n Even a gang of robbers must have a kind of justice among them, f, , The judge follows only what he sees with his eyes, Man is political by nature, ff, , , , , , , , Needs of the hour, , , f, f, , A person cannot render himself an evildoer, Medinah, Messiah, ‒ Messianic times, , , ; and law, , Messianism, ; doctrines of, , ff, n; fantasies, f Monarchy, , ; constitutional, ; creation of, , n; debate over, , , ; end of, ; heredity principle, f; and law, xiii, ; mixed, Nature, , , n; human, ; state of, f, f Natural law, , , n Noahide law, , , , f, nn‒, n Nomos/ Nomoi, , , f, ff, , , , , nn, See also under Polity Philosopher-king, , Philosophy, , , , f, , , n; anti philosophical, , , , , Polis, f, n Political association (ha-kibbutz ha-medini), , , , , n Political agency, xiii, , , f, , n Political language, , f Political science, , , , , , n Political society, , , , , Political theology, , Politics, , , , , ; as aberration, ; autonomy of, , , , , , , , , ; conceptions of, , , f, , , , , , ; distinctness of, ; definition of, f, ; justification of, , ; legitimacy of, , ; as natural, , ; necessity of, , , ; political vs social, ff; and power, ; preceding law, , , , , , , , f; priority of, , ; and rationality, , ; rejection of, n; and ritual, ; as robbery, ‒, ; transcending of, , , n See also Idolatry; Law; Ruling: Secularization; Theocracy Polity: best regime, ; constitutional arrangements of, , , , , ‒, n, nn,; divine, , , , ; grading of, , ff; ideal, , , f; messianic, ‒, , f; natural, , , ; nomoitic, , , n; as a whole, f, , , n See also Halakhic polity; Medinah Power, f, , , f, , , , , , f, , , , , , , n, n, n, nn,; abuse of, Presumption, , n Priesthood, , n Prominent person/scholar (adam hashuv), f, , nn‒, nn, Prophet, , Prosperity, Prudence, , , f, , , , f Public, , n; domain, ; members of, ; law, , , ‒; needs, ; works, , , , Pursuer (rodef ), , n Rabbinate: professionalization of, n, nn‒ Rationalism, See also Philosophy Rebellion, , Religion, ; and law, ; and politics, , , n; and state, xiiif See also Dat Republic, , n GENERAL INDEX 215 Republican, Rhetoric, , n Ritual, ‒ Royal law, f, f, ‒, f, f, ‒, , ff, , ff, f, , , , , n See also Kings; Law Ruler, f, , , , Ruling, f, , , , See also Government Sabbatianism, Sanhedrin, ff, , ‒ passim, , , ff, , f, f, n; and capital punishment, , ff, ; and discretionary powers, ‒, , , Scarcity, , Secularization: definition of, f; of culture, , ; of politics, , f, f, , , , , , , f, ff, f Sermon, as genre, , n, n Society, f Sovereignty, ff, , , f, , , , ; conflicts of, , , Sovereign supremacy, , , , , f State of Israel, , , n, n Sultan, , Supererogation, f, n, n Takkanot ha-Kahal See Kahal, legislation by 216 GENERAL INDEX Taxation, ‒, f Tax law, ‒ Theocracy, xiii, ff, ; conception of politics, f, f, ; critique of politics, , See also Buber; Idolatry Tikkun ha-medinah/siddur medini, , ff, f, , , f, ‒, , , , nn‒ Tikkun olam, , ‒, , , , n, n Torah, , ; as law, , ; as divine law, , f, , ; sacral nature of, , , , ; Torah law, f, , , , f, , , f, , , , , f, , ; transgression of, See also Halakhah; Law; Royal law Tosafists, Town, , f See also Kahal; City Townspeople, , ‒, ‒ Tyranny, f, Utopian vision, , ff War, , f, , , n Warning, , , , , n Wisdom, , ; rule of, , , , n, n Zionism, n CONTRAVERSIONS jews and other differences Menachem Lorberbaum, Politics and the Limits of Law: Secularizing the Political in Medieval Jewish Thought Stephen D Moore, God’s Beauty Parlor: And Other Queer Spaces In and Around the Bible Rela Mazali, Else Where: Maps of Women’s Goings and Stayings Shelly Matthews, First Converts: Rich Pagan Women and the Rhetoric of Mission in Early Judaism and Christianity Gabriella Safran, Rewriting the Jew: Assimilation Narratives in the Russian Empire Galit Hasan-Rokem, Web of Life: Folklore in Rabbinic Literature Charlotte Elisheva Fonrobert, Menstrual Purity: Rabbinic and Christian Reconstructions of Biblical Gender James A Matisoff, Blessings, Curses, Hopes, and Fears: Psycho-Ostensive Expressions in Yiddish, second edition Benjamin Harshav, The Meaning of Yiddish Benjamin Harshav, Language in Time of Revolution Amir Sumaka’i Fink and Jacob Press, Independence Park: The Lives of Gay Men in Israel Alon Goshen-Gottstein, The Sinner and the Amnesiac: The Rabbinic Invention of Elisha ben Abuya and Eleazar ben Arach Bryan Cheyette and Laura Marcus, eds., Modernity, Culture, and ‘the Jew’ Benjamin D Sommer, A Prophet Reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah – Marilyn Reizbaum, James Joyce’s Judaic Other