Evaluating water quality characteristics of red river in cam khe distrct, phu tho province

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis cannot become a reality without kind support and helps of many individuals, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to: The heads of Vietnam National University of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental Management provided opportunity, essential conditions for me to finish this research I am grateful to my supervisor, Dr Bui Xuan Dung, whose expertise, understanding, generous guidance and continuous support made it possible for me to work on a topic that I chose It was my pleasure being his student I am hugely indebted to the staff of Center for Environmental Analysis & Application of Geospatial Technology for spending time and consideration to analyze the samples I collected Besides, I would like to thank my family, acquaintances for their encouragement, support during the period of conducting this study Without their support, I would not have been able to complete this thesis Despite spending the best efforts in the thesis conducting process, this research still has many shortcomings due to the limitations of time, finance and my ability I am looking forward to receiving comments from teachers, friends to a better thesis completion Thank you! Hanoi, 15th September 2019 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi ABSTRACT I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature review II GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal 2.2 Objectives III STUDY SITE AND METHOD 3.1 Study site 3.1.1 Some characteristics of Cam Khe district 3.1.2 Some characteristics of Red river 11 3.2 Determining the potential factors 13 3.2.1 Methods of collecting, synthesizing and analyzing data 13 3.2.2 Specialized software 13 3.3 Method for collecting samples and samples preservation 13 3.4 Laboratory analysis 17 3.5 Data analysis 18 3.5.1 QCVN 18 3.5.2 WQI calculation 19 IV RESUTLS AND DISCUSSION 24 4.1 Potential factors impact on water quality of Red river 24 4.2 Evaluating water quality of Red river 26 4.2.1 Water quality of Red river according to QCVN 08:2015/MONRE 26 ii 4.2 Water quality of Red river according to WQI 35 4.3 Suggesting solutions 38 V CONCLUSION – LIMITATION - SUGGESTIONS 39 5.1 Conclusion 39 5.2 Limitation 39 5.3 Suggestions for future researches 39 REFERENCES APPENDIX iii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Characteristics of 13 sample sites 14 Table 3.2 Measuring methods for each parameter 17 Table 3.3 Specific value for surface water quality parameters 18 Table 3.4 Specifying qi and BPi values 20 Table 3.5 Specifying BPi and qi values based on % DOsaturation value 21 Table 3.6 Specified BPi and qi values in accordance with pH parameter 22 Table 3.7 Water quality index and status of water quality 23 Table 4.1: Turbidity measured at the study sites 34 Table 4.2 Temperature of water measured at the study sites 34 Table 4.3 Evacuation of water quality of Red river according to WQI 35 iv LIST OF FIGURES Fig 3.1: Map of study site Fig 3.2 Map of survey points at 13 villages in Cam Khe district 15 Fig 3.3 (a) Quick measuring; (b) taking water samples; (c) laboratory analysis 16 Fig 4.1: Map of land use types along Red river 24 Fig 4.2 Percentage of land use types along Red river 25 Fig 4.3: Characteristics of pH in two times at the sample sites 26 Fig 4.4: BOD5 measured at the sample sites 27 Fig 4.5 COD measured at the study sites 28 Fig 4.6 DO measured at the study sites 29 Fig 4.7 N-NH4 measured at the study sites 30 Fig 4.8 P-PO4 measured at the study sites 31 Fig 4.9 TSS measured at the study sites 32 Fig 4.10 Coliform measured at study sites 33 Fig 4.11 Water quality of Red river according to WQI 36 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NH4 Ammonia PO43- Phosphate QCVN Vietnam Standard TSS Total Suspended Solid WQI Water uality Index vi ABSTRACT In evaluate the water quality of Red river in Cam Khe district, I conducted the survey in 13 locations correspond with 13 commune located near Red riverside in Cam Khe Water samples are collected on August 15th and September 15th There were indicators analyzed: pH, DO, COD, BOD5, TSS, PO43-, NH4+, turbidity and coliform The principle of sampling and testing water was in form of QCVN 08:2008/MONRE and Water Quality Index (WQI) There are main potential factors affecting to water quality of Red river are resident, agriculture and other infrastructure such as roads, highway, factories indicators such as pH, DO, PO43-, and Coliform satisfy with the column B1 in QCVN 08:2008/MONRE08:2015/MONRE for irrigation or other uses that require similar water quality or uses such as B2 Whereas, TSS, BOD5, NNH4, COD are significant higher the limit in column B1 in QCVN WQI value is range of 72 Most of water samples such as are heavily polluted and need treatment measures in the future This study provides an overview of status of water quality of Red river and suggests some solution to reduce and manage the influences of human activities on water quality of Red river I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Vietnam, is known as a country with high density of rivers – 2360 rivers with about 10km long Besides, 93% of river are small, short and steep Total average water flow of the rivers and canals is 26,600 m³ / s Two big rivers are Red and MeKong river play an important role in culture, rice production, transportation and hydroelectricity However, in recent years, the water quality of river near the border Vietnam - China is significantly degraded and polluted Moreover, rivers in Vietnam are dealing with a lot of problem from human activities and natural disasters such as urbanization, industrialization and climate change Red river is a large river flowing through the Northern Delta in Vietnam The river originates from Yunnan Province, China at an altitude of 1,776m on the Weishan Range The section on Chinese territory is named Nguyen Giang The river is about 1,183 km length, the section flowing through Vietnam is 650 km, through the provinces of Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Vinh Phuc, Hanoi, Hung Yen, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam and Thai Binh Red river plays an important role on not only human activities such as irrigation, transportation and fisheries but also lots of cultural values However, accompany with strong development of industry, services, population growth and increase in chemical fertilizers, pesticides in agriculture (Tuan, 2013) Residential activities significantly affect to water quality of Red river People live near at two banks of Red river discharges directly domestic waste into the river without any treatment or classifications As a result, there are lot of waste which appears at channel of Red river in dry seasons Besides, industrial and agricultural activities also impact on water quality of Red river by several ways such as point source pollution and non-point source pollution Water quality of Red river now faces with risk of pollution which directly affects to human health, aquatic organism and quality of ground water In order to deal with this issue, the evaluation of water quality is essential for people to treat and control discharge point and determine appropriate and suitable water use Therefore, this project “EVALUATING WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RED RIVER IN CAM KHE DISTRCT, PHU THO PROVINCE” has been conducted to assess the quality of water, determine which factors affect to water quality and propose suggestions for a sustainable management of the river 1.2 Literature review Water is abundant resources on the planet, but fresh water for human activities and organism is limited and not equally distributed on the world Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans Rivers are vital and vulnerable freshwater ecosystems that are critical for the sustenance of all life Rivers are waterways of strategic importance across the world, providing main water resources for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes (Rhythm Aggarwal, Dr Shakti Arora, 2012) Therefore, there are many scientific researches about water quality, especially water quality of rivers In 2007, Alam, and Muyen have been collected water samples from a part of Surma River along different points Effects of industrial wastes, municipal sewage, and agricultural runoff on river water quality have been investigated The study was conducted within the Chattak to Sunamganj portion of Surma River, which is significant due to the presence of two major industries-a paper mill and a cement factory The study involved determination of physical, biological and chemical parameters of surface water at different points Standard methods were adapted for the analysis of various water quality parameters APHA- AWWAWPCF (1989) They concluded that the water is certainly unfit for drinking purposes without any form of treatment, but for various other surface water usage purposes, it still could be considered quite acceptable The research collected samples in both dry and rainy seasons to show pollution level significantly different between two seasons However, this study did not recommend any solutions for the pollution of this river In 2010, Masere carried out study of water quality, along Manyame River and on the tributaries (Ruwa, Nyatsime, Mukuvisi and Marimba) before they join the river Thirty-five sites were sampled and categorized into groups (A, B, C, D and E) with group A and E being the upstream and downstream of Manyame The analysis of results was undertaken using a simple one-way ANOVA with group as the only source of variation Then using ZINWA standard to compare and evaluate water quality This study evaluated clearly about the pollution of the river, but they did not propose any solutions for the issue In 2018, Matinus conducted a research in Sunter River flowing in the city of Jakarta with the designation of river water for agricultural purposes, and can be utilized for urban business and hydroelectric power industry The study aimed to determine the Sunter River water quality based on physical and chemical parameters Water sampling was conducted times which done in April and May with sampling stations for measuring The samples were analyzed in the laboratory according SNI methods for parameters BOD, COD, PO43-, NO3, Oil & Grease and Detergents Determination of status of water quality using method of pollution index (IP) attached in Decree of Environment Minister Indonesia The quality status of Sunter River is determined by the Pollutant Index method The results show that the water quality of Sunter River is influenced by organic parameter as dominant pollutant The source of pollutants generally comes from the urban drainage channels, tributaries, and slaughtering industry The dominant pollutants entering the Sunter River are organic waste that may come from residential, traditional market, and chicken slaughtering house In 2019, Moriken also 4.2 Water quality of Red river according to WQI Table 4.3 Evacuation of water quality of Red river according to WQI Time 15/8 15/9 Sample WQI Color Rating water quality 61 14 14 71 68 15 Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future 64 Used for agriculture purpose 14 Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future 10 59 Used for agriculture purpose 11 73 Used for agriculture purpose 12 17 Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future 13 69 Used for agriculture purpose 30 Used for transportation purpose 13 4 16 31 Used for transportation purpose Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future 32 Used for transportation purpose Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future 10 38 Used for transportation purpose 11 24 12 13 35 Used for agriculture purpose Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future Used for agriculture purpose Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future Heavily contaminated water, need treatment measure in the future Used for transportation purpose 35 80 70 60 WQI 50 40 30 20 10 Samples 15/8 10 11 12 13 15/9 Fig 4.11 Water quality of Red river according to WQI The figure shows that water quality of Red river is quite polluted WQI value are in range of – 71 It means that the water quality of Red river is only used for irrigation purposes and other similar purposes WQI measured on August is higher than WQI on September, reason may be water sample collected on September has high amount of sediment and turbidity after heavy rain with high precipitation In addition, high amount of sediment, TSS, and turbidity lead to reduce amount of DO in water Besides, on September, farmers use more chemical pesticide and fertilizer for crop to prepare for harvesting, so water quality of Red river is a bit effect from non – point source pollution, especially after heavy rain Therefore, WQI measured on September is lower than samples collected on August The high WQI are sample locations 1, 5, 11, 13 which are less density of population, so it is less affected by human activities On the other hand, sample location 2, 3, have high density of population Moreover, these locations have no landfill or service to collect domestic waste, so they dump directly trash into river Sample locations 7, 9, 12 are mainly impacted by agriculture activities such as fertilizing, cattle grazing and trash of chemical pesticide 36 + The indicators are pH, DO, PO43-, and Coliform satisfy with the column B1 in QCVN 08:2015/MONRE for irrigation or other uses that require similar water quality or uses such as B2, except coliform measured on August, the samples and are 13 time higher than column in QCVN Whereas, TSS, BOD5, N-NH4, COD are significant higher the limit in column B1 in QCVN + The quality of Red river quite polluted according to WQI with value from to 71 Samples measured on September has lower value than samples measured on August because of high amount of precipitation and agriculture activities for harvesting on September Sample locations 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 has high values of WQI which can be used for agriculture purpose This is due to these locations has less population (locations 1, 5, 6) so, influences of human activities are lower; sample locations 8,10 and 13 has high population but they have waste treatment factories and services to gather garbage, and coinciding strong law enforcement of authorities about environment On the other hand, the samples 2, 3, 4, 7, and 12 are heavily contaminated that can be used for transportation and need treatment measures in the future Samples location 2, 3, with high density of population are affected by human activities such as domestic waste, waste water and garbage Moreover, these sample locations have no landfill, waste treatment factory or services to gather waste The people have no place for dumbing garbage so, they dumb and discharge all kinds of trash into the river Sample locations 7, 9, 12 are mainly agricultural areas which impact on quality of water river through chemical pesticide and fertilizer 37 4.3 Suggesting solutions + The authorities of communes should cooperate with people to control the regulation of river water for irrigation and agricultural activities + Regularly checking and monitoring the quality of Red River water at the points have a high risk of pollution, especially the beginning point of river in Cam Khe (location 13) + Building waste factory treatment and providing gathering waste services at locations 2, 3, 4, to mini people dump household and domestic waste into Red river + Raise awareness of people through regular propagandas and training courses about role of water environment In addition, educating farmers about harmful of chemical substances in order to minimize using pesticide and herbicide; applying biology fertilizer in agriculture, especially locations 1, 12 and 11 38 V CONCLUSION – LIMITATION - SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion + There are types of land use: resident, agriculture, and other infrastructure such as roads, highway, factories which affect to water quality + indicators are pH, DO, PO43-, and Coliform satisfy with the column B1 in QCVN 08:2008/MONRE08:2015/MONRE for irrigation or other uses that require similar water quality or uses such as B2 On the other hand, these indicators TSS, BOD5, N-NH4, COD are excessive the limit in column B1 in QCVN + The quality of Red river is quite polluted according to WQI with value from to 71 Samples measured on September has lower value than samples measured on August Sample locations 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 has high values and can be used for agriculture These sample locations 2, 3, 4, 7, and 12 are heavily contaminated that can be used for transportation and need treatment measures in the future 5.2 Limitation Although I try to fully complete the tasks while doing my thesis, there have been some limitations + Short period research led to relative results + sample analysis is limited with few standard, samples quality depends on weather + Because of the characteristics of Red river, it is hard to evaluate the discharge in order to know relationship between indicators and discharge 5.3 Suggestions for future researches + The research should be carried out in both dry and rainy seasons to compare the water quality of river + Collecting samples more time between months + Calculating the polluted load rate to assess polluted reception ability of water 39 REFERENCES Adamu Mustapha, Ahmad Zaharin Aris, Hafizan Juahir, (2013) River water quality assessment using environmental techniques: case study of Jakarta River Basin, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20 (8) Alam, Md J.B., Muyen, Z., Islam, M R et al, (2007) Water quality parameters along rivers Int J Environ Sci Tech., (1), 159-167 Dao Ngoc Tuan, (2013) Status and water quality happening of Red river Institute of water resources planning Le Viet Thang, (2016) The status of Gieng and Dinh rivers and suggesting some solutions to protect water river Science and Technology Development Journal, vol 19 Masere, T.P., Munodawafa, A and Chitata, T (2012) Assessment of human impact on water quality along Manyame River, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol No 3, pp 754-765 Moriken Camara, Nor Rohaizah Jamil & Ahmad Fikri Bin Abdullah, (2018) Impact of land uses on water quality in Malaysia: a review, Ecological Processes volume 8, Article number: 10 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Le Thi Phuong Quynh, Nguyen Thi Mai Huong et al, (2014) Preliminary monitoring results of total coliforms and fecal coliform in the red river system, in the section from Yen Bai to Hanoi Biology Journal, 36, 240 -246 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Nguyen Bich Thuy, Nguyen Thi Mai Huong et al, (2015) Evaluating the amount of heavy metal in Red river Science and Technology Journal, 64 -74 Nguyen Thi Kim Lien, Lam Quang Huy, Duong Thi Hoang Oanh, (2016) Evaluating the water quality in mainstream and tributaries of the Hau River Journal Science of Can Tho University, part A, Sci Tech., 68-79 10 Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh, (2017) Evaluating the characteristic of discharge and water quality of Bui river from upstream to downstream, Student thesis, Vietnam National University of Forestry 11 Rhythm Aggarwal, Shakti Arora, (2012) A study of water quality of Kaushalya river in the submountaneous Shivalik region International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 1, Issue 8, September 2012 Is 12 Vu Thi Huyen, (2014) Applying WQI on evaluating the changes of water quality in some lakes in Ha Noi, Student thesis, Hai Phong University 13 Y Martinus et al, (2018) „Water quality study of Sunter River in Jakarta, Indonesia IOP Conf Ser.: Earth Environ Sci 106 012022 APPENDIX Table Results of DO analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 mg/l 6.9 7.2 4.8 5.6 7.7 7.8 4 6.1 6.2 6 6.9 6.2 6.8 6.1 6.7 6.4 6.5 10 7.8 11 6.8 6.2 12 7.2 13 7.2 7.2 Table Results of TSS analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 mg/l 145 204 50 135 231 50 89 198 50 143 237 50 115 339 50 131 235 50 115 242 50 154 142 50 102 354 50 10 129 315 50 11 98 221 50 12 94 433 50 13 167 211 50 Table Results of BOD5 analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 mg/l 26 81 15 26 21 15 18 32 15 10 15 20 28 15 11 19 15 19 27 15 18 29 15 19 48 15 10 24 26 15 11 15 50 15 12 16 82 15 13 14 30 15 Table Results of COD analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 mg/l 72 144 30 72 48 30 48 72 30 24 24 30 48 72 30 24 48 30 48 72 30 48 72 30 48 96 30 10 48 72 30 11 24 96 30 12 24 144 30 13 24 72 30 Table Results of N-NH4 analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 mg/l 1.1 0.99 0.9 1.55 0.16 0.9 1.18 0.01 0.9 1.22 2.99 0.9 0.75 0.04 0.9 1.02 0.18 0.9 1.09 0.21 0.9 0.89 0.3 0.9 1.22 0.09 0.9 10 1.16 0.06 0.9 11 1.08 0.06 0.9 12 1.17 0.14 0.9 13 0.89 0.02 0.9 Table Results of P-PO4 analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 mg/l 0.01 0.03 0.3 0.01 0.02 0.3 0.01 0.02 0.3 0.15 0.03 0.3 0.01 0.03 0.3 0.01 0.02 0.3 0.01 ≤ 0.01 0.3 0.02 0.03 0.3 0.02 0.02 0.3 10 0.07 0.03 0.3 11 0.05 0.02 0.3 12 0.01 0.06 0.3 13 0.01 0.03 0.3 Table Results of coliform analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 MPN/100 ml 4600 4000 7500 11000 13000 7500 4600 7900 7500 110000 14000 7500 2400 3000 7500 4600 4600 7500 15000 15000 7500 4600 4600 7500 110000 17000 7500 10 4600 4000 7500 11 2400 2400 7500 12 11000 11000 7500 13 4600 5600 7500 Table Result of pH analysis at the study sites Time QCVN 08:2015/MONRE Sample 15/8 15/9 Down limit Up limit 7.8 7.3 5.5 7.7 7.4 5.5 3.9 7.6 5.5 7.4 7.2 5.5 7.1 5.5 7.7 7.3 5.5 7.7 7.5 5.5 7.7 7.3 5.5 9 7.8 5.5 10 6.5 7.8 5.5 11 7.8 7.11 5.5 12 7.9 8.5 5.5 13 8.2 8.2 5.5