Cohesive devices in english economic texts a case study at college of statistics

DECLARATION I hereby declare that no part of the enclosed Master Thesis has been copied or reproduced by me from any other’s work without acknowledgement and that the thesis is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor Hanoi, 03/12/2013 Candidate Dao Kim An Approved by Dr Ho Ngoc Trung i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest thanks firstly to my supervisor, Dr Ho Ngoc Trung, who has enthusiastically helped and much encouraged me to finish the research paper Without his experienced guidance and valuable comments, I cannot complete the thesis on time My gratitude is also sent to all of my lecturers in my M.A courses at PostGraduate Studies, Hanoi Open University Their precious and professional lectures and tutoring have helped me a great deal in understanding profound concepts of the field in English linguistics while I attended the courses I am indebted to my friends and colleagues at College of Statistics for their suggestion, encouragement and enthusiasm in helping me distribute the survey questionnaire and collect information for the study Last but not least, I owe the completion of this study to my family: my parents, my relatives and especially my husband who gives me supports and encouragement throughout the study ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….ii Table of contents……………………………………………………………………iii List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………… vi List of tables, figures and diagrams……………………………………………… vii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the study Aims and objectives of the study Research questions Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study PART II: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 1.1 Literature review 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 The concept of discourse 1.2.1.1 Discourse and discourse analysis .9 1.2.1.2 Discourse and text 10 1.2.1.3 Spoken and written discourse .11 1.2.1.4 Discourse context .12 1.2.2 The concept of cohesion 14 1.2.2.1 Definition 14 1.2.2.2 Cohesion and coherence 15 1.2.3 Cohesive devices and classification 16 1.2.3.1 Cohesive devices 16 1.2.3.2 Classification .17 1.2.3.2.1 Grammatical Cohesion 18 1.2.3.2.2 Lexical Cohesion 25 1.2.4 Economic texts 27 Chapter Methodology 30 iii 2.1 Setting of the study 30 2.1.1 An overview of College of Statistics 30 2.1.2 Subjects of the study 31 2.1.3 Participants .32 2.2 Data collection 33 2.2.1 A descriptive approach 33 2.2.2 Survey questionaire 33 2.2.3 Data collection procedures .34 2.3 Data analysis 34 Chapter 3: Findings and discussions 35 3.1 Grammatical cohesive devices 35 3.1.1 Reference 35 3.1.2 Substitution .38 3.1.3 Ellipsis 40 3.1.4 Conjunction .42 3.2 Lexical cohesive devices 45 3.2.1 Reiteration 47 3.2.1.1 Repetition 47 3.2.1.2 General nouns 48 3.2.1.3 Synonyms 50 3.2.1.4 Superordinates 51 3.2.2 Collocation .52 3.3 Findings from the survey questionnaire 54 3.3.1 About subjects’ information 54 3.3.2 About teaching and learning of cohesive devices in English texts 54 3.3.3 Students’ mistakes in translating cohesive devices in economic texts.55 Chapter 4: Implications 60 4.1 Implications for the teaching and learning of cohesive devices in English texts in general and economic texts in particular 60 4.2 Some suggested solutions to improve College of Statistics students’ capabilities in translating English economic texts 62 iv PART III: CONCLUSION 65 Recapitulation 65 Limitations of the study 66 Suggestions for further studies 66 REFERENCES 68 APPENDICES 71 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ESP: English for specific purposes COS: College of Statistics MA: Master of Arts U.S: United States BE: Business English vi LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS Tables: Table 1.1: Type of cohesion 17 Table 1.2: Grammatical and Lexical cohesion 18 Table 1.3: The description of reiteration 27 Table 2.1: List of sample texts and their origin 37 Table 3.1: Reference in economic texts 37 Table 3.2: Substitution in economic texts 39 Table 3.3: Ellipsis in economic texts 41 Table 3.4: Conjunction in economic texts 42 Table 3.5: Frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in English economic texts 43 Table 3.6: Frequency of lexical cohesive devices in English economic texts….46 Table 3.7: Frequency of occurrence of general nouns in English economic texts 49 Figures: Figure 3.1: Percentage of Grammatical cohesive devices in English economic texts 44 Figure 3.2: The percentage of lexical cohesive devices in English economic texts 46 Diagrams Diagram 1.1: Reference 19 vii PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study For many years, linguists were concerned with the analysis of single sentences which focused on morphology and phonology areas Then, the attention was shifted to the sentence level by the advent of Chomsky’s transformational Generative Grammar (1957) However, the analysis was not really adequate because it still focused on the formal properties of language rather than achieving meaning (Coulthard, 1977) Cook (1989) states that linguists have become aware of the use of context and language function This awareness came with Harris’s paper published with the title “Discourse Analysis” in 1952 Generally, discourse analysis, or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event From the beginning of its appearance, Discourse Analysis has taken up in a variety of social science disciplines The principal concern of discourse analysis is to examine how any language produced by given participants whether spoken or written is used in communication for a given situation in a given setting Allen and Corder (1974:200) said that “discourse analysis is taken to be investigation into the formal devices used to connect sentences together” Discourse analysis is now a rapidly expanding field, providing insights into various aspects of language in use and therefore of great importance to language teaching In the early days, language teaching has been concerned with pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary; however, it is now Discourse Analysis that raises our awareness of how to put this knowledge into action to gain successful communication With the globalization of economy and the development of multi-national trade, English economic texts – as a typical written representative of communicative way in business transactions – has been widely recognized as important documents in business negotiation and communications, even though their writing often directly influences the result of communications At present, the linguists and scholars at home and abroad have conducted a great deal of in-depth studies of its features from different perspectives However, most of the previous studies focus only on explaining grammar and vocabulary, on stylistic features or on the economy of language, and have not attached enough importance on cohesive devices, which are indispensable for a text to convey a complete and coherent meaning Directed against this, the author intends to make an exploration of cohesive devices in English economic texts to reveal the in-depth meaning of economic texts and the function of achieving coherence in economic texts To be able to access to the world’s economic information, students are required to read and understand written documents in English in relation to their field of study Also, translating from English into Vietnamese happens to become an important aspect for them to make use of related economic information worldwide Exchange of information requires accurate transfer of knowledge from one language into another Thus, the acquiring of appropriate translation skills and strategies is essential to manage efficient rendering of economic texts As a teacher of College of Statistics (COS), I myself notice a number of problems facing my students when they deal with translating economic texts, of which how to analyze and translate cohesive devices appearing in economic texts seems to be one of the most difficult problems for them I also realise the essential role of cohesion and coherence in the text understanding, vocabulary learning and translation learning of students For the above reasons, I have decided to conduct a research on cohesive devices in economic texts as a case study at College of Statistics Hopefully, this thesis may provide an insight into the importance of cohesive devices in economic texts and help to improve students’ understanding of economic texts, as well as enhancing their skills of translating economic texts Aims and objectives of the study The main aim (or goal) of the study is to investigate the characteristic features of cohesive devices in English economic texts and apply the findings to the teaching and learning of English at COS From this aim, the study has the following objectives Firstly, the study mainly aims at analyzing the cohesive features in English economic texts, in order to provide a deeper insight into the important role of cohesive devices in economic texts Secondly, the researcher also carries out a study at COS with an attempt to explore the students’ mistakes in translating cohesive devices in texts in general and economic texts in particular Based on this case study, some solutions are suggested to improve COS students’ capabilities in translating English texts Research questions In order to achieve the objectives, the study is meant to find out the answers to the following research questions: How are common cohesive devices used in economic texts? What are the students’ common mistakes in translating cohesive devices in English economic texts? What are some solutions to improving COS students’ capabilities in translating English texts? Scope of the study Studying cohesive devices in all types of economic texts will be a very broad research, so it is impossible to cover all For the feasibility of this thesis, the study focuses on one of the most popular types of economic texts: regular texts about economic matters those are extracted from course books for students at College of Statistics Methods of the study In order to find out the answers to the research questions, the study makes use of the methods of descriptive analysis, discourse analysis, error analysis as well as statistical techniques After collecting randomly economic texts from books used for students in Finance and Banking, Business English, Business 45 Andreea-Rosalia Olteanu (2012) Errors and Difficulties in translating economic texts Editura Sfantul Ieraph Nicolae 46 Bui Thi Nhung (2007) Lexical cohesive devices in the Letter of Enquiry in English (Master’s thesis) Vietnam National University, College of Foreign Languages 47 Cao Thi Huyen Nga (2012) Analysis of cohesive devices in the ESP textbook on accounting at University of Labor and Social Affairs (Master’s thesis) University of Language International Studies, Hanoi 48 Crossley S, McNamara D (2010) Cohesion, coherence and Expert Evaluation of Writing Proficiency Conference proceedings at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 49 Nguyen Chi Trung (2010) A study on Lexical cohesion in Vietnamese and English advertisings (Master’s thesis) University of Language International Studies, Hanoi Vietnamese: 50 Hồ Ngọc Trung, Vũ Tuấn Anh (2011) Nâng cao kỹ dịch văn tiếng Anh cho sinh viên khoa Ngoại Ngữ, Viện Đại học Mở Hà Nội nhìn từ góc độ liên kết ngữ pháp Báo cáo tổng kết ñề tài khoa học công nghệ cấp viện Mã số: V2011- 28 d) Textbooks 51 Cao Xuan Thieu (2008) English for Finance Finance Publisher, Hanoi 52 College of Statistics (2011) Translation practice 1&2 for Business English Unpublished, for circulation only 53 College of Statistics (2012) ESP for Economics and Business Management Unpublished, for circulation only 54 College of Statistics (2012) ESP for Finance and Banking Unpublished, for circulation only e) Sources from the internet 72 55 Josephine B Alarcon and Katrina Ninfa Morales (2011) Grammatical cohesion in students’ argumentative essay Journal of English and Literature Vol,2(5),pp.114-127 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ijel 56 Liu M and Braine (2005) Cohesive features in argumentative writing produced by Chinese undergraduates Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science 73 APPENDICES APPENDIX Sample text 1: Introduction to economics Most people want more than they can afford to buy If a family buys one thing, they may not be able to afford something they would like The same is true of nations Whether a nation is rich or poor, most of its people want more than they can afford They seek better schools, more houses and stronger armed forces The field of economics studies the way the thing people need and want is made and brought to them It also studies the way people and nations choose the things they actually buy from among the many things they want Economists (specialists in economics) define economics as the study of how goods and services get produced and how they are distributed By goods and services, economists mean everything that can be bought and sold By produced, they mean the processing and making of goods and services By distributed, they mean the way goods and services are divided among the people In all countries, the resources used to produce goods and services are scarce That is, no nation has enough farms, factories, or workers to produce everything that everyone would like Money is also scarce Few people have enough money to buy everything they want when they want it Therefore, people everywhere most choose the best possible way to use their resources and money Children may have to choose whether to spend their allowances on a motion picture or a hamburger Storekeepers may have to choose whether to take a summer vacation or to use their savings to buy more merchandise A nation may have to choose whether to use tax money to build more submarines In economic items, the children, the storekeepers, and the nation all must economize in order to satisfy their most important needs and wants This means they must try to use the resources they have to produce the things they most want 74 Economics is a study of mankind It tells us how man subsists, grows and develops in relation to the wealth available on Earth Relations made by persons in the society which are in connection with material circumstances are economic Sample text 2: Bank and Banking Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy They often cooperate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and prevent inflation They are specialist in the business of providing capital, and in allocating funds on credit Banks originated as places to which people took their valuables for safe-keeping, but today the great banks of the world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions Banks normally receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on current account and on deposit account With a current deposit account, a customer can issue personal cheques No interest is paid by the bank on this type of deposit account With a deposit deposit account, however, the customer undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a minimum specified period of time Interest is paid on this money The bank in turn lends the deposited money to customers who need capital This activity earns interest for the bank, and this interest is almost always at a higher rate than any interest which the bank pays to its depositors In this way, the bank makes its main profits We can say the primary function of a bank today is to act an intermediary between depositors who wish to make interest on their savings, and borrowers who wish to obtain capital The bank is a reservoir of loanable money, with streams of money flowing in and out For this reason, economics and finances often talk of money being liquid, or of the liquidity of money Many small sums which might not otherwise be used as capital are rendered useful simply because the bank acts as a reservoir The system of banking rests upon a basis of trust Innumerable acts of trust build up the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part They all 75 agree to behave in certain predictable ways in relation to each other and in relation to the rapid fluctuations of credit and debit Consequently, business can be done and cheques can be written without any legal tender visibly changing hands Sample text 3: Inflation and its impacts on the economic development The definition of inflation Inflation is when the prices of most goods and services continue to creep upward When this happens, your standard of living falls That's because each dollar buys less, so you have to spend more to get the same goods and services If inflation is mild, it can actually spur further economic growth If prices rise slowly and gradually, it can encourage people to buy now and avoid future price increases This increases demand, driving further economic growth In this way, a healthy economy can usually sustain a 2% inflation rate What Causes Inflation? There are three causes of inflation The first cause is called demand-pull inflation This occurs when demand for a good or service rises, but supply stays the same Buyers become willing to pay more to satisfy their demand Demand-pull inflation can be accompanied by irrational exuberance The second is cost-push inflation It starts when the supply of goods or services is restricted for some reason, while demand stays the same When the supply of labor is not enough to meet demand, it can create wage inflation In the past, inflation in prices generally led to wage inflation, so that companies could retain good workers However, competition from technological alternatives (such as robotics) and lower-income countries means that wages haven't kept up with prices Higher prices combined with stagnant wages means your standard of living has decreased It's another reason for income inequality in the U.S The third is overexpansion of the money supply That's when a glut of capital in the market chases too few opportunities It's often a result of expansive fiscal or monetary policy, creating too much liquidity in the form of dollars or credit Types of Inflation 76 It's important to understand the difference between the many different types of inflation If inflation is more than 50% a month, that's known as hyperinflation This hasn't happened in the U.S since the Civil War, but occurred in Germany before World War II, and in Zimbabwe in the 2000s Stagflation is when inflation occurs despite slow economic growth The last time this happened in the U.S was in the 1970s When inflation affects different parts of the economy, it's known as asset inflation because it affects just one asset This occurred with stock portfolios when the Dow reached its peak of 14,164.43 on October 9, 2007 Asset inflation also occurs each spring with oil prices That's because commodities traders anticipate that demand for gas, and oil, will go up during the summer vacation driving season If traders become concerned that the oil supply may be cut off, as during the Iran threat to close the Straits of Hormuz in 2012, traders will up the price of oil futures contracts As a result, gas prices have spiked significantly in the springs of 2011 and 2012 These volatile gas prices can drive up the price of food, which is usually transported long distances How to control inflation? The most important and commonly used method to control inflation is monetary policy of the Central Bank Most central banks use high interest rates as the traditional way to fight or prevent inflation Monetary measures used to control inflation include: Bank rate policy is used as the main instrument of monetary control during the period of inflation When the central bank raises the bank rate, it is said to have adopted a dear money policy The increase in bank rate increases the cost of borrowing which reduces commercial banks borrowing from the central bank Consequently, the flow of money from the commercial banks to the public gets reduced Therefore, inflation is controlled to the extent it is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): To control inflation, the central bank raises the CRR which reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks Consequently, flow of money from commercial banks to public decreases In the process, it halts the rise in prices to the extent it is caused by banks credits to the public 77 Open Market Operations: Open market operations refer to sale and purchase of government securities and bonds by the central bank To control inflation, central bank sells the government securities to the public through the banks This results in transfer of a part of bank deposits to central bank account and reduces credit creation capacity of the commercial banks Sample text 4: Financial issues SME Securities JSC (SMES) has said that the positive outlook of the stock market in 2011 hinges on two main problems: the exchange rate and inflation According to SMES, if the exchange rate is just stable (not necessarily go down) along with inflation controlled, the VN Index has the ability to completely re-conquest of the threshold of approximately 550 points in 2010 The analysts of SMES said, the current market does not lack capital The direction of cash flow in 2011 will depend on many factors First, given the correlation amongst investment channels, mainly gold, foreign currencies and real estate, if the growth of the stock market is profitable enough, which will appeal to attract investors, the possibility of cash flow attraction is still large Because the three channels of investment, gold and foreign currency for the two most unpredictable markets due to depending on the objective factor; that is the world economy If gold and foreign exchange stability, cash flow will favour the stock market and real estate, including the stock market and property market are always linked together Second is the high possibility to attract the hot money of Vietnam after the failure in 2010 as many big investment funds like Dragon Capital, VinaCapital, Mekong Capital and others have all confirmed plans to add new funds in 2011 If realised, the money flow from foreigners is likely to impact positively on the market 78 Third, investor confidence in macroeconomic policies, in particular from the State Bank of Vietnam and State Securities Commission with the stabilisation policies and more specific market development roadmap, especially more tools added to the market and investors In 2010, credit growth far exceeded the actual figure of 25 percent In 2011, credit growth target was announced late December 2010 by SBV was about 23 percent, and the total means of payment will be in the range of 20-24 percent This is still a very high figure compared to other economies in the region Therefore, cash flow will not be identified as a major problem of the stock market in 2011 if considered merely in volume Sample text 5: Loans Recently banks have offered many few facilities to their customers There are new types of accounts, cheque cards, cash cards, credit cards, insurance cover, investment services However, one of the most important services banks offer is that they lend money to their customer The methods available for a customer to borrow from his bank and the rate of interest he is charged vary from country to country and bank to bank One way of borrowing is to overdraw on your account This is useful if you only wish to borrow a small amount for a short time The interest rate on overdrafts depends upon the bank rate In the UK, at the moment it is 12% over base rate i.e 23% Of course you can only have an overdraft with your manager’s permission Another way is to arrange a ‘personal’ loan A personal loan is for a fixed period of time usually 3-5 years Many people take out a personal loan, for example, to buy a car Each month the customer makes a payment on the loan on the bank The main advantage of a personal loan is that the interest rate is fixed In the UK, at the moment it is 9% 79 In many countries it is possible to borrow money for longer period e.g., up to 25 years This is often necessary where buying a house or a business The interest rate on long-term loans depends upon the base rate At the moment it is 1, 25% over base Of course, for both a personal loan and a long-term loan the bank requires some kind of security e.g (for example), shares The role of lending at commercial bank in the United State has changed dramatically over the years In the distant past, short-term, self-liquidating loans were the standard Today, banks provide loans of all maturities and methods of repayment The principal categories of loans are commercial and industrial, real estate, and individual (consumer) loans This paper provides the background information about commercial and industrial loans Such loans are used to finance temporary and permanent business assets Lines of credit and transaction loans are used for temporary assets and involving loans and term loans are used for permanent assets Sample text 6: International finance The genneral information of finance Finance is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created for transacting and trading assets, liabilities, and risks Finance is conceptualized, structured, and regulated by a complex system of power relations within political economies across state and global markets The financial system consists of public and private interests and the markets that serve them It provides capital from individual and institutional investors who transfer money directly and through intermediaries (e.g banks, insurance companies, brokerages and fund management firms) to other individuals, firms, and governments that acquire resources and transact business Although closely related, 80 the disciplines of economics and finance are distinctive The “economy” is a social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services” All of which must be financed Economists make a number of abstract assumptions for purposes of their analyses and predictions They generally regard financial markets that function for the financial system as an efficient mechanism The rate of exchange The currencies of other nations are often referred to as foreign exchange The use of foreign arises because different nations have different moneytary units, and the currency of one country can not be used for making payments in another country Because of trade, travel, and other transactions between individuals and business enterprises of different countries, it becomes necessary to convert money into the currency of other countries in order to pay for goods or services in those countries The transfer of money values from one country to another and the determination of the price at which the currency of one country will be surrendered for that of another constitute the main problems of foreign exchange How are exchange rates determined? Exchange rates may be determined in one of the two ways: • A government decides to establish and maintain its currency at fixed exchange rates • The value of a currency is established by floating exchange rates, in accordance with the law of supply and demand The fixed exchange rates Prior to the early 1970s, most nations guaranteed to exchange their own currency for a set amount of another currency In this way they fixed the value of their money in terms of foreign exchange The floating exchange rates By the mid 1970s, most nations allowed the value of their currencies to “float” (rise or fall) in accordance with the laws of supply and demand 81 A nation’s currency rises or falls in value depending on the demand for its goods and services When the demand for a nation’s product increases, more people want its currency, and the value of this currency increases When the demand for a nation’s products falls, so does the value of its currency Sample text 7: The concept of marketing You already know a lot about marketing because it is all around you As you study marketing, you will analyze what businesses to influence consumers’ buying decisions In fact, marketing is a broad term that includes many activities In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized on sales The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell Marketing was to work out how to sell the product Basically, selling the product would be done by sales promotion, which included advertising, personal selling, and after-sales services In addition, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was sold Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardization and grading The modern marketing concept is the idea that a business should strive to satisfy customers’ needs and wants while making a profit for the firm Specifically, marketing is the process of planning, pricing, promoting, selling and distributing goods or services to create exchanges that satisfy customers Modern marketing involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider the desires of the consumer, and this is much more difficult because it involves human behavior Production is mostly an engineering problem Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, and they are considered before the production process Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance Goods must be at the place where the customer needs 82 them This is known as place utility; it adds value to a product In addition, finished products often require special treatment such as refrigeration or careful handling, and are usually transported by truck Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required The time and manner of such storage depend upon the type of product Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities, but basically it involves four things: (1) selling the correct product at the proper place, (2) selling the product at a price determined by demand, (3) satisfying the customer’s needs and wants, (4) generating a profit for the company 83 APPENDIX PHIẾU CÂU HỎI ĐIỀU TRA (SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE) Bảng câu hỏi ñây phục vụ đề tài tìm hiểu vấn đề nghiên cứu lỗi thường gặp sinh viên khoa Ngoại ngữ việc học dịch phương tiện liên kết văn tiếng Anh Câu trả lời em cung cấp sở thực tiễn cho nghiên cứu Các sở liệu ñiều tra ñược phục vụ cho việc nghiên cứu ñề tài này, khơng mục đích khác Em trả lời câu hỏi cách đánh dấu () vào phù hợp: Về ñối tượng nghiên cứu Em sinh viên:  Năm thứ  Năm thứ hai  Năm cuối Giới tính:  Nam  Nữ Em học tiếng Anh ñược:  năm  năm  12 năm Em học môn Dịch ñược:  học kỳ  học kỳ  học kỳ Về nhận thức môn học, giáo trình học Em hiểu phương tiện liên kết tiếng Anh là:  Nhiều  Đầy đủ  Ít  Khơng hiểu Thơng tin phương tiện liên kết giáo trình là:  Nhiều  Đầy đủ  Ít  Hầu khơng có Lượng tập liên kết văn chương trình là:  Nhiều  Đầy đủ  Ít  Hầu khơng có Các phương tiện liên kết ngữ pháp học mơn sau đây:  Nghe-nói  Đọc-viết  Ngữ pháp  Dịch Các phương tiện liên kết từ vựng ñược học môn sau ñây: 84  Nghe-nói  Ngữ pháp  Đọc-viết  Dịch Về ý thức giáo viên sinh viên ñối với vai trò PTLK văn 10 Khi dạy giáo viên có giới thiệu PTLK vai trị chúng văn bản?  có  khơng 11 Giáo viên có quan tâm đến việc hướng dẫn sinh viên cách chuyển dịch sang tiếng Việt ñại từ quy chiếu, ñại từ thay thế, tượng tỉnh lược hay liên từ tiếng Anh khơng?  có  không 12 Qua giảng giáo viên, em có nắm vững phương tiện liên kết khơng?  Nắm vững toàn  Nắm vững số  Hồn tồn khơng hiểu 13 Theo em, phương tiện liên kết ngữ pháp, loại khó hiểu nhất:  Quy chiếu  Thế  Tỉnh lược  Nối 14 Em có thường ý đến liên kết từ vựng khơng?  có  khơng 15 Đại từ định có vai trị nào:  ñể xác ñịnh vật  ñể tránh lặp lại  ñể liên kết văn 16 Mạo từ the sử dụng…  trước vật có tính  trước danh từ nhắc ñến lần  ñể liên kết văn 17 Sinh viên thường gặp từ one với tư cách là:  từ số ñếm  ñại từ người nói chung  từ thay danh từ 18 Từ same có cách sử dụng:  so sánh giống  thay toàn cụm danh từ 19 Từ and biểu ñạt mối quan hệ  Bổ trợ  Tương phản  Thời gian  Nguyên nhân  quan hệ 85 20 Khi gặp tượng lặp từ hay sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa, em nghĩ:  tượng ngơn ngữ bình thường  phương tiện liên kết 21 Khi dịch văn em có ý dịch phương tiện liên kết không?  có  khơng 22 Khi khơng hiểu nghĩa từ thuộc PTLK dịch, em sẽ:  bỏ qua (khơng dịch)  hỏi giáo viên 23 Theo em, có cần thiết phải củng cố thêm kiến thức PTLK khơng?  có  khơng 24 Em có muốn ñược cung cấp thêm nhiều dạng tập PTLK khơng?  có  khơng XIN CHÂN THÀNH CẢM ƠN! 86