THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION RESEARCH PAPER TECHNIQUES IN TRANSLATING TERMS OF ENDEARMENT: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE TRANSLATION OF DUONG THUY'S OXFORD THƯƠNG YÊU ('BELOVED OXFORD') Student : TRAN THI THUY HANG Class : ANHK13C Student code : 16F7511046 Supervisor : VO THI LIEN HUONG (Ph.D) HUE, JUNE 2020 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I declare the dissertation presented below has been carried out solely by myself I also confirm this work is submitted for the fulfillment of my Bachelor of Arts degree at Hue University of Foreign Languages, and it has not been submitted elsewhere in other form to fulfill any other degree The paper does not contain any materials that were previously published or written by anyone else apart from personal work whose due acknowledgement is already credited Author Tran Thi Thuy Hang ii ABSTRACT This study focuses on the analysis of the translation techniques employed for the translation of terms of endearment collected from Duong Thuy‟s Oxford thương yêu („Beloved Oxford‟) By combining the classifications of techniques presented in Newmark (1988) and Baker (1992), the researcher synthesizes nine translation techniques for the analyzing process of each endearment terms Besides, it points out the aspects of meaning which were successfully translated as well as the untranslatable ones whose reasons are also clearly explained The adoption of both qualitative and quantitative analytic methods contributes to facilitating the data analysis procedure of the study The results indicate that only seven out of nine translation techniques were employed for the translation of endearment terms, including couplets/ triplets, translation by a more general word (superordinate), translation by using a loan word, literal translation, shifts or transpositions, paraphrase and omission Although most aspects of meaning are conveyed during the translation process, the inappropriate employment of the translation techniques somehow affected the quality of the translated versions and made some certain lost in their meanings This study is able to help extend the referential sources of the translation of terms of endearment, paving the way for other researchers to carry out related studies Apart from this, it challenges other scholars to better the not-so-good translated versions by Elbert Bloom as already pointed out in this study iii ACKNOWLEDEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Vo Thi Lien Huong, for her wholehearted support, invaluable guidance and enthusiasm Not every single step of this thesis is made without her pieces of advice and detailed feedbacks Without her help, this thesis would never be completed My sincere thanks also go to my friends, Phan Cat Anh, Duong Thi Anh Chau and Nguyen Phuoc Bao Chau, for the good-spirit discussion related to the study as well as the encouragement helping me survive the stress of completing the thesis Last but not least, I am also grateful to my family for their unconditional love and support during my undergraduate studies and their dedication, which provided me with the foundation for accomplishing this work iv TABLE OF CONTENT STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDEMENT iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Outline of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Terms of endearment 2.1.1 Definition and characteristics of terms of endearment 2.1.2 Classification 2.1.3 Vietnamese and English terms of endearment 2.2 Translation of terms of endearment 10 2.2.1 Overview of translation 10 2.2.2 Translation techniques of terms of endearment 11 2.2.3 The translation of terms of endearment 21 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 24 3.1 Research methods 24 3.2 Data source 25 v 3.3 Data collection and analysis procedure 25 3.3.1 Data collection procedure 25 3.3.2 Data analysis procedure 27 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1 Translation techniques adopted for the terms of endearment 29 4.1.1 Literal translation 29 4.1.2 Translation by a more general word (superordinate) 31 4.1.3 Translation by omission 33 4.1.4 Translation by using a loan word or a loan word with explanation 34 4.1.5 Couplets/ Triplets 36 4.1.6 Shifts or transpositions 44 4.1.7 Translation by paraphrase 45 4.2 The frequencies of the nine employed translation techniques 47 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 49 5.1 Conclusions 49 5.2 Implications 50 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further studies 50 REFERENCES 52 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SL Source language TL Target language ST Source text TL Target text i.e id est etc et cetera vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Table A corpus of endearment terms collected from Duong Thuy‟s Oxford thương yêu („Beloved Oxford‟) 27 Figure The percentages of translation techniques of terms of endearment collected from Duong Thuy‟s Oxford thương yêu („Beloved Oxford‟) 47 viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Nowadays, in the era of globalization and international integration, translation plays a key role in exchanging and acquiring information as well as knowledge among many languages Nevertheless, translation never seems to be a simple process as there are various problems arising when the translators deal with texts Hence, before embarking upon any translation, apart from the need of mastering both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL), a translator is supposed to learn some skills, which are referred to as translation strategies, or techniques as it is used in the present study To be specific, during the process of translation, there are certain elements that hinder translators from completing the work To deal with the problems, translators themselves are required to resort to the translating techniques In other words, translating techniques can directly affect the quality of the translated text if the translators not have a firm grasp of the translating techniques Therefore, having a deep insight into translating techniques is one of the key factors leading to the success of a translated work which can convey the essence from the SL to the TL Among several areas of translation whose difficulties translators often face when handling the text, love is believed to be one of the most popular topics successfully exploited by many songwriters, movie directors, poets or writers For many years, love has always been an attractive topic, and it has never failed to draw people‟s attention The way to express love is also of people‟s concerns Pogosian (2016) pointed out: … It is not everyday we confess our affections to our beloveds through sonnets However, love still finds ways to slip quietly through the words we use to address each other How we express love does vary, and the variations depend on a myriad of factors, including the relationship‟s own mini-culture, as well as the bigger culture of where the love is embedded Couples often engage idiosyncratic communication with the help of idioms, nicknames, pet names and especially, endearment terms Defined by “context and function” rather than semantic characteristics, terms of endearment leave plenty up to linguistic creativity and imagination of individuals (Braun, 1988) For these reasons, the endearment terms also vary from countries to countries, and it is common that some terms are available to some countries but are not used in others Hence, the use of translation techniques is of significance when translators deal with endearment terms Up to now, there have been thousands of writers coming from every part of the world with millions of romance novels Among them, Duong Thuy, a Vietnamese writer, stands out as one of the most prominent ones whose romance novel Oxford thuong yeu („Beloved Oxford‟) captures the attention of readers not only in Viet Nam but also in many countries around the world It is so successful that it has become the best seller book for many years Since being published, there have been over 50 thousand copies sold Moreover, with its worldwide reputation, although there are very few Vietnamese novels that have been translated into English, the beautiful romance novel is so charming to deserve to be made available for English speaking people all around the world (Bloom, 2018) Through the novel, the author took advantage of the use of endearment terms to express the love between the two round characters, Kim and Fernando in their conversations In order to investigate the translating techniques used when the terms of endearment are translated from Vietnamese into English, this thesis would refer to Duong Thuy‟ Oxford thuong yeu and its translated version Beloved Oxford by Elbert Bloom 1.2 Objectives of the study This research has three objectives as follows: First, through the investigation into endearment terms, the thesis aims to examine the techniques used in translating them from Vietnamese into English “người vợ”, “bà vợ”, “nàng vợ” or “mụ vợ”, however, she picked “cô vợ” because “cô” in this situation implies the affection of the speaker towards the addressee, and the modifier is also often used to address girls or young women in Vietnamese However, English classifiers are limited in number To be specific, there are only three types of articles – definite articles (the), indefinite articles (a/an), and zero articles in English to modify the nouns Hence, there are not so many choices to make in the translation process As “cô vợ” did not refer to any specific individual, and it was not mentioned earlier in the story, “a” is an appropriate classifier for the noun “wife” Since “a wife” literally means “một người vợ”, “a” is considered a superordinate of “cô” As a result, two translation techniques were employed: literal translation and superordinate Example 3: ST: Nhưng trai bác chân tình TT: However, my son is very sincere As already explained before, despite the absence of the possessive form, “con trai bác” here is understood as “con trai bác” in Vietnamese case It can be clearly seen that “con trai” was literally translated into “son”, and “bác” was rendered into “my” in the TT While “bác” is usually used by those who are much older than the addressee and even older than the addressee‟s parents, “tôi” which was implied in the possessive adjective “my” can be used to address to almost everyone in every situation It can be concluded that “my” is the superordinate of “bác” Hence, in order to translate the endearment term “con trai bác”, the translator applied two translation strategies: literal translation and superordinate Example 4: ST: À! Người yêu anh đó! TT: Ah! That is my sweetheart! When translating “của anh” into “my”, the translator used the superordinate “my” as he had done in the other cases Since “người yêu” literally means “sweetheart,” 40 as shown in the dictionary, the literal translation technique was the second technique adopted In the study, the collected Vietnamese terms of endearment are usually found with the appearance of the possessive adjective “my” It is of significance to point that in Vietnamese, the possession is often used to indicate the intimacy and dearness However, most of the terms when being translated into English lost these characteristics e Literal translation combined with synonymy Example 1: ST: Sanh ra, ni nên người, chưa tưởng tượng gái u phải làm lễ đính khơng khí kỳ cục với người nước ngồi vầy! TT: I gave birth to you, and raised you to an adult, but I never imagined that I would have to prepare an engagement party for my beloved daughter in this strange atmosphere with a foreigner The phrase of endearment “con gái yêu mình” is understood according to two separate parts, one is the head noun followed by an adjective “con gái yêu” and another is the possessive form “của mình” The first part was translated literally with “con gái” means “daughter”, and “yêu” means “beloved” Regarding the second part, since “của mình” is the possessive form of the first singular person “mình”, it was translated into “my” However, if being translated back from the TT into the ST, “my” can be mostly translated into “của tôi” as its literal meaning It can be recognized in Vietnamese that “mình” and “tơi” are both first singular person implying the speaker, and they are in fact, the synonyms of each other Hence, it can be said that when translating “của mình” into “my”, the translator took advantage of the technique using a synonym Example 2: ST: Tôi chưa ngờ thằng mạnh mẽ lại có lúc q lụy để cưới vợ theo kiểu quái lạ này! 41 TT: I also never suspected that there would be a time when my strong boy would have to kiss the dust to marry a wife that conforms to this very strange pattern Similar to the previous phrase “con gái yêu mình”, the translator adopted the literal translation technique for “mạnh mẽ” when he made it into “strong” in the TT, and using the synonymy “my” to translate “của mình” “Boy” in the TT is the translated version of “thằng con” In this case, “thằng con” was used to refer to the male child of the speaker Hence, the literal meaning of “thằng con” would more likely to be “son” However, it is worth noticing that “boy” also means a male child, as shown in the dictionary Therefore, it could be concluded that “boy” is the synonymy of “son”, and in order to translate this phrase, the translator utilized the synonymy technique Example 3: ST: Nhưng thôi, đối xử tệ với cha TT: However, it‟s over I am unable to behave badly to the father of my children “Cha mình” will be precisely understood with the addition of the possessive form “of” in the middle of the phrase as “cha của mình” in Vietnamese Once again, the possessive form of the first singular person “của mình” was translated into “my” with the use the synonymy translation technique For the rest words in the endearment term, the literal translation technique was efficiently adopted in which “father” “of” and “children” are the literal meaning of “cha”, “của” and “con” respectively The combination of the two mentioned techniques brought about a transparent translated version and fully conveyed its original meaning 4.1.5.2 Triplets a Superordinate combined with loan word and literal translation Example 1: ST: Anh ta hết làm phiền Lolita bé nhỏ anh hả? TT: Is he already finished bothering my little Lolita huh? 42 The writer created a new endearment term with an addition of the adjective “bé nhỏ” To translate this word, the literal translation technique was applied as “little” is the English equivalent of “bé nhỏ” For the rest words of the term, the same techniques were made use of Thus, three translation techniques were involved, namely literal translation, superordinate, and loan word b Superordinate combined with loan word and omission Example 1: ST: Chỉ có Chúa biết anh nhớ em đến mức nào! Lolita anh! Lolita anh! TT: Only God knows to what extend I missed you! My Lolita! By translating from “Lolita anh” into “My Lolita”, the two translation techniques namely superordinate and loan word were employed as already explained To express the exciting feeling when seeing Kim again, Maricio repeated the term of endearment that he often uses to call Kim “Lolita anh” twice However, it is clear that in the TT, only one of the two was translated The reason for this omission would probably be that the translator did not want the TT to be wordy with the repetition of the same translated term Also, it is worth noticing that Western cultures tend to prefer the concise and transparent way of communication, thus, affected by the characteristic, the translator flexibly omitted the second-mentioned term in his translated version Luckily, this translation technique did not make any changes in the meaning of the source text Roughly 14 cases out of 35 were translated using the couplets/ triplets translation technique, making it the most common used technique which accounts for roughly 40% of all the techniques The reasons why this technique is so commonly used vary from clarifying the complexity in the terms, ensuring the grammatical points in the TT to bringing about the most natural versions in the translated text Due to the differences in the terms of endearment between the ST and the TT, there is often more than one problem needed to be solved Thus, the combination of many 43 different techniques in each phrase is believed to be convenient to deal with these problems during the translation process However, in some certain cases where the translation technique was not appropriately applied, the sense of endearment was lost 4.1.6 Shifts or transpositions Example 1: ST: Tội nghiệp quá! TT: My poor little Lolita! In Vietnamese, “quá” is a word added in a sentence with the purpose of either forming different kinds of sentence or expressing the feelings and attitudes of the speakers In this case, it is added to form an exclamation sentence followed by an exclamatory mark The aim of the word in particular and the whole sentence in general is to show the empathy of the speaker, Mauricio toward the addressee, Kim when he learned the fact that she failed her exam However, there is no equivalent for such a word in English Hence, the translator managed to convey the meaning by adding the term of endearment “My little Lolita” which had been used many times before with the adjective “poor” whose meaning is “tội nghiệp” to implicitly show the empathy With the appearance of the endearment term to make up for the non-equivalence of the ST word “quá” in the TT, there is a change in the word form between the two versions Specifically, “tội nghiệp quá” is an exclamatory adjective phrase with the head adjective “tội nghiệp” while “My poor little Lolita” is an exclamatory noun phrase with the head noun “My Lolita” In short, the shifts or transpositions translation technique was applied in this case Example 2: ST: Xin lỗi TT: Please forgive us, child As already analyzed, “con” is preferably used to show the intimacy between the addressee and the speaker who is much older than he/she is In this case, while 44 “con” acted as the second singular object in the ST, “child” was used as a noun implying the relationship of the addressee to the speaker To be specific, the people involved in this conversation are Kim – the female main character and her parent‟s boyfriend Hence, to the parent, Kim is a child just like hers, and “child” was used as a noun to denote who Kim is to her more than a second singular person object used to address in the conversation This way of expression is one of the typical characteristics of the English language People tend to add a noun to emphasize the relationship between the addressee and the speaker after sentences expressing emotions Since the ST sentence is the one expressing an apology, it is considered an emotional sentence Influenced by the English style, the translator flexibly translated the sentence with the shift from a second singular object to a noun to refer to the addressee This way of translation brought about a natural ST sentence while still fully conveying its meaning According to the data collection, shifts or transpositions were applied only twice during the translation process, meaning that only 6% of the terms were rendered adopting this technique Shifts or transpositions boost the efficiency of the translation process in the way that they enable the translator to flexibly change the ST word forms or structures and make them natural and appropriate in the TT 4.1.7 Translation by paraphrase Example 1: ST: Khơng em có dáng vẻ trẻ con, thái độ tính tình em “sáng nắng chiều mưa” y cô bé tuổi dậy TT: Not only you appear to be young, your attitude and character is also like a young girl who has just reached puberty The endearment term “cơ bé tuổi dậy thì” in the TT is basically a noun phrase When it was rendered into the TT, there appeared a relative clause whose function is to clarify the meaning of the noun phrase “a young girl” Clearly, it is the translator‟s effort to explain the meaning of the phrase “đang tuổi dậy thì” by 45 adding the relative clause “who has just reached puberty” As there is no equivalent for such a noun phrase in English, he was supposed to paraphrase the term In Vietnamese, “cô bé tuổi dậy thì” implies a young inexperienced girl By employing the paraphrasing technique, the translator was able to transfer the implication to the readers However, this way of translation brought about a translated version which was a bit wordy From my perspective, the translator should consider explaining the phrase in a more concise way or changing the translation technique to avoid causing confusion for the readers while reading the novel Example 2: ST: Anh chàng TT: The young man The term of endearment “anh chàng” refers to a man who is young and often single The term was used in this situation to refer to Maricio, a flat character who possessed these characteristics, so the translator made use of the paraphrase technique to clarify and explain the implications of the term This technique did work since the TT term matched the implying meaning of the ST one As the number of cases in which the paraphrase translation technique was used in the study is the same with the shifts or transpositions one, their frequencies are equal to each other The paraphrase technique plays an important role in the translation of terms of endearment of this study when there is a lack of equivalent found in the TT Overall, it occupies 6% of all techniques used By using the technique, the ST terms could be carefully explained and clarified so that the TT readers are able to understand the implication of the ST terms However, it is concluded from the above example that paraphrasing should only be applied for simple terms with the careful management of the word count in order not to bring about wordy versions 46 4.2 The frequencies of the nine employed translation techniques After analyzing the terms of endearment collected from Duong Thuy‟s Oxford thương yêu („Beloved Oxford‟) according to the nine translation techniques: Literal translation, Translation by a more general word (Superordinate), Omission, Translation by using a loan word or a loan word with explanation, Couplets/ Triplets, Shifts or Transpositions, Paraphrase, Synonymy, Translation by using a more specific word, it can be concluded that eight out of nine translation techniques were frequently adopted However, there are some differences of their frequencies as shown below: Translation techniques for terms of endearment Translation by using a more general word (Superordinate) 23% Couplets/ Triplets 40% Translation by using a loan word 11% Literal translation 11% Shifts or Transpositions 6% Translation by a more specific word Synonymy 0% 0% Omission 3% Paraphrase 6% Figure The percentages of translation techniques of terms of endearment collected from Duong Thuy‟s Oxford thương yêu („Beloved Oxford‟) Figure illustrates the proportions of the nine translation techniques for the collected terms of endearment 47 It is clearly seen from the chart that couplets and triplets are the most commonlyused techniques with roughly 40%, followed by superordinate which constitutes nearly a quarter The figures for translation by using a loan word or a loan word with explanation and literal translation are much lower, at approximately 11% Shifts or transpositions are as common as paraphrase, accounting for 6% of the total percentages Omission is considered the least popular technique with only 3% Besides, no cases of using synonymy and translation by a more specific word have been found in this study In conclusion, even though there are many different techniques that were employed in the translation process of terms of endearment, couplets/ triplets hold the highest value in dealing with the arising problems, and superordinate, translation by using loan word, literal translation, shifts or transpositions, paraphrase and omission are also of significance while synonymy and translation by using a more specific word not play an important part in translating the terms of endearment Thanks to the employment of these techniques, almost every aspect of meaning is successfully conveyed However, it is important to point out that in some cases, the techniques were not appropriately applied, leading to not-so-good translated versions To illustrate, there are some problems that directly affect the quality of the TT in the negative ways: the translated versions are sometimes wordy, sometimes not clear enough and above all, the sense of endearment is even lost or not indicated Also, due to the differences between the Vietnamese and English terms of endearment, the variety of Vietnamese addressing forms cannot be expressed Specifically, the indications of sex, age, social class and degree of intimacy are lost and cannot be translated in the English text 48 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This chapter presents the conclusions drawn from the findings and discussion in chapter It also points out the implications in the translation of terms of endearment from Vietnamese into English, the limitations in the present study and gives suggestions for further studies 5.1 Conclusions In order to deal with the three proposed research questions, the study adopted the classification system of translation techniques synthesized from Newmark (1988) and Baker (1992) as a referential framework to analyze the terms of endearment collected from Duong Thuy‟s Oxford thuong yeu („Beloved Oxford‟) Also, the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was of significance in assisting the analyzing process From the findings of the study, these conclusions can be drawn: Firstly, seven out of nine translation techniques were applied in the translation of terms of endearment in the book Oxford thuong yeu with different frequencies, namely couplets/ triplets, translation by a more general word (superordinate), translation by using a loan word, literal translation, shifts or transpositions, paraphrase, omission Secondly, with the flexibility in applying these translation techniques, the translator succeeded in conveying almost every aspect of meaning of the terms of endearment However, in some cases, the employment of the techniques is not so appropriate, leading to the unwanted problems in the TT, such as wordy and unclear versions Most importantly, a large number of terms of endearment lose their sense of endearment during the translation process Also, the aspects of gender, degree of intimacy and age that were shown in the ST were proved to be untranslatable in the TT Thirdly, the reason for the untranslatability could be caused by the cross-cultural factors Specifically, while Vietnamese terms of endearment are highly affected by gender, degree of intimacy and age, those which are hardly found in English 49 Accordingly, this posed some difficulties in finding the equivalents in the translation process 5.2 Implications The findings of this study are significant in assisting the translation process of terms of endearment for the translators First, it provides the translators with a set of translation techniques which is quite effective and useful to deal with the translation of terms of endearment As already mentioned, couplets/ triplets are highly recommended, and other techniques such as translation by using a general word, translation by using a loan word or literal translation are also common techniques However, the application of these techniques should be put into serious consideration to avoid creating unqualified translated versions Second, the study points out the untranslatable aspects of meaning, which are age, sex and degree of intimacy because of the cross-cultural factors This paves the way for other translators to take into consideration when making decision about the strategies in translating literary works, regarding the untranslatability Thus, it draws other researchers and scholars‟ attention to make their effort for the improvement of the poor translated versions mentioned in the study Third, the study also suggests that the background knowledge of the cultural elements of ST and TT should be one of the prerequisite criteria leading to highquality translated texts 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further studies Despite the great effort to carry out this study, there still exist some unwanted shortcomings First, due to the time limit, although there are still more examples of terms of endearment that should have been analyzed to make the researcher‟s viewpoints more persuasive, only some of them are shown in the study Also, as the translation of terms of endearment has not received much concern from many researchers as well as scholars yet, the lack of documents related to this area makes it challenging for the researcher to discuss some issues deeply 50 However, the present study also paves the way for further studies Future research could: - Examine the collection of terms of endearment from other sources such as novels, articles or daily conversations - Focus on the untranslatable aspects of meaning during the translation process between Vietnamese and English terms of endearment and figure out ways to deal with the issue - Examine the cases of this novel in which the translator could not his best to bring out qualified translated versions and try to fix the problems 51 REFERENCES: Braun, F (1988) Terms of address: Problems of patterns and usage in various languages and cultures (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 50.) 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