Nominal clauses in english and their vietnamese equivalents=mệnh đề danh ngữ trong tiếng anh và các cấu trúc tương đương trong tiếng việt

VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ==== ==== NOMINAL CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (MỆNH ĐỀ DANH NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ CÁC CẤU TRÚC TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS FIELD: LINGUISTICS Supervisor: CAO THỊ PHƯƠNG, M.A Student: NGUYỄN NHƯ HUỆ Class: 47A - English VINH, 2010 Acknowledgements For the accomplishment of this study, we have received a great deal of support and assistance from many dedicated individuals First of all, I would like to express my thanks to the Directorial Board of the Foreign Languages Department which awarded me an opportunity to this thesis Secondly, I would like to express my faithful and deepest thanks to my supervisor, Mrs Cao Thi Phuong (M.A.), for her useful references, excellent advices and readiness during my study process Thirdly, I want to show my gratitude to all teachers of Foreign Languages Department who gave me useful advices and critical comments for the study My deepest thanks are for my beloved family and my friends who always stand by my side and encourage me from my preparation until the completion of this study Thank you to all! Vinh, May 2010 Ngun Nh- H List of Abbreviations A: Adverb Adj: Adjective Co: Object Complement Cs: Subject Complement Eg: Example Od: Direct Object Oi: Indirect Object S: Subject V: Verb Abstract The importance of nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents in language teaching and learning has stimulated the author on this study When study English nominal clauses, we have to have a thorough understanding of them as well as their sub – types and functions In this thesis, the author gives the background knowledge about sentences, clauses, sub – types of clauses, especially nominal clauses and their functions in chapter I In chapter II, the author discusses about nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents, their similarities and differences In addition, the study also gives out some measures and suggested exercises to help students master English nominal clauses and use them correctly Table of contents Acknowledgements i List of abbreviations ii Abstract iii Table of contents iv Part a: introduction 1 Reasons for choosing the study Aims of the study Research questions Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study Part b: Investigation Chapter I: Theoretical background 1.1 Sentence 1.1.1 Definition of sentence 1.1.2 Structure of sentence 1.1.3 Types of sentence 1.2 Clause 1.2.1 Definition of clause 1.2.2 Elements of clause 1.2.3 Classifications of clause 1.2.3.1 Independent clauses 1.2.3.2 Dependent clauses 1.2.4 Functions of dependent clauses 11 1.3 Nominal clauses in English 12 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 1.3.1 Definition of nominal clauses 12 1.3.2 Categories of nominal clauses 14 Chapter II: Nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents 16 2.1 That nominal clauses 16 2.1.1 That nominal clauses as subject 16 2.1.2 That nominal clauses as direct object 19 2.1.3 That nominal clauses as subject complement 21 2.1.4 That nominal clauses as adjectival complement 22 2.1.5 That nominal clauses as appositive 22 2.2 The dependent interrogative clauses 23 2.2.1 Wh – interrogative nominal clauses 24 2.2.1.1 Wh – interrogative clauses as subject 25 2.2.1.2 Wh – interrogative clauses as direct object 25 2.2.1.3 Wh – interrogative clauses as subject complement 28 2.2.1.4 Wh – interrogative clauses as adjectival complement 29 2.2.1.5 Wh – interrogative clauses as appositive 29 2.2.1.6 Wh – interrogative clauses as prepositional complement 30 2.2.2 Yes – no interrogative clauses 31 2.2.2.1 Yes – no interrogative clauses as subject 32 2.2.2.2 Yes – no interrogative clauses as direct object 32 2.2.2.3 Yes – no interrogative clauses as subject complement 33 2.2.2.4 Yes – no interrogative clauses as adjectival complement 33 2.2.2.5 Yes – no interrogative clauses as appositive 34 2.2.2.6 Yes – no interrogative clauses as prepositional complement 34 2.3 Nominal relative clauses 34 2.3.1 Nominal relative clauses as subject 35 2.3.2 Nominal relative clauses as direct object 37 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 2.3.3 Nominal relative clauses as indirect object 38 2.3.4 Nominal relative clauses as subject complement 39 2.3.5 Nominal relative clauses as object complement 40 2.3.6 Nominal relative clauses as prepositional complement 40 2.3.7 Nominal relative clauses as appositive 41 2.4 Nominal to – infinitive clauses 42 2.4.1 Nominal to – infinitive clauses as subject 42 2.4.2 Nominal to – infinitive clauses as direct object 43 2.4.3 Nominal to – infinitive clauses as subject complement 43 2.4.4 Nominal to – infinitive clauses as adjectival complement 43 2.4.5.Nominal to – infinitive clauses as appositive 44 2.5 Nominal –ing clauses 44 2.5.1 Nominal –ing clauses as subject 45 2.5.2 Nominal –ing clauses as direct object 45 2.5.3 Nominal –ing clauses as subject complement 45 2.5.4 Nominal –ing clauses as appositive 46 2.5.5 Nominal –ing clauses as prepositional complement 46 2.5.6 Nominal –ing clauses as adjectival complement 46 2.6 Nominal bare infinitive and verbless clauses 46 Chapter III: Some errors made by Vietnamese students suggestions for teaching English nominal clauses 48 3.1 Predictions of errors made by Vietnamese students when learning English nominal clauses 48 3.1.1 Inversion between subject and verb in nominal interrogative clauses 48 3.1.2 Subject and verb disagreement 49 3.1.3 Misuse of “whether” and “if” in yes – no interrogative clauses 49 3.1.4 Omission of “that” in that – clauses functioning as subject 49 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 3.1.5 Unsuitable change from quoted speech to reported speech 50 3.2 Some actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English nominal clauses 51 3.2.1 Inversion between subject and verb in nominal interrogative clauses 51 3.2.2 Subject and verb disagreement 52 3.2.3 Misuse of “whether” and “if” in yes – no interrogative clauses 52 3.2.4 Omission of “that” in that – clauses functioning as subject 53 3.2.5 Unsuitable change from quoted speech to reported speech 54 3.3 Some suggestions for teaching English nominal clauses 55 Part c: conclusion 58 References Appendix Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an part a: Introduction I Reasons for Choosing the Study Nowadays English has become an international language It plays an important role at enhancing the solidarity among the countries all over the world and it is also used in every field of society Realizing its importance, most of Vietnamese schools choose it to be one of the obligatory subjects However, learning English as a foreign language brings learners certain problems, especially with English construction In this study, we choose the topic: “Nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents” for the following reasons: Firstly, nominal clauses play an important role in both spoken and written English However, they are not easy to use and are one of the most difficult English grammatical phenomenons, especially, with their sub - types and their functions Secondly, because of their difficulties, students often make mistakes or commit errors when using English nominal clauses Sometimes they cannot realize what nominal clauses are and what functions they are acting For example, they may think “that – clauses” in these two following sentences: “1 The news that you told me is not true The news, that he has left home, is not true.” are of the same type, that is, relative clause (or adjectival clause) In fact, these two that – clauses are of absolutely different types: “that – clause” in the first sentence is relative clause but “that – clause” in the second sentence is nominal clause functioning as appositive Thirdly, being a student of English and a teacher of English in the future, we should something to help our students overcome these confusions so that they can use English nominal clause in an excellent way with as few error as possible Finally, there has been no research on English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents and the ways to help learners overcome the confusion until recent years II Aims of the Study Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents are a complicated problem, causing confusion for Vietnamese students who learn English as a foreign language Thus, we would like to give an over view about this type of clause in the two languages so that we can understand it and find it easy in learning process Our study is aimed at: - Giving the description of English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents - Illustrating the differences and similarities of nominal clauses in these two languages - Offering suggestions for teaching English nominal clauses to Vietnamese students III Research Questions This study tries to find out the answers for the following questions: What is a nominal clause? What is the classification of English nominal clauses and the features of each sub – type? What are the differences and similarities between English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents? What are predicted errors Vietnamese students may commit when learning English nominal clauses? What are suggestions to the teaching of English nominal clauses? IV Scope of the Study This thesis is about English nominal clauses, their sub – types and functions of each type Moreover, we concentrate on giving examples of nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Finally, we will offer Vietnamese learners some suggestions to overcome errors in using English nominal clauses V Methods of the Study Descriptive method Comparative and contrastive method Analytic and statistical method VI Design of the Study The study is developed in three main parts: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 10 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an other elements appropriately such as: the pronoun, possessive adjective, adverb of time and place, etc Thus, the correct sentence of (1) must be: –Bruce informed me that he was going to move to Ohio.– And (2) must be: –Maria wanted to know if I had seen her grammar book.– In conclusion, students’ errors are caused by two main reasons First, it is the negative influence of the native language in the process of learning second lannguge, this phenomenon is called the interference phenonmenon In other words, it is the habbits of the native impose on the foreign language when speaking and writing foreign language (pshychology) And second, it is the application of the forms of the earlier learning upon the forms of the later learning 3.2 Some Actual Errors that Vietnamese Learners Commit When Learning English Nominal Clause To find out actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English nominal clauses, a survey was carried out We investigated the ability to learn English nominal clauses of 50 students at Gia Vien A high school in Ninh Binh province The students were asked to five exercises dealing with some major types of nominal clauses (The exercises are added in the appendix) The detail results are illustrated as follows: 3.2.1 Inversion between Subject and Verb in Nominal Interrogative Clauses Frequency of Type of error occurrence Inversion between subject and verb in 24 nominal interrogative clauses Percent (%) 48 Table 1: Error of inversion between subject and verb in nominal interrogative clauses The result from the table above shows that there are a number of students committing this error when using nominal interrogative clauses (24 students out of total 50 ones, making up 48%) It is clear that the effect of prior learning upon later learning is far from imagination Nearly a half of the students place the verb preceding the subject in nominal interrogative clauses Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 61 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 3.2.2 Subject and Verb Disagreement Frequency of Type of error occurrence Subject and verb disagreement Percent (%) 28 56 Table 2: Error of Subject and verb disagreement This table illustrates that there have been a large number of students not use the form of the verb after nominal clauses appropriately (28 students, making up 56%) The detailed errors that student committed in the survey are: What causes the fire remain a mystery What we all needed were a spell of warm sunshine Now all he could are sit and listen to the others What he needs now are sleep, and peace and quiet Or: All I could are sit and look at her in class As we have mentioned in 3.1.2, the errors are made by the negative transfer from students’ mother tongue to foreign language The students transferred the word “all” to their mother tongue with the meaning –tÊt c°– which is plural in Vietnamese but in English nominal clauses, it is always at singular form On the other hand, in the sentence: –What he needs now are sleep, and peace and quiet.–**, students saw that the predicate of this sentence contains three facts: –sleep, peace and quiet– Therefore, they used the verb “to be” at plural form In fact, we have to put the verb in concord with the subject of the sentence, not with the predicate For this reason, the verb –to be– in this sentence has to be put at singular form: –is–, not –are– Students caused this error partly because they misunderstood the substance of this phenomenon 3.2.3 Misuse of –Whether– and –If– in Yes – no Interrogative Clauses Frequency of Types of error occurrence - Using “if” in subject position - Using negative verb form in “whether – interrogative” clauses - Using “if + or not” 35 70 21 42 26 52 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 62 Percent (%) C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Table 3: Error of Misuse of –whether– and –if– in yes – no interrogative clauses The result of this table shows that there are still a number of students not understand the different use of –whether– and –if– in yes – no interrogative clauses The evidence is that there are 35 students out of total 50 ones (making up 70%) still placing –if– in subject position They could not correct the errors containing “if” in subject position in the exercise in the appendix This is because there is no different use between “whether” and “if” in students’ mother tongue On the contrary, they are of the same meaning and the same use in Vietnamese: –liÖu l¯ – or –liÖu xem–, etc Furthermore, when the verbs are put the negative form in –whether – interrogative– clauses, 21 students did not enable to realize this error Similarly, there are 26 students (over a half of total 50 students) also could not realize the error when –or not– is put right after –if– in the sentence: –I wonder if or not she will come.– As we mentioned in 2.2.2, this sentence is incorrect because –or not– cannot be put right after –if–, but after –whether– is acceptable Hence, the correct sentence must be: “I wonder whether or not she will come.” Or: “I wonder if she will come or not.” All these errors are made because there is no equivalent construction between yes – no interrogative clauses in English and in Vietnamese 3.2.4 Omission of –That– in That – clauses Functioning as Subject Frequency of Type of error occurrence Omission of “that” in that - clauses 37 functioning as subject Percent (%) 74 Table 4: Error of Omission of –that– in that – clauses functioning as subject As can be seen from this table, the number of students omitting the conjunction –that– in subject position when transferring from their mother tongue to English is 37 students, making up the highest percent: 74% Students omitted Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 63 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an –that– in subject position because the meaning of conjunction –that– is unimportant in Vietnamese and it can be omitted But it is not allowed in English On the other hand, –that– is compelled to be present in subject position in English that - nominal clauses Being affected by the features of their mother tongue (Vietnamese), students easily commit this error 3.2.5 Unsuitable Change from Quoted Speech to Reported Speech Frequency of Types of error occurrence Percent (%) - Unchanging subject 11 22 - Unchanging possessive adjective 16 32 - Unchanging object 11 22 - Unsuitable change of verb tense 38 76 Table 5: Errors of Unsuitable change from quoted speech to reported speech As can be seen from the table, when changing from direct speech to indirect speech, there are many students committing errors Many students changed the subject correctly to reported speech but they were unaware of changing the correlative elements such as: possessive adjective, object, etc Especially, when the reporting verb was in the past tense, 38 students (making up the highest percent: 76%) did not change the tense of the verbs in quoted speech backwards to the past tense in reported speech For example, students changed the sentence: –Did you enjoy your trip?– asked Kim to indirect speech as: –Kim asked me if I enjoyed my trip.–** Instead of: “Kim asked me if I had enjoyed my trip.– In addition, nine students put the verb –are– and eleven ones put the verb “rise– in the past tense when changing from direct speech to indirect speech as: (1): –Sentences with noun clauses are a little complicated.– –Linda thinks that sentences with nouns clauses were a little complicated.–** And (2): –The sun rises in the East,– said Mr Clark Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 64 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an –Mr Clark, an elememtary school teacher, explained to his students that the sun rised in the East.–** These two sentences are incorrect because students applied the regular rules of changing from quoted speech to reported speech In fact, we cannot change the tense of two verbs: –are– in (1) and –rise– in (2) for these reasons: firstly, the reporting verb in (1) is in simple present tense (thinks), and secondly, (2) states a natural fact, a universal truth As we have predicted in 3.1.5, it is the effect of earlier learning that negatively affects to Vietnamese learners’ process of learning reported speech, students are familiar with the form of a sentence in quoted speech 3.3 Some Suggestions for Teaching English Nominal Clauses As we have stated, English nominal clause is a difficult English grammatical phenomenon Therefore, mistakes and errors are unavoidable One of the aims of this study is that the teacher should make use of the results of the contrastive analysis done above in their teaching However, in order to help students overcome these difficulties in learning English nominal clauses, the teacher are expected to the following activities: First, the teacher should show students what a nominal clause is Then point out five different categories of nominal clauses, the features and functions of each category Next, teachers had better point out the differences among nominal clauses, adjectival clauses and adverbial clauses Especially, explain clearly the differences between nominal relative clauses and adjectival clauses; nominal to – infinitive clauses and adverbial clauses of purpose, which also begin with –to– Besides, teacher should point out the differences between wh – interrogative clauses and nominal relative clauses clearly to student so as to help them avoid confusions when using these two kinds of nominal clauses Finally, teachers should point out the differences between English nominal clauses and the structures they have learnt before Moreover, the different structures of English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents should be accounted for clearly to students Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 65 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an More specifically, we would like to give out our suggested ways for teaching each category of nominal clauses as follows: In order to teach that – nominal clauses, the teacher should point out five functions that a that – clause can act Especially, teacher should focus on that – clauses functioning as subject of sentence, emphasize to students that when that – clauses functioning as subject, conjunction –that– cannot be omitted in English but it can be in Vietnamese Hence, students could understand the differences between their mother tongue and the foreign language they are learning to avoid committing errors Moreover, the teacher should show the students the differences between that – clauses functioning as appositive and adjectival clauses which beginning with “that” by giving examples to explain (the example given in 2.1.5 can be useful) To teach wh – interrogative clauses, the teacher should also list all the functions that a they can act The structures used in wh – interrogative clauses must be reminded to students The teacher should emphasize that the constructions used in this type of nominal clauses are in affirmative form as a statement, not in interrogative form as a question Therefore, the verb should be preceded by the subject of sentence Similarly, the structures used in yes – no interrogative clauses are in declarative form, too Another point that the teacher should pay attention to when teaching yes – no interrogative clauses is that the different structures using with –if– and –whether– clauses need to be pointed out Then teachers compare the structures used in –if - interrogative– and –whether – interrogative– clauses in English and the equivalent structures in their mother tongue (Vietnamese) in order to help them distinguish the different constructions between these two languages To teach nominal relative clauses, the similarities and differences between nominal relative clauses and wh – interrogative ones should be pointed out, avoiding confusions to students when using these two kinds of nominal clauses Moreover, emphasizing the differences between them and adjectival clauses that the students have studied before With nominal to – infinitive clauses and nominal –ing clauses, there is no equivalent structure in Vietnamese Teachers should distinguish nominal to – Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 66 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an infinitive clauses and adverbial clauses of purpose to students, remind students of the structures of to – infinitive clauses when they functioning as a subject of a sentence In conclusion, when teaching English nominal clauses, teachers should point out all the functions of each type, the similarities and differences, especially the differences, between English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents Furthermore, the differences between English nominal clauses and the constructions that students have learnt before should also be pointed out clearly Finally yet importantly, the structures used in nominal clauses should be taught according to communicative approach that is only use situation and visual aids to explain them, avoid translation from English to students’ mother tongue as much as possible Above are all the suggestions that we can offer from the results of our study However, each teacher has their own ways of teaching as well as each student has their own ways of learning, we expect to receive more suggestions from readers in order to help Vietnamese learners use English nominal clauses correctly and avoid committing negligible mistakes and errors Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 67 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Part c: conclusion As we stated in the previous parts, nominal clause is a complicated problem which causes learners a number of mistakes and errors when using it This thesis, therefore, has mentioned about nominal clauses in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese In our study, we first gave out the background knowledge about sentence, clause and classification of clause We especially emphasized on one type of dependent clause, that is nominal clauses In chapter II, we listed all categories of nominal clauses in English, and tried to find out all of their Vietnamese equivalents corresponding with each of their functions The results of the contrastive analysis in this study are the similarities and differences between English nominal clauses and their equivalents in Vietnamese Almost categories of English nominal clauses have equivalent lexical meaning in Vietnamese For example:  That – nominal clauses can function as subject, direct object, subject complement, object complement, appositive and have similar meaning with “ViƯc / C¸i / rºng / l¯ + clause” in Vietnamese  Wh – interrogative clauses which begin with –what/ who/ when/ where/ how/ why, etc– can occur in the whole range of fnctions available to that – nominal clauses and have following equivalents in vietnamese: * What has similar meaning with / / chuyện / điều / / ®iÒu ” in Vietnamese * “Who ” has similar meaning with “ai ” * “When ” has similar meaning with “khi n¯o / bao giê ” * “Where ” has similar meaning with đâu/ đâu/ chỗ no * “How ” has similar meaning with “ nh­ thÕ n¯o/ thÕ n¯o/ sao/ l¯m / cì n¯o” * “Why ” has similar meaning with “Lý / T¹i / v× ” Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 68 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an  Yes – no interrogative clauses which begin with –whether – and –if – have similar meaning with –liƯu (hay) kh«ng/ xem ch­a/ l¯ (hay) in Vietnamese  Nominal relative clauses which also begin with wh – element and can function as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive and adjectival complement Nominal relative clauses have the same Vietnamese equivalents as wh – interrogative clauses Moreover, when they start with “wh + ever–, for example –whatever/ whichever/ wherever/ whenever/ etc.–, they have following equivalents in vietnamese: * “Whatever ”: “bÊt kĨ ®iỊu / * Whichever : “bÊt cø c¸i n¯o ” * “Wherever ”: “bÊt cø n¬i n¯o ” * “Whenever ”: “bÊt cø n¯o / bÊt cø lóc n¯o ” As we all know, Vietnamese is one typical type of isolating language and English is of inflectional language, therefore, they are quite different Nominal to – infinitive, nominal –ing clause and nominal bare infinitive clauses are three different categories of English nominal clauses but in Vietnamese, there is no Moreover, –whether– and –if – distinguished feature among them interrogative– clauses have different grammatical constructions in English but have the same structures in Vietnamese This is the reason why Vietnamese learners often commit error when using this type of nominal clauses Furthermore, some errors made by Vietnamese students when using English nominal clauses are predicted and a survey was carried out in order to find out actual errors that learners commit Finally, we offered some suggestions for teaching English nominal clauses to Vietnamese learners so that they can help learners avoid some common grammatical mistakes originated from the effect of negative transfer phenomenon and the structures that they have learnt before Because of the limitation of knowledge and ability, though we have tried our best, mistakes are unavoidable in both the content and the way of representation Therefore, we would be grateful to receive all of your suggestions, remarks and comments Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 69 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an References Azar, B S (2001) Understanding and Using English Grammar Hanoi: Nhà xuất Thống kê Borsiey, R D (1991) Syntactic Theory: a Unified Approach Great Britain Buu, H V (1994) Sentences Ho Chi Minh: Nhà xuất Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Chu, M N., Nghieu, V D., Phien, H T (1992) Cơ sở ngôn ngữ học Tiếng Việt Hanoi: Nhà xuất Đại học giáo dục chuyên nghiệp Hà Néi Eastwood, J (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press Frost, R (2003) Hand Book to Better English Wordlink books publishing Hill, L (2003) The Smiles of England Hanoi: Nhà xuất Thanh niên James, C (1980) Contrastive Analysis Longman Group Ltd Lan L (2007) Harry Porter chiÕc cèc löa Hanoi: Nhà xuất Trẻ 10 Le, H (1992) Cú Pháp Tiếng Việt (II) Hanoi: Nhà xuất khoa học xà héi 11 Leech, G & Svartvik, J (1992) A Communicative Grammar of English Longman Group Ltd 12 Nguyet, N T A & Tien, C (2009) 20 Trun ng¾n chän läc Anh – ViƯt Ho Chi Minh: Nhà xt b¶n tỉng hợp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh 13 Palmer, F (1994) Grammar 2nd edn London: Pengiun 14 Quirk, R et al (1972) A Grammar of Contemporary English Longman Group Ltd 15 Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1976) A University Grammar of English Longman Group Ltd Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 70 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 16 Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1976) A University Grammar of English, workbook Longman Group Ltd 17 Rowling, J K (2002) Harry Porter and the Goblet of Fire U.S.A.: Scholastic Inc 18 Son, D (1996) Tìm Hiểu Văn Ch-ơng Anh Ho Chi Minh: Nhà xuất Thành phố Hồ ChÝ Minh 19 Tuyet, N T B (2008) A Study on Clauses of Purpose in English and Vietnamese Vinh: Vinh University Press 20 Viet, B H & Tuan, N Q (1990) American Strange Legends Hanoi: Nhà xuất Giáo dục 21 ý, B (1980) Basic English Sentence Patterns Hanoi: Nhµ xuất Giáo dục Websites: Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nominal_clause Http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/verblessclauseterm.html Http://www encyclopedia.com/doc/1209_clause.html Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 71 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX Exercises in the survey of students– errors in using English nominal clauses Exercise 1: Use the words in the parentheses to complete the following sentences Use any appropriate verb tense A: Where (Ruth, go) ………………………? She’s not in her room B: I don’t know Ask her friend Tina She might know where (Ruth, go) ……………………… A: Oops! I made a mistake Where (my eraser, be) ………………………? Didn’t I lend it to you? B: I don’t have it Ask Sally where (it, be) ……………………… I think I saw her using it A: Mr Lee is a recent immigrant, isn’t he? How long (he, be) ………………………in this country? B: I have no idea, but I’ll be seeing Mr Lee this afternoon Would you like me to ask him how long (he, live) ………………………here? A: Are you a student here? I’m a student here, too Tell me what class (you, take) ………………………this term Maybe we’re in some of the same classes B: Math 4, English 2, History 6, and Chemistry 101 What classes (you, take) ………………………? A: Help! Quick! Look at the roadside! Which road (we, be supposed) ………………………to take? B: You’re the driver! Don’t look at me! I don’t know which road (we, be supposed) ………………………to take I’ve never been here before in my entire life Exercise 2: Put the verbs in the parentheses in correct tense What causes the fire (remain) a mystery Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 72 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an What causes the fire (be) a cigarette end What we all needed (be) a spell of warm sunshine Listening to chamber music (be) my greatest pleasure To speak in public for the first time (be) a terrifying experience Now all he could (be) sit and listen to the others That the price will go up (be) certain Whether it is caused by rain or wind (be) unknown What he needs now (be) sleep, and peace and quiet 10 All I could (be) sit and look at her in class Exercise 3: Find out the errors in the following sentences and then correct them No one seems to know when will Maria arrive I wonder why was Bob late for class Be sure to tell the doctor where does it hurt What should they about the hole in their roof is their most preesing problem I’ll ask her would she like some coffee or not Many of the people in the U.S doesn’t know much about geography For example, people will ask you where is Japan located I wonder if or not she will come If she come or not is unimportant to me What my friend and I did it was our secret We didn’t even tell our parents what did we 10 The doctor ask that I felt okay I told him that I don’t feel well 11 I ask him what kind of movies does he like 12 My mother did not live with us When other children ask me where was my mother, I told them “she is going to come to visit me very soon.” 13 Is clear that the ability to use a computer it is an important skill in the modern world Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 73 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 14 If it rains or not doesn’t concern me 15 I don’t care whether it doesn’t rain Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English T«i kh«ng biÕt anh Anh hiểu làm điều không? Điều cậu vừa nói Thật lạ không hiểu học Nó đâu việc cậu Việc thi đậu làm ngạc nhiên Anh thực không anh nói Tất làm ngồi ngắm nàng lớp Ta làm ta muốn 10 Tôi không quan tâm liệu cô có ®Õn hay kh«ng Exercise 5: Change the following sentences into reported speech Pedro said, “I will help you.” Pedro said “Do you need a pen?” Annie asked Annie asked me Jennifer asked, “What you want?” Jennifer asked me Talal asked, “Are you hungry?” Talal wanted to know “I want a sandwich,” Elena said Elena said “Did you enjoy your trip?” asked Kim Kim asked me Oscar asked, “What are you talking about?” Oscar asked me Maria asked, “Have you seen my grammar book?” Maria wanted to know Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 74 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn