Ứng dụng wavelet trong nén ảnh và nén v ideo giải khuyến khích

CONG TRINH Dl/ THI GIA.I THUONG "SINH VIEN NGHIEN CUu KHOA HQC" NAM2005 03~ro A A • TEN CONG TRINH irNG DUNG • ,? WAVELET "" TRONG NEN ANH VA NEN VIDEO ThuQc nh6m ngimh: TNt @ai tel- ~) NlJ.~ 4-l0CU1~ ~ & L~ GLt\.I TRUONG CONG TRiNH DU THI "SINH VrEN NGHiEN CUU KHOA HQC" NAM2005 03*ro , , " TEN CONG TRINH UNG DUNG WAVELET • TRONG NEN ANH vA NEN VIDEO ThuQc nh6m nganh: TN! TOM TAT CONG TRiNH T6c dQ phat triSn nhanh chong cua ky thu~t m~ng cung vai sv bung n6 Internet tren to~mcllu lam cho nhu cfiu truy~n tai thOng tin dt Ian Dfr li~uanh va video la mQt nhUng thong tin dugc truy~n tai nhi~u nhfrt, nh&m ph\lC V\l cho nhi~u nhu cllu da d~ng khac cua nguai dung: giai tri, phim anh, truy~n hinh trvc tuy~n, cac bu6i hQi thao ill xa, hay don gian la cac.tmg d\lng co h6 trg chuc nang webcam Do do, nen dfr li~u la mQt nhUng buac tfrt y~u vi~c lUll tm va truy~n tai dfr li~u hinh anh va video qua m~ng h~n ch~ v~ tai nguyen, bang thong Cac kY thu~t nen phai dugc cai ti~n khong ngtmg dS dap ung dugc nhUng yeu cfiu cling cao ca v~ chfrt lugng va ty l~ nen (hai yeu cfiu trai ngugc nhau) Ngoai ra, rna hoa video pMi dap tmg yeu cfiu truy@ntai tren moi twang m~ng h6n t~p vai nhi~u bfrt d6ng bQ cua thi~t bi dllu cu6i nhu: may tr~m (PDA-7 PC), bang thong(56K -7 T3), kich cO'man hinh (di~n tho~i di dQng -7 tivi co dQ phan giai cao), hon nfra la m\lc dich su d\lng khac (hQi thao, chat h6 trg webcam, ), dQ l6i moi twang tin hi~u nhiSu, va kha nang khoi ph\lc chua nh~n du bit-stream (embeded code) f)S giai quy~t yeu cllu clln phai co mQt phuong phap nen co tinh m~m deo cao, cho phep anh va video sau nen co thS cho nhi~u chfrt lugng, dQ phan giai va ti l~ khung hinh khac thuQc van ti l~ bit da nh~n, t6c dQ cling nhu bang thOng cua cac thi~t bi dllu cu6i Do do, m\lc tieu cua cong trinh nghien cUu t~p trung van tf I?, chdt luc;rngmin cung vai khii nang scalability nen anh va video so vai chuftn nen JPEG va MPEG Huang ti~p c~n cua cong trinh dVa tren n~n tang ly thuy~t v@wavelet, ap d\lng phep bi~n d6i wavelet van bai toan nen anh, video va mQt s6 thu~t toan dung d@lugng tu hOa bang M s6 wavelet nhu SPIHT, CSPIHT GIro THI~U Ngay nay, Internet da tra nen ph& biSn tren toan c~u, nhu cAutruy~n tai thong tin Ia r~t lOn, dfr li~u anh va video cung Ia mQt nhfrng thong tin dugc truy~n tai nhi~u nh~t vi anh va video dugc su d\lng nhi~u m\lc dfch nhu: truy~n hinh, cac bu&i hQi tMo tn,rc tuySn, hay don gian cac tmg d\lng chat co h6 trg chilc nang webcam Do do, nen dfr Ii~u Ia mQt nhfrng buac tftt ySu vi~c luu tn! va truy~n tai DS th~y dugc t~m quan trQng, ta tinh toan mQt cach don gian: mQt gia video mau vai dQphan giai 576x704 pixel tren khung hinh, c~n khoan 110GB cho vi~c luu trfr ho~c 240Mbps cho vi~c truy~n tii thai gian thvc Di~u cho ta th~y video Ia tin hi~u co sv du thira dfr Ii~u cao, t6n t~i cac khung hinh va gifra cac khung hinh vai Sv gi6ng nhati gifra cac khung hinh chinh Ia sv du thira dfr li~u theo thai gian, va tinh d6ng nh~t mQt khung hinh d~n dSn sv du thira dfr li~u khong gian Vi thS, ban ch~t t~t ca cac bQ rna hoa anh va video thvc hi~n cong vi~c cua chung Ia khai tMc ca hai Io~i du thira dfr li~u tren b~ng cach su d\lng phep phan tfch theo khong gian (nen theo khong gian) va phep phan tfch theo thai gian (nen theo thai gian) Khong chi t6i uu hoa v~ m~t dung Iugng, cac bQ rna hoa anh va video pMi dap tmg dugc yeu cAu truy~n tai tren moi twang m~ng h6n t~p vai nhi~u sv b~t d6ng bQ: - Sv khong d6ng bQ cua may tr~m (client): + V~ bang thong: tir 56K dSn T3 + V~ kfch co man hinh: man hinh di~n tho~i di dQng cho dSn man hinh tivi co dQphan giai cao (HDTV) + V~ thiSt bi nh~n: ill thiSt bi co bQ vi xu Iy thftp nhu PDA cho dSn thiSt bi co bQ vi xu Iy m~nh hon nhu PC - Yeu cAu khac v~ ch~t Iugng anh nh~n tren tirng Io~i thiSt bihay cho m\lc dfch su d\lng (nhu moi twang hQi tMo, cac chat h6 trg web cam tren m~ng, ) - Y~u cAu v~ thay d&i dQng mQt cach nhanh chOng v~ bang thong va t6c dQ cua cac khung hinh - DQ 16i cua duang truy~n moi twang m~ng nhi~u tin hi~u nhiSu, va kha nang khoi ph\lc vai ch~t Iugng th~p chua nh~n du bit-stream (rna nhung hay "embeded code") Do do, bQ rna hoa pMi co kha nang scalability (kha nang thay d&i theo mQttieu chuful v~ bitrate, SNR, spatio ) hay embedded (rna nhUng) dS dap dugc nhfrng yeu cAuphilc t~p vi~c truy~n tai tren moi twang m~ng h6n t~p * D8i tU'Q'ngnghien clfu: Chu~n nen JPEG va MPEG c6 mQt s6 h~ Vi v~y, ta co: V)+1 = Va EF>~ EF>~-l EF> EF>Wa * Phep bi~n d8i wavelet ro-i rl}c: Chung ta co thS vi@t: cm.n(f) =< If/m.n'! >= flf/ m,n(x)f(x)dx nhu sau: cm,n(f) = LgZn-kam-l,k(f) k vai gl = (-l)lh_l+\ va hn = i/z fqJ(x-n)qJ(2)dx Khi f duQ'c cho bai dlilngmfru, chung ta gia S11r~ng mQi mfru vai thu tv cao nhftt co dQ phan giai xftp xi h~ s6 aO,n'BiSu thuc (3) cho thfty thu~t toan rna bOa tren gia tri cua mfru vai bo 1Qcthftp (low-pass filter) h va bQ lQCcao (high-pass filter) g Cho ca So' wavelet tn;rc giao, ta co thS tai cftu truc mQt cach chinh xac bQ lQc bai biSu thuc sau: am_l,n(f) = L [hzn-,am,n(f) + gZn-,cm,n (f)] n * Wavelet trlfe giao va song trlfe giao: D6i vai Wavelet tn;rc giao, slJ bi~n d6i thu~n va nghich la chuySn vi Ifrn hay noi cach khac, bQ lQc qua trinh phan tich d6ng nhftt vai bQ lQc qua trinh t6ng hQ'P Khong co tinh chftt tn;rc giao, Wavelet cho qua trinh phan tich va t6ng hQ'PduQ'CgQi 180 song trlJc giao (biorthogonal) BQ lQc cho qua trinh t6ng hQ'P khong d6ng nhftt vai bQ lQc cho qua trinh phan tich ChUng ta kY hi~u chung 180 gO[n] va gI[n] DS xac dinh mQt phep bi~n d6i Wavelet song tn;rc giao, chung ta c~n ca hai hOrn] va g[O][n], va tinh hI [n] va gi [n] theo cong thuc: h\[n] = (-It go[1- n] va g\[n] = (-It ho[1- n] (4) MQt s6 cac bQ lQc wavelet tn;rc giao nhu: Haar, Daubechies4, Daubechies6, Daubechies8 MQt s6 cac bQ lQc song trlJc giao nhu: Antonini 917, Villa 10/18, Brislawn UNG D1)NG WAVELET TRONG NEN ANH Nhu da trinh bay m\lc 3, phep bi~n d6i wavelet dung dS bi~n d6i tin hi~u vS miSn t~n s6 va phan tich tin hi~u hai ph~n, ph~n (smooth) va ph~n chi ti~t (detail) Khi ap d\mg phep bi~n d6i wavelet nen anh, ph~n thS hi~n thong tin mau s~c trung binh va ph~n chi ti~t thS hi~n SlJ khac gifra cac pixel Ian c~n ThOng 16 Chu6i bit nh?n duQ'c sau ap d\1ng thu?t toan CSPIHT d~ ina hOa nhom anh g6m phfuI mau (IYQ) nhu a hinh sau: • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q L ffinh Tl;limQt thai di~m xac dinh duQ'c ca pli~n mau 12 Cach rna hoa rna rnau nhUng cua thucjt toan CSP IHT Nhu V?y qua vi~c cai tiSn c~u truc ciiy khong gian dinh hu6ng nhu a hinh 11 va chu6i bit nh?n duQ'c nhu a hinh 12, thu?t toan CSPIHT da kh~c ph\lc duQ'c nhuQ'c di~m cua thu?t toan SPIHT rna hOa anh mau, thoa diSu ki~n (2) cua rna hoa nhung * Mil hoa Entropy (Entropy coding) Sau qua cac thu?t toan SPIHT hay CSPIHT, bang h~ s6 Wavelet duQ'c xu~t timg lu6ng bit vai s6 leY tlJ bi~u diSn nh6 (BIT!, BITO, BIT+, BIT -) Chu6i bit se duQ'crna hOa bao toan mQt l~n nua qua bQ Entropy vai rna hinh thich nghi nhu Adaptive Huffman Coder, Arthimetic Coder d~ t6i uu kich thuac l~n cu6i truac chu6i bit duQ'c truySn tren ken truySn hay luu xu6ng thiSt bi luu tru UNG Dl}NG WAVELET TRONG NEN VIDEO VS co ban quy trinh nen video dung phep biSn d6i wavelet hoan toan gi6ng nen anh dung phep biSn d6i wavelet nhu da trinh bay m\lc Vi video la mQt chu6i cac hinh anh lien tiSp nen ta cling co th~ thlJc hi~n nen tu~n 11Jtirng khung anh b&ng each thlJC hi~n phep biSn d6i wavelet chiSu tren tung khung anh nhung cach chi lam giam bat du thua a miSn khang gian Do khung anh hin c?n thuang gi6ng nen nen tirng khung anh nhu tren khang t6i uu Vi V?y d~ t?n d\lng t6t du thua du li~u giua cac khung anh, ta xem chu6i anh nhu mQt kh6i anh vai chiSu thu la chiSu thai gian Do do, phai rna rQng phep biSn d6i wavelet chiSu ph~n nen aM them chiSu thai gian (temporal) Ta co phep biSn d6i wavelet chiSu nhu sau: 17 ' -y -~/ ' .,, -_./ BiSn d6i theo thai gian BiSn d6i theo kh6ng gian IDnh 13 Phep biin d6i wavelet chi~u * Phan tich chi~u tho; gian nen video: M\Jc dich chfnh cua phan tich theo chiSu thai gian la giam bOt S\1'du thua theo chiSu thai gian da t6n t~i mQt cach t\1'nhien gifra cac khung hinh mQt GOF (Group of Frame), t~p trung h~u hSt nang lUQ'llgvao t~n s6 th:lp cua GOF qua trinh phan tich Tuy theo tUng cach rna hos video, qua trinh phan tich l-D theo thai gian co thS duQ'c lam co ho~c khong co ph~n btl chuySn dQng Bq lC}ctho; gian khong co btl chuy~n oqng: D6i vai phep phan tich theo thai gian khong co bu chuySn dQng, nhUng khung hinh d~u tien duQ'c nhom tUng c~p M6i c~p duQ'c lQc theo thai gian bai bQ lQc phan tich dQc theo tf\lC thai gian dS t~o mQt khung hinh t~n s6 th:lp (L) va mQt khung hinh t~n s6 cao (H) KS tiSp, nhUng khung hinh tk s6 th:lp duQ'ctiSp Wc phan tich dS lam tang hi~u qua rna hoa theo mQt c:iu truc phan tich hinh chOp GOF !-L3 l-H3 IDnh 14 Phan tich nh6m 16 hinh theo chi~u thili gian 18 BQ lC}c thiYi gian biJ chuy~n dQng (MCTF - Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering): Khi co chuy~n dQng qua nhanh do~n video, bQ IQc thai gian chi~u thlJc hi~n dQc theo tl1;lCthai gian se t~o vSt rna cho arm a tfrn s6 th~p Hon thS nfra, nhfrng di~m anh co gia tri quan trQng t6n t~i bang tfrn s6 cao gay nen SlJ kern hi~u qua clla giai thu~t nen f)~ giai quySt nhfrng v~n d~ nay, bQ IQCthai gian gifra nhfrng khung hinh li~n k~ nen thlJc hi~n theo quy d~o chuy~n dQng < ~ GOF :;> MOIUm Com~nsallon low-pass Temporal Fillming high poss Temporal Fillerin ~ mnh 15 Phan tich aa phan gild theo thai gian vai bit chuydn at5ng Thay vi lam dQc chinh xac theo chi~u thai gian Clla video nh~p, bQ IQC thai gian thlJC hi~n dQc theo quy d~o chuy~n dQng Clla nhfrng khung hinh li~n k~ d~ lam giam SlJdu thira theo thai gian Theo phuong phap nay, nang IUQ11g Clla bang thai gian cao giam mQt each dang k~ Hon nfra, no khong lam rna va it kh6i chuy~n dQng gia t~o bang thai gian th~p, co ich cho vi~c thich nghi theo thai gian, it kh6i gia t~o(tang hi~u qua nen).Do do, hi~u qua rna hoa duQ'ctang len dang k~ * MO' rQng cay khong gian dinh hmyng: Cay khong gian dinh hu6ng phep biSn d6i wavelet chi~u rna rQng them chi~u thai gian nen co ten la cay khong gian-thai gian dinh hu6ng (spatial-temporal orientation tree) 19 y ffinh 16 Cay khOng gian-thai gian iftnh huang * Quy trinh nen video: Encoder Video : Bitstream -I Input Video I I : : 3D Analysis Quantizer ' ' Entropy Encoder I I - _ Decoder , -I Recontructed Video : : 3D Synthesis Dequantizer I Entropy Decoder ~ i Received Bitstream ffinh 17 Quy trlnh nen video Quy trinh nen video (hinh 17) hoan toan tuang tv nhu quy trinh nen anh (hinh 5) Chi thay d6i rnQt s6 diSrn nhu sau: (1) dftu VilO va dftu eua bQ rna h6a va bQ giai rna la rnQt nhOrn anh (GOP), (2) phep phful tich va t6ng hgp rna rQng phep biSn d6i wavelet ehi~u, (3) qua trinh IUQ11gtl1 hOa rna rQng them ehi~u thai gian dfin dSn t~t ea cae t~p hgp (D, ~, cJ+, l!), danh saeh (LIP, LSP, LIS), eong thue xae dinh dQ quan tn;mg eua t~p T va nguyen t~e phan rnanh thu~t toan SPIHT va CSPIHT cling rna rQng them ehi~u thai gian (e~u true thu~t toan gift nguyen, khong thay d6i) 20 SO SAND MO HiNH MA HOA DVA TREN NEN TANG DWT & DCT H~u hSt tllt ca cac rno hinh rna hOa hinh anh va video truy~n th6ng d~u dung phep biSn d6i cosine rai r~c (Discrete Cosine Transform - DCT) dSbiSu di~n l~i tin hi~u cua hinh anh va video Trong rno hinh nay, hi~u qua nen d~t duQ'c chi rna hOa thOng tin t~n s6 thllp cua h~ s6 DCT va bO qua thOng tin a t~n s6 cao (thong tin it quan tn;mg) Chu~n iinh JPEG va h~u hSt cac chu~n video hi~n nhu H.261 [21], H.263 [22, 23], MPEG-1 [24], MPEG-2 [25] d~u la nhfrng phuang phap dVa tren n~n tang DCT ThOng thuang yeu du v~ t6c dQ, bQ nha va di[tctrung cua phep biSn d6i DCT nen rno hinh dfr li~u duQ'c chia thiinh nhi~u kh6i nh6 truac rna hOa Day cilng la nguyen nhan t~o nen nhfrng thu~n lQ'iva bllt lQ'itrong rno hinh MQt s6 thu~n lQ'icua rno hinh rna hOa anh va video d\fa tren n~n tang DCT la: (1) dan gian, (2) t6c dQ th\fc thi nhanh, (3) d~ dang cai di[tttren cac thiSt bi ph~n cung Tuy nhien, M th6ng can gi[tprnQt s6 bllt lQ'inhu: (1) chi co thS xet tinh tuang quan v~ khong gian cua nhfrng pixel ben kh6i 2-D (kh6i duQ'c chia nh6 tu dfr li~u ban d~u) nhung l~i bO qua S\f tuang quan pixel cua nhfrng kh6i Ian c~n, (2) khong thS tai t~o l~i hoan toan cac bien cua kh6i sau su dVng DCT, (3) Bi hi~n tuqng kh6i gia t~o (blocking artifacts) tai t~o hinh anh hay khung hinh cua video (vai ti l~ nen cao hay ti l~ bitrate rllt thllp) Mo hinh rna hoa d\fa tren n~n tang DWT chi dai chi sau vai narn so vai rno hinh DCT va da duQ'c su dVng rQng rai xu ly tin hi~u s6 t6ng quat va cac trng dVng nen anh va nen video MQt s6 di[tctinh quan tn;mg cua rno hinh rna hOa su dVng phep biSn d6i wavelet nen anh va nen video nhu: (1) Khong dn chia tin hi~u rna hOa nhi~u kh6i nh6, d~n dSn ti l~ nen cao han va tranh duQ'chi~n wqng bi kh6i gia t~o (blocking artifacts), (2) su dVng kY thu~t da phiin giai dS cvc bQ hOa tin hi~u tren ca rni~n thai gian va khong gian, do nhfrng thay d6i nh6 tin hi~u khong anh huang toan bQ kSt qua cua phep biSn d6i, (3) d~ dang vi~c truy~n lily tiSn (progressive - ti~rn c~n d~n v~ gia tri th\fc) hinh anh va video, vi v~y co kha nang dap trng cac yeu du cua scalability, (4) co kha nang chiu l6i cao qua trinh truy~n va giai rna (decoder), do rllt thich hQ'P truy~n dfr li~u rnoi truang rn~ng Tuy da kh~c phvc duQ'c rllt nhi~u nhuQ'c diSrn cua rno hinh rna DCT, nhung rno hinh rna hoa DWT v~n t6n t~i rnQt s6 nhuQ'c diSrn nhu: (1) chi phi tinh toancao han so vai rno hinh DCT, (2) t~o vSt rna va nhfrng vang nhi~u a g~n bien cua anh va khung hinh video (3) thai gian nen lau han 21 SO sANH KET QuA NEN DUNG WAVELET VOl CHuAN JPEG vA MPEG * MQt s6 tHlU chuAu dauh gia: Ty l~ bit (Bit rate): bzt rate = Kfch thuac file nen SJopzxe I tr ongan h C = N (bzts per pZxel) (Vai C 18.s6 bits cua file nen, N (=X Y) 18.s6 pixel cua anh) Ty l~ nen (Compression rate): _ Kfch thuac file g8c _ N.k compressIOn ratIO - Kfch thuac file nen - C (V6i k 18.s6 bit/pixel cua anh g6c) Sai s6 trung binh tuy~t d6i (Mean Absolute Error): MAE=N N IIYi-X;1 i=l Sai s6 trung binh binh phuong (Mean Square Error): MSE = N N I(Yi -Xi) i=l Peak-to-peak Signal to Noise Ratio: PSNR = 10.10810 [255 /MSE] gia su k=8 22 * So sanh k~t qua nen anh vOi JPEG: Lena (512x512), 24 bit color, 786.486 byte 60 50 I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I - - - - - -~ - - - -: - - - - ~- - - - - -~ - - - - - - ~ - r ,: , , I 40 I I I- - - - - I 1_ ,, , , I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r III 30 "'CI 20 ~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 10 I I I I I I I I I I I ~ : ~ ~ { } -I a a I I I I I I I I I I I r I I I I I 10 12 14 bpp I -JPEG Biiu n6 So sanh kit qua nen video Clla Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) va JPEG Lena (24 bit color, 512x512) Hinh g6c MSE 416 63 39 30 20 2D-CSPIHTI JPEG (lbpp, 21.94dB) JPEG PSNR Ratio 21.94 32.94 30.15 10.48 32.17 7.3 33.36 5.48 35.05 3.95 48.05 1.94 Bitrate 2.29 3.29 3.38 6.07 12.34 MSE 31 15 10 PSNR 33.17 36.25 38.06 39.53 41.58 47.77 Wavelet (lbpp, 33.17dB) Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) Ratio Bitrate ET (ms) 1212 32.94 10.48 2.29 1763 7.29 3.29 2003 5.48 4.38 2513 3054 4.13 6.07 4336 1.94 12.34 ET = Encode Time, DT = Decode Time DT (ms) 891 1192 1412 1883 2383 3806 23 Baboon (512x512), 24 bit color, 786.486 byte 60 ,, , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -: - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -: - - - - - - - - - - - 50 , , , ,, , , , ,, ~ -I , 40 ,, ,, , ,, -~, , _ J t m 30 "0 20 , , ,, , -~ ,,, ~ ,, , , , - - - - - -~ ~, , - - - - -,, ,, 10 o o _ , :-, - - - - - - - - 10 , , 15 20 bpp I JPEG - 2D-CSPIHTI BiJu d62 So sanh kit qua nen video eua Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) va JPEG Baboon (24 bit color, 512x512) it JPEG (O.89bpp, 18.63dB) MSE 892 288 188 135 73 JPEG PSNR Ratio 18.63 27.04 23.53 4.99 25.39 3.33 26.83 2.76 29.51 2.23 48.2 1.33 Bitrate 0.89 4.81 7.2 8.69 10.74 18.11 MSE 349 51 20 11 PSNR 22.7 31.01 35.08 37.53 40.91 47.25 Wavelet (O.89bpp, 22.70dB) Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) Ratio Bitrate ET (ms) 27.04 0.89 1061 4.99 4.81 2504 3.33 7.2 3395 2.76 8.69 3665 2.23 10.74 4095 1.33 18.11 4957 DT (ms) 671 2063 2754 2954 3405 4437 24 Bird (768x512), 24 bit color, 1.179.702 byte 60 50 , I r , I I I , I -~ r , , 30 "C I I -~ ~ -~ ~ , , , , ,, 40 l:ll I - 20 , , I r I I I I I I I I I r I , -~ ~ -~ ~ I - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - -f - 10 - - - - - - -: - - - - - - - - I I I I I r -~ ~ -~ ~ - o o I lIt I I I , I I I I 10 bpp I JPEG 2D-CSPIHTI Biiu il63 So scmh kit qua nen video Clla Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) va JPEG Bird (24 bit color, 768x512) JPEG (0.55bpp, 22.82dB) JPEG MSE 339 34 18 13 PSNR 22.82 32.8 35.52 37.09 39.37 48 Ratio 43.68 14.09 9.77 7.73 5.95 2.82 Bitrate 0.55 1.7 2.46 3.1 4.03 8.51 MSE 17 PSNR 35.72 41.1 42.4 43.41 44.38 47.96 Wavelet (O.55bpp, 35.72dB) Wavelet (2D-CSPIHn Ratio Bitrate ET (ms) 1422 43.58 0.55 1.7 2093 14.11 9.75 2.46 2784 2964 7.74 3.1 3585 5.95 4.03 8.51 5879 2.82 DT(ms) 761 1281 1833 1973 2584 4696 25 Field (720x480), 24 bit color, 1.036.854 byte 50 _ 45 40 35 !g JJ I I !I ~I I , , I , , , -~ ~ , ,, -,- - r 25 20 - - - - 15 10 _ - - - - , I , I I J I I J , , , I I I , I J I I I I J , o ! , - - - -1- - - - - - - - - -., - - - - - I • I L - - - -1- - , - - - - - - - I , \ I I I I I r I I I I I - - - - - - - - - -,- - - - - - - - - - T - - - - - - - - - -,- - - - - - - - - - T - - - - - - - - - -,- _ , I - - - - - - - - -,- _ r- - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - -., o - - - - _ I J _ , r I - , - , - - - - - - - - -.- ~ , ,, ~ , , I _ _ 30 I _1 , _ I - - - - - - - - - f - - - - - - - -_ - - - - - - - - - r- - - - - - - - I I J I , , , I , 10 12 bpp 2D-CSPIHT I I-+-JPEG BiJu jJ64 So sanh kit qua nen video eua Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) va JPEG Field (24 bit color, 720x480) Hinhgoc MSE 393 73 47 36 24 JPEG PSNR Ratio 22.18 52.58 29.47 10.23 31.38 6.98 32.55 5.4 34.37 3.89 46.7 2.48 JPEG (0.46bpp, 22 18dB) Wavelet (0.46bpp, 28.30dB) Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) Bitrate 0.46 2.35 3.44 4.44 6.17 9.68 MSE 96 26 17 12 • PSNR 28.3 34.01 35.85 37.45 40.08 45.23 Ratio 52.09 10.21 6.98 5.4 3.89 2.48 Bitrate 0.46 2.35 3.44 4.44 6.17 9.68 ET (ms) 1092 2263 2804 3465 3896 5158 DT (ms) 641 1603 2113 2684 3034 4226 26 Peper (512x512), 24 bit color, 786.486 byte lD '0 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 I • I I t I -~ ~ -~ -~ -+ : -~ ~ -~ ~ - ~ -~ ~ -~ - -; -~ -~ -~ -I • I I I I I' I I I I I I I " 1 I , ~ ~ -, -i -r -~ -I _ It' I , I ~ I I I I I t I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ I I I I L L _ ~ -; -, -T -r -1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ , I ~ I , L L I I , I I I I I I I , I I -r ~ -l -, -i -r -~ - _ L J -~ ~ -; -; -+ -~ -~ o o L I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10 12 14 _ _ 16 bpp I -JPEG Biiu 46 So sdnh kit 2D-CSPIHTI qua nen video elLa Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) va JPEG Peper (24 bit color, 512x512) r: Hinh g6c MSE 464 81 54 42 28 JPEG Ratio PSNR 21.47 22.36 8.65 29.04 5.9 30.8 4.6 31.94 33.6 3.58 46.2 1.8 JPEG (l.07bpp, 21.47dB) Bitrate 1.07 2.77 4.07 5.22 6.71 13.55 MSE 40 19 13 PSNR 32.15 35.25 37.06 38.43 40.42 45.89 Wavelet (l.07bpp, 32.15dB) Wavelet (2D-CSPIHT) Ratio Bitrate ET (ms) 1191 1.07 22.41 1993 2.77 8.66 2463 4.07 5.9 2834 5.22 4.6 3415 6.71 3.58 4767 13.35 1.8 DT (ms) 731 1412 1852 2103 2734 3936 Qua bi~u dB tren, rna hinh nen wavelet vOi eSPRIT va bi) IQc Antonini cho chAt lm;mg tc3than chufut JPEG cimg ti l~ bit rate 27 * So sanh k~t qua nen video vOi MPEG: Interview (352x288), 25 fps, 84 frames, 24 bit color 45 , ,, ,, , -, r -~ -, , , 40 35 , - 30 m "C -r -, -, -, , , 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I , I I , , , I I , , r -T -, , r -, I 25 20 -, r -, -, 15 -. r -l -1 10 -, r -1 -, -I r -7 -1 o o , , I I , I I , 1 I , I I , I 1 I I 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 bpp I-+-MPEG-2 3D-CSPIKT! Bi€u il6 So sanh kh qua nen video eila Wavelet va MPEG-2 -Interview (24 bit color, 352x288, 84 frames) Wavelet (O.05bpp, 26 1dB) MPEG-2 (O.06bpp, 31.06dB) MSE 51 22 15 14 14 MPEG-2 PSNR Ratio 140.61 31.06 34.71 36.47 36.79 36.79 67.38 33.49 17.56 9.56 Bitrate 0.06 0.12 0.24 O~ MSE 160 155.08 69 10 33.39 -33 4'\ ~~6::6":;17.33 ••••• , 9,6 I 74 -1134.- "'" : 6, PSNR 26.1 29.42 32.88 Wavelet (3D-CSPIHT) ET (ms) Ratio Bitrate \rlU '"' 0.05 0.12 0.24 0.46 0.83 22914 34130 37928 43132 54555 DT (ms) 11777 20171 22365 25263 30395 28 Clock (352x288), 25 fps, 150 frames, 24 bit color 45 40 ,, -r , -T -r -I - I 35 30 I I I I I I I t , I I I I I 1 I , I I , T -r , -~ -T - I , -T -r -I -, -r , I m 25 'a 20 - - - - - - -,- - - - - - -., - - - - - - - T - - - - - - -,- , I I - - - - - - -r - - - - - -, - - - - - - - 15 10 - - I I -r , - - I I I T - - - - - - - - - - - - I I , I -1- • r - - I I t I I I I I I I , I I I , I , , I I 0.05 I -1- - - - - - -, - - - - - - - -, - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - I I I I I I I , 1 I I I , I I I , I I I I I , , I I I I I I I 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 -r , -T -r , -, -r -r , -T -r ~ -, -r - o r - I -r , -T -r -, -, -r - o r - 0.4 bpp MPEG-2 - 3D-CSPIHT I Biiu ilJ So sanh kJt qua nen video cua Wavelet va MPEG-2 - Clock (24 bit color, 352x288, 150frames) Wavelet (O.03bpp, 28.5dB) MPEG-2 (O.06bpp, 38.8dB) MSE 5 5 MPEG-2 Ratio PSNR 38.8 41.06 41.28 41.3 41.31 140.83 89.89 61.19 40.79 23.09 Bitrate 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.2 0.35 MSE PSNR 92 55 30 14 28.5 30.71 33.31 36.76 40.55 Wavelet (3D-CSPIHT) ET (ms) Bitrate Ratio 254.67 158.87 86.12 43.18 22.83 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.19 0.35 40918 60947 67728 77021 97420 DT (ms) 21031 36021 39938 45114 54278 29 Number (352x240), 29 fps, 122 frames, 24 bit color 50 45 40 35 !g , , _ ~ _ J , ,, , L , ~ _ _ , " - , -~ ~ . -1 -1 , , , 30 25 I I I I I I I I _~ L ~ L I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ I JI I I I I t I I t I 20 -~ ~ -~ ~ - 15 -, r -, r _ 10 L L _ _ _ -~ ~ -~ ~ I I I I t I I I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 o o 0.5 bpp I-+-MPEG-2 3D-CSPIHTI Biiu ild So sanh kit qua nen video eua Wavelet va MPEG2 - Number (24 bit color, 352x240, 122frame) MPEG-2 (O.07bpp, 30.28dB) MSE 61 7 MPEG-2 Ratio PSNR 30.28 106.83 61.12 39.38 39.79 38.36 39.81 26.69 39.81 19.81 Bitrate 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.3 0.4 Wavelet MSE 187 61 17 PSNR 25.42 30.29 35.76 41.31 45.79 (O.08bpp, 25.42dB) Wavelet (3D-CSPIHT) ET (ms) Ratio Bitrate 0.08 28000 104.33 36633 59.38 0.13 42941 37.48 0.21 50944 26.08 0.31 0.41 59475 19.6 DT (ms) 26749 29462 31445 33939 36242 Qua bieu dB tren, ta thAy 3D-CSPIHT (khong co biI chuy8n dong) v6i bo Ioc Haar cho chAt Iuc.mgthAp han MPEG-2 v6i ti Ie bit rate thAp 30 KET LU~N- HUONG PIlAT TRIEN B,li viSt dii trinh bay mQt s6 khai ni~m, quy trinh va mQt s6 thu~t toan su dl,mg nen anh va video dung phep biSn d6i wavelet Trong quy trinh nen anh va video dii trinh bay nhu tren, thu~t toan CSPIHT dii cai tiSn thu~t toan SPIHT cho phep embedded color, nhung mai chi d;;tt duQ'c kM nang (1) kha nang cua High Scalability Ngoai ra, nenvideo, chua ap dl,mg duQ'c phAn bu chuySn dQng vao quy trinh nen video, do ti l~ nen v~n chua duQ'c t6i Uti (so vai chuftn MPEG), chua kSt hQ'Pam vao video va chua he; trq bit-stream truySn tai video tren m;;tng * HU'