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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE TEACHERS’ AND LEARNERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ORAL DRILLS IN BEGINNER EFL CLASSROOMS: A CASE STUDY AT AUSTRALIA INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH SCHOOL A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s Degree in TESOL By HỒ VĂN TIỀN Supervised by CAO THỊ PHƯƠNG DUNG, Ph.D HO CHI MINH CITY, AUGUST 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic delayed the collection of the data for a long time I wavered some time However, with the help of many people, I was dogged to finish this thesis It is really heartwarming to see that they are there, as always, to offer me great encouragement and advice professionally and emotionally First and foremost, I felt a deep glow of thankfulness for my supervisor, Dr Cao Thị Phương Dung, who provided me with valuable advice and guidance from the proposal to the completion of my thesis I was also appreciative of her wholehearted proofreading and constructive feedback which were necessary for me to polish my writing skills I was very fortunate to have a supervisor like her Second, the following words are a sincere expression of gratitude to my teachers at EF (USSH, VNU) whose lectures were of great importance to broadening my knowledge and enhancing my critical thinking Third, my many thanks go to my colleagues at the School where I have been currently working Without their enthusiasm and support, the collection of the data for this thesis would never have been possible, especially in this pandemic of COVID-19 Next, I would like to send my thanks to all the learner participants as they actively and wholeheartedly participated in this thesis regardless of the fact that they were studying under me or not Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents, who are absolute beginners of English (“một chữ tiếng Anh không biết” - as they hilariously admitted) but still held the first print of my proposal with pride I was truly blessed to be their son since they have been my never-ending stream of love Thank you, Mom and Dad i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that this thesis entitled “TEACHERS’ AND LEARNERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ORAL DRILLS IN BEGINNER EFL CLASSROOMS: A CASE STUDY AT AUSTRALIA INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH SCHOOL” is my own work This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 Hồ Văn Tiền ii RETENTION OF USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Hồ Văn Tiền, being the candidate for the degree of Master in TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan, and reproduction of the theses Hồ Chí Minh City, August 2022 Hồ Văn Tiền iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii RETENTION OF USE OF THE THESIS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x ABSTRACT xi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale for the study 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Outline of the thesis CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Beginner learners of English and teaching beginner learners of English 2.1.1 The definition of beginner learners of English 2.1.2 Teaching beginner learners of English 2.2 The Audiolingual Method (ALM) 10 2.3 Oral drills (ODs) in English language teaching 13 2.3.1 Definition of ODs 13 2.3.2 Types of ODs 16 2.3.3 Characteristics of ODs 26 2.3.4 Making ODs meaningful, realistic, and communicative 30 2.3.5 Key points about the use of ODs in English language classrooms 32 2.3.6 Previous studies on ODs 33 iv 2.4 Conceptual framework 35 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 37 3.1 Research design 37 3.2 Context of the study 39 3.3 The course book Four Corners 39 3.4 Participants 42 3.4.1 Teacher participants 43 3.4.2 Learner participants 44 3.5 Research tools 46 3.5.1 Questionnaires 46 3.5.2 Interviews 54 3.5.3 Summary of the research tools 56 3.6 Data collection procedure 57 3.7 Data analysis procedure 59 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 61 4.1 Frequency of the use of the ODs in beginner EFL classrooms 61 4.2 Teachers’ opinions about the use of the ODs 62 4.2.1 Teachers’ opinions about the use of Repetition Drill (RD) 68 4.2.2 Teachers’ opinions about the use of Dialogue Memorization (DM) 72 4.2.3 (SSS) Teachers’ opinions about the use of Single-slot Substitution Drill 76 4.2.4 Teachers’ opinions about the use of Question-and-answer Drill (QAD) 81 4.3 Learners’ opinions about the use of the ODs 85 4.3.1 Learners’ opinions about the use of RD 91 4.3.2 Learners’ opinions about the use of DM 96 4.3.3 Learners’ opinions about the use of SSS 98 4.3.4 Learners’ opinions about the use of QAD 101 4.4 Discussion 103 v 4.5 Summary of the results 107 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 109 5.1 Conclusion 109 5.2 Pedagogical implications 110 5.2.1 Implications for teachers of beginner learners 111 5.2.2 Implications for school administrators 111 5.3 Limitations of the study 112 5.4 Recommendations for further research 112 REFERENCES 114 APPENDICES 121 APPENDIX 122 APPENDIX 129 APPENDIX 134 APPENDIX 140 APPENDIX 146 APPENDIX 149 APPENDIX 152 APPENDIX 157 APPENDIX 161 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIES/the school Australia International English School DM Dialogue Memorization EFL English as a Foreign Language L1, L2, L3, etc Learner 1, Learner 2, Learner OD(s) Oral drill(s) QAD Question-and-answer Drill RD Repetition Drill S Student SSS Single-slot Substitution Drill T Teacher T1, T2, T3, etc Teacher 1, Teacher 2, Teacher the L2 English (the target language) vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Types of ODs according to different authors 25 Table 3.1 The organization of the course book (Four Corners 1) 42 Table 3.2 Summary of the teachers’ background information 44 Table 3.3 Summary of the learners’ demographic information 45 Table 3.4 Item distribution in the teacher questionnaire 50 Table 3.5 Cronbach’s alpha values for the scales in the learner questionnaire 53 Table 3.6 Item distribution in the learner questionnaire 53 Table 3.7 The learner respondents’ background information 56 Table 3.8 Summary of the research questions and research tools 57 Table 3.9 Timeline for data collection procedure 59 Table 4.1 The frequency of the use of each OD in beginner classrooms 61 Table 4.2 Teachers’ overall opinions about the use of ODs in beginner EFL classrooms 63 Table 4.3 Teachers’ opinions about the functions of RD 68 Table 4.4 Teachers’ opinions about how RD should be implemented 71 Table 4.5 Teachers’ opinions about the functions of DM 73 Table 4.6 Teachers’ opinions about how DM should be implemented 75 Table 4.7 Teachers’ opinions about the functions of SSS 77 Table 4.8 Teachers’ opinions about how SSS should be implemented 79 Table 4.9 Teachers’ opinions about the functions of QAD 82 Table 4.10 Teachers’ opinions about how QAD should be implemented 84 Table 4.11 Summary of learners’ overall opinions about the use of the ODs in beginner EFL classrooms 86 Table 4.12 Learners’ opinions about the effectiveness of RD 92 Table 4.13 Learners’ preferences and expectations about how RD should be complemented 94 Table 4.14 Learners’ opinions about the effectiveness of DM 96 Table 4.15 Learners’ preferences and expectations about how DM should be implemented 97 Table 4.16 Learners’ opinions about the effectiveness of SSS 99 Table 4.17 Learners’ preferences and expectations about how SSS should be conducted 100 Table 4.18 Learners’ opinions about the effectiveness of QAD 101 viii Table 4.19 Learners’ preferences and expectations about how QAD should be implemented 102 ix C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an IV - How you think DM should be conducted? Why? SSS - What functions you think SSS has in beginner classes? Why you think so? - How you think SSS should be conducted? Why? QAD - What functions you think QAD has in beginner classes? Why you think so? - How you think QAD should be conducted? Why? OTHER RELATED QUESTIONS - Do you think you still use these ODs when the learner levels upgrade? Why or why not? - Do you have any other creative or interesting ways to conduct these ODs? 148 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 16 APPENDIX 17 LEARNER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 18 (VIETNAMESE) 19 CÂU HỎI PHỎNG VẤN HỌC VIÊN - Chào hỏi/giới thiệu Trình bày mục đích buổi vấn, cách thức tiến hành I THÔNG TIN CHUNG - Bạn học Úc Châu (UC) học sách nào? - Bạn có học tiếng Anh vỡ lịng trước học UC khơng? Học tiếng Anh vỡ lịng có khó khơng? Tại sao? Bạn có áp dụng cách học tiếng Anh vỡ lịng trước khơng? II QUAN ĐIỂM CHUNG VỀ BỐN HÌNH THỨC LUYỆN TẬP NĨI TRONG CÁC LỚP TIẾNG ANH VỠ LÒNG Bạn nghĩ nhận định sau? Tại sao? phù hợp với người học tiếng anh vỡ lòng? quan trọng việc phát triển ngôn ngữ ban đầu HV? nên sử dụng thường xuyên? chán? (Nếu bạn đồng ý/hồn tồn đồng ý bốn hình thức luyện tập chán Thầy/Cơ nên làm cách để chúng có ý nghĩa với học sinh chán hơn?) gây áp lực cho bạn? III QUAN ĐIỂM VỀ TỪNG HÌNH THỨC TẬP LUYỆN Nghe lặp lại - Bạn thấy hình thức tập luyện hiệu vào mục đích gì? Tập phát âm âm/đọc từ/nói cụm từ ngắn/nói câu ngắn/ngữ điệu? Tại sao? - Bạn muốn hình thức tiến hành nào? Học thuộc thực hành mẫu đối thoại - Bạn tấy hình thức tập luyện hiệu vào mục đích gì? Tập ngữ điệu/nâng cao trôi chảy/áp dụng câu từ mẫu đối thoại vào thực tế? Tại sao? - Bạn muốn hình thức tiến hành nào? Thay từ vào chỗ trống phù hợp - Bạn thấy hình thức tập luyện hiệu vào mục đích gì? Tập mẫu câu, nâng cao trơi chảy, ngữ điệu ngữ pháp? - Bạn muốn hình thức tiến hành nào? Hỏi trả lời nhanh 149 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an IV - I II III Bạn thấy hình thức tập luyện hiệu vào mục đích gì? Tập mẫu câu, ôn từ vựng hay nâng cao phản xạ? Bạn muốn hình thức tiến hành nào? CÁC CÂU HỎI LIÊN QUAN KHÁC Bạn có nghĩ hình thức luyện tập nên sử dụng khóa sau khơng? LEARNER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS (ENGLISH VERSION) - Greeting and presenting the goal of the interview - Presenting the interview procedure GENERAL INFORMATION - How long have you been learning at AIES? What book are you learning? - Before learning at AIES, did you ever take beginner courses elsewhere? Is learning English in this stage difficult? How is it different? GENERAL BELIEFS ABOUT ORAL DRILLS IN BEGINNER EFL CLASSROOMS What you think about these statements? Why? - The ODs are suitable for beginners - The ODs are important for the early development of the L2 - The ODs should be conducted frequently - The ODs are boring - I am under no pressure when experiencing ODs OPINIONS ABOUT THE USE OF EACH OF THE ORAL DRILLS RD - In what aspects is RD effective? Why? - What you prefer/expect when RD is under implementation? DM - In what aspects is DM effective? Why? - What you prefer/expect when DM is under implementation? SSS - In what aspects is SSS effective? Why? - What you prefer/expect when SSS is under implementation? QAD - In what aspects is QAD effective? Why? - What you prefer/expect when QAD is under implementation? 150 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an IV OTHER RELATED QUESTIONS - Do you think ODs should be used in the following courses? 151 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 20 APPENDIX 21 RELIABILITY OF LEARNER QUESTIONNAIRE I Repetition Drill Effectiveness Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 893 900 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.1.1 15.19 13.062 673 520 889 B.1.2 14.95 13.448 889 830 840 B.1.3 14.95 13.148 829 763 849 B.1.4 15.14 13.829 767 705 864 B.1.5 15.00 14.400 586 350 904 Preferences and expectations Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 915 923 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item Deleted if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.1.6 30.33 48.533 579 704 916 B.1.7 30.52 50.762 401 897 930 B.1.8 29.95 48.048 803 953 900 B.1.9 29.81 46.562 874 959 895 152 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an B.1.10 29.86 47.029 744 920 903 B.1.11 29.81 48.262 836 877 899 B.1.12 30.24 47.590 764 923 902 B.1.13 29.81 47.062 755 952 902 B.1.14 29.38 48.148 733 938 904 II Dialogue Memorization Effectiveness Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 828 843 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.2.1 7.76 3.690 630 562 828 B.2.2 7.62 3.948 858 736 630 B.2.3 7.95 3.848 616 538 837 Preferences and expectations Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 876 874 Item-Total Statistics B.2.4 Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted 26.95 31.448 724 754 153 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 850 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an B.2.5 27.05 31.748 675 766 856 B.2.6 27.14 31.829 818 764 841 B.2.7 27.14 35.929 554 532 869 B.2.8 27.24 35.190 569 428 867 B.2.9 27.05 36.348 500 358 873 B.2.10 26.67 34.733 528 653 872 B.2.11 27.10 31.390 724 690 850 III Single-slot Substitution Drill Effectiveness Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 810 815 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.3.1 11.29 6.414 668 657 743 B.3.2 11.43 7.657 617 668 771 B.3.3 11.62 6.848 708 621 725 B.3.4 11.38 7.048 542 569 807 Preferences and expectations Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 728 736 Item-Total Statistics 154 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item Deleted if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.3.5 23.33 16.833 400 506 707 B.3.6 23.10 16.390 569 694 667 B.3.7 23.76 17.390 394 445 707 B.3.8 23.48 17.762 341 493 719 B.3.9 23.52 16.562 401 342 708 B.3.10 23.33 16.833 454 433 693 B.3.11 22.90 16.990 567 564 672 IV Question-and-answer Drill Effectiveness Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 877 881 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.4.1 8.33 4.233 656 530 918 B.4.2 8.10 3.190 902 821 699 B.4.3 8.14 2.929 775 746 833 Preferences and expectations Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Alpha Based on N of Items Standardized Items 781 779 Item-Total Statistics 155 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item Deleted if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's Total Multiple Alpha if Item Correlation Correlation Deleted B.4.4 12.10 5.690 785 624 616 B.4.5 12.00 6.400 644 468 698 B.4.6 11.90 6.490 534 400 757 B.4.7 11.71 7.714 406 338 809 156 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT TEACHER INTERVIEW (T1) R = the researcher T = the teacher R Anh thấy em đánh chọn ODs phù hợp với người bắt đầu học tiếng Anh nè, em nghĩ vậy? T Dạ, giải thích anh? Um Em thấy người học tiếng Anh vỡ lịng họ thường khơng tự tin đâu R Khơng tự tin em? Nói ln T Kiểu họ khơng tự tin tiếng Anh họ anh Họ hay nói “ôi em ngu tiếng Anh Thầy ơi, em học hồi mà khơng gì, nói vài câu hà” blah blah [cười] R Rồi em? T Thì em thấy [ODs] phù hợp với họ mà, dễ làm anh Ban đầu em thấy phù hợp R Ừm T Giờ có muốn làm đâu, trời có nhiều người cịn chưa đọc bảng chữ mà Có nhiều bạn học viên vơ yếu Anh kêu họ làm khó xíu, họ làm không họ bỏ học Em gặp hồi Học bữa Bảo “sao học khó Thầy ơi, em theo không kịp.” R Em kêu họ làm gì? T Có khó đâu trời Hỏi câu dài dài xíu thơi Kiểu kêu họ đứng trước lớp em hỏi habit Thấy họ trả lời khó khăn, í mà em hướng dẫn đó, bữa sau khơng thấy học nửa, có nhiều người họ yếu anh ơi, anh dạy [tiếng Anh vỡ lòng] anh biết mà Có biết đâu Cho nên rút kinh nghiệm Beginners [ODs] mà dùng Tạm thời thơi Em thấy dễ Mà anh thấy [ODs] dễ không? 157 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an R Rồi anh thấy em chọn hoàn toàn đồng ý với ý [Mục B.2] Sao hoàn toàn đồng ý ba [Người nghiên cứu nói đùa] À anh nhầm, có khơng [Mục B.4] T Thì anh kêu nghĩ chọn Sao em đọc thấy R Nhưng giải thích T OK OK, man [cười lớn] R Rồi giải thích “man” T Câu khó để suy nghĩ R Câu T Thì kiểu ban đầu em thấy họ cần lặp lại nhiều, ban đầu thơi, giai đoạn nè [tiếng Anh vỡ lịng] R Sao em? 158 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LEARNER INTERVIEW (GROUP INTERVIEW) R = the researcher Ls = the learners L1, L2, = Learner 1, Learner 2, R Chào bạn, Thầy tên Mr Tiền L1 Dạ em biết Thầy Mr Money [cười lớn] R [cười] À, khỏi giới thiệu hen Vậy Thầy hỏi nha Chắc Thầy Hịa với Cơ Nhã nói sơ sơ cho bạn buổi vấn hôm Ls Dạ R Vậy bắt đầu, cho bạn cịn L1 Không Thầy, trễ không R Ừm em Chắc bạn có làm bảng khảo sát bữa trước Thầy gửi Chắc biết bốn hình thức luyện tập nói Thầy có để mơ tả với ví dụ đó, Thầy Cô hay dùng lớp Giờ Thầy hỏi thêm cho rõ thơi L2 Mà đừng hỏi khó q Thầy Em trả lời đâu R OK em [cười] Ls [Cười lớn] R Các bạn có thấy [ODs] phù hợp với bạn không? Em trước [quay sang L1] L1 Em chọn có Thầy Ls Giải thích ln Tâm L1 Giải thích ln Thầy [quay sang hỏi Người nghiên cứu] R Ừm Sao em thấy phù hợp? 159 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an L1 Em thấy khơng u cầu nhiều Em học mà Không biết nhiều [tiếng Anh] đâu R Có nói thêm khơng em [cười] L1 Em thấy Thầy R Ừm, cảm ơn em Cịn bạn [quay qua hỏi L2]? L2 Thì em thấy phù hợp R Sao bạn nghĩ vậy? L2 Thì giống Tâm nói Thầy Em thấy ln 160 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX A TYPICAL LESSON IN FOUR CORNERS 161 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn
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