Impacts of the urbannization on water quality of cau river in bac ninh city

I INTRODUCTION Water resource is an essential component of the living environment It contributes to the success of economic and social development, planning, and national security Nowadays, our national resource is facing the risk of pollution and depletion The rapid development and the high population density are causing severe pollution in many rivers With economic development, people often have ignored the direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment The risk of lacking clean water is a major threat to the survival of human and all living organisms Therefore, we are in need of having appropriate measures to protect and use water resources rationally Cau River (Nhu Nguyet River) is an important tributary of Thai Binh river system The watershed area of the Cau River is about 6,030km2, and the river is about 290 km long It provides water to agricultural and industrial activities in six provinces including: Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang, Ban Ninh, Vinh Phuc, and Hai Duong In Bac Ninh province, Cau river is about 70 km long, flowing through Yen Phong district, Bac Ninh city, and Que Vo district The river through Bac Ninh city is approximately 30 km long The river’s water quality is affected by pollutants from Dai Lam alcohol-making village (Tam Da- Yen Phong), Ngu Huyen Khe River – which receives waste water from the iron and steel – producing villages in Chau Khe, Van Mon aluminum recycled village, Phong Khe paper-making village, and many households living on both sides of the river However, for a long time, the extent and level of water pollution caused by urbanization in Bac Ninh city have been unclear Therefore, implementing a study on the effects of urbanization on water quanlity of Cau River in Bac Ninh city is urgent and necessary to provide a more scientific basis for the river water protection and improvement II SCOPE, GOAL, OBJECTIVES, AND HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 2.1 Scope of the study - This study just focused on analyzing some parameters to compare water quality in upstream and downstream of Cau River in Bac Ninh city - This study focused on clarifying some main sources of pollution from urban activities for water quality of Cau River in Bac Ninh city 2.2 Goal This study aims to contribute to provide scientific bases for water resources protection and improvement in order to meet the need of society in a sustainable way 2.3 Objectives - To assess the present water quality of Cau River in Bac Ninh city - To assess the impacts of the urbanization on Cau River’s water quality - To propose the most suitable measures to prevent impacts of the urbanization on water resources of Cau River in Bac Ninh city 2.4 Hypothesis The urbanization process in Bac Ninh city has resulted in negative impacts on the water quality of Cau river in Bac Ninh city III METHODS 3.1 Literature reviews Urbanization is one of the most detrimental forces affecting river health and one of the biggest challenges facing watershed managements However, methods to determine how large-scale changes in watersheds affect local habitats are still producing varied results (Kearns et al 2005) Hydrologic impacts due to urbanization are reported to cause water quality problems such as sedimentation, habitat changes Several of the changes wrought by urbanization can affect the natural stream temperature regimen The effect of reduced shade upon maximum stream temperatures has been well documented (Brown, 1969; Brown and Krygier, 1970; O’Dell, 1971; Ringler and Hall, 1975; and Hartley, 1975) Urban runoff can affect water chemistry by changing levels of nutrients and heavy metals (Porcella and Sorenson 1980, Morse et al 2002) The impacts from urbanization can cause changes in the biological communities of the stream ecosystems (Morse et al 2002, Chadwick et al 2006, Voelz et al 2005, Walsh 2006) In addition, urban areas contain many people in relatively small area, and the activities of these people produce pollutants and cause pollution Fortunately, most urban area pollutants are of a point source nature and are controlled by discharge regulation So urban impacts are especially concerning because they can be seen throughout watersheds, and not just on a local level (Kearns et al 2005) Impacts can be seen on multiple scales, and it is important to look at how watershed impacts of increasing urban development and land use affect habitats on a local scale 3.2 Study area This study will focus on the area of Bac Ninh city as shown in the following map: 3.3 Sampling Collecting samples at cross-sections in times:  Cross-section of Cau river (length: 100m) where water flow enters Bac Ninh city (red star on the left of the map)  Cross-section of Cau river (length: 150m) where water flow leaves Bac Ninh city (red star on the right of the map) Surface water pH, t point pH, t point pH, t point 50cm A grab sample A grab sample Block Block Block Bac Giang province Bac Ninh city Figure 3.1: The way to sampling at a cross-section in Cau River 3.3.1 On-site  Using a meter to measure pH and temperature at points per cross-section ( points on the surface water) o At cross-section 1: - First time (11/07/2014): 7.45-8.00 am - Second time (11/08/2014): 7.30-7.45 am - Last time (20/09/2014): 7.32-7.46am o At cross-section 2: - First time (11/07/2014): 8.55-9.10 am - Second time (11/08/2014): 8.40-8.55 am - Last time (20/09/2014): 8.50-9.10 am  In each time for sampling, at each cross-section, dividing into blocks crossing the river At each block, taking 10 grab samples (500ml/grab sample) at 10 equidistant points (figure 3.1), then labeling and saving them in a dark cool box Totally, we had 60 grab samples from cross-sections for a sampling time o At cross-section 1: - First time (11/07/2014): 8.00-8.30 am - Second time (11/08/2014): 7.50-8.30 am - Last time (20/09/2014): 7.50-8.30 am o At cross-section 2: - First time (11/07/2014): 9.10-10.00 am - Second time (11/08/2014): 9.00-10.00 am - Last time (20/09/2014): 9.15-10.10 am 3.3.2 In the Laboratory  Ten grab samples from the same block were mixed thoroughly to form a composite sample Figure 3.2: The way to create a composite sample  Taking an aliquot sample from each composite sample for analyzing, including:  DO, EC, Turbidity: 500ml water aliquot sample for analyzing (using the meter)  As, Cd, Hg, Pb: 200ml water aliquot sample for analyzing (using the meter)  Total suspended solid (TSS): 100ml water aliquot sample for analyzing - Dry filter-paper in a 104oC oven for 1-2 hours Cool the filter Then weight and write the mass of filter-paper, we have m1 (g) - Filter 100 mL of a water sample through the filter-paper above (Note: Shaken well water sample before filtering) - Dry the filter with deposition in a 1050C for 2-3 hours Cool the filter Then weight and write the mass of filter-paper, we have m2 (g) - Calculation is: TSS(mg/L) = ⁄ Where, m1 is the mass of filter-paper before filtering in gram m2 is the mass of filter-paper after filtering with water sample in gram V is volume of water sample (100mL)  Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): 2ml water aliquot sample for analyzing (using Closed Reflux, Titrimetric method) The principle of this method is that the sample is refluxed with potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution After digestion, the remaining unreduced K2Cr2O7is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the amount of K2Cr2O7 consumed and the oxidizable organic matter is calculated in term of oxygen equivalent - Wash culture tubes and caps with 20% H2SO4before first use to prevent contamination - Make volumetric measurements as accurate as practical; use Class A volumetric ware The most critical volumes are of the sample and digestion solution Use a microburet for titrations Measure H2SO4to ±0.1 mL The use of hand-held pipettors with non-wetting pipet tips is practical and adequate Place sample in culture tube or ampule and add digestion solution Carefully run sulfuric acid reagent down inside of vessel so an acid layer is formed under the sample-digestion solution layer Tightly cap tubes or seal ampules, and invert each several times to mix completely - Place tubes or ampules in block digester preheated to 150°C and reflux for 2h behind a protective shield Cool room temperature and place vessels in test tube rack Some mercuric sulfate may precipitate out but this will not affect the analysis Remove culture tube caps and add small TFE-coveredagnetic stirring bar If ampules are used, transfer contents to a larger container for titrating - Add 0.05 to 0.10 mL (1 to drops) ferro in indicator and stir rapidly on magnetic stirrer while titrating with standardized 0.10MFAS (Standard ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant) The end point is a sharp color change from blue-green to reddish brown, although the blue-green may reappear within minutes In the same manner reflux and titrate a blank containing the reagents and a volume of distilled water equal to that of the sample Calculation: COD mg/L = where: a = mL FAS used for blank, b = mL FAS used for sample, M = molarity of FAS = * 0.1000 8000 = milli equivalent weight of oxygen × 1000 mL/L V = volume of water sample (mg/L)  The 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5): 15ml water aliquot sample for analyzing - Estimate the BOD5 of the sample and select suitable dilutions from the following table Estimated BOD5 (mg/L) Suggested Sample Volumes (mL) Estimated (mg/L) BOD5 Suggested Sample Volumes (mL) < 200, 250, 300 90 - 150 5, 10, 15 < 10 100, 150, 200 150 - 300 3, 5, 10 10 - 30 25, 50, 100 300 - 700 1, 3, 30 - 60 15, 25, 50 700 - 1500 0.5, 1, 60 - 90 10, 15, 25 1500 - 2500 0.25, 0.5, (Standard Methods provides additional guidance as follows: use less than mL for strong industrial wastes, 3-15 mL for raw and settled wastewater, and 15-75 mL for biologically treated effluent) The diluted sample used to determine BOD must have a pH between 6.5 and 7.5 For municipal sewage or effluent, the pH range is generally between - 9, but the buffering capacity of the phosphate buffer will often bring the pH of the diluted sample between 6.5 and 7.5 - Determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and all sample bottles and record on data sheet as Initial DO - Place the samples and the dilution water blanks in a 20  1C incubator for days Fill water seals with dilution water and cap to reduce evaporation from seals Check and add water to seals if necessary Due to the day testing period, certain samples require that set-ups and run-outs of results be performed by different individuals - Before removing the caps, pour off the water above the cap - After days determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and the sample bottles - Calculation formula: The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is: BOD5 blank sample (mg/L) = DO0 blank sample - DO5 blank sample BOD5 sample (mg/L) = (DO0 sample - DO5 sample)*f  BOD5 = BOD5 sample – BOD5 blank sample Where, DO0 = initial DO of the sample, DO5 = final DO of the sample after days, and f = Dilution Factor = Notes: a Blank BOD5 If the DO depletion in the dilution water blanks exceeds 0.2 mg/l, the results of the test are questionable The results of samples which used the same dilution water the "high" blank should be qualified on the DMR Do not subtract blank values from sample results b Dissolved oxygen values of the samples Only dilutions with DO depletions of at least mg/L, and DO5 of at least mg/L may be used to calculate the sample's BOD 3.4 Comparing - Comparing sample results between sample aliquots from beginning cross-section and that of from ending cross-section - Comparing mean results to the standard in VNR 08: 2008/MNRE - National technical regulation on surface water quality 3.5 Consulting - Carry out the survey Releasing 50 questionnaire samples included: 20 votes for local people who live near Cau River, 15 votes for people in craft villages and industrial zones, and 15 votes for farmer After that, I collected, synthesized, processed, and analyzed the data - Interview some producer in craft villages, local people, and local cadres 10 Table 3: Concentration of lab-measured indicators of water sample in Cau River, Bac Ninh city in the second time Sampling: Nguyen Bao Yen Note: - High temperature Date: 11/08/2014 - Water level: H = 151m at a.m Time: Cross section 1: 7.50 – 8.30 a.m (source: Dap Cau hydrological station) Cross section 2: 9.00 – 10.00 a.m Sample DO BOD5 COD TSS Turbidity (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (NTU) EC (µS) As (µg/L) Pb (µg/L) Hg (µg/L) Cd (µg/L) B1 4,77 29,08 140 1110 29,77 147,7 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,108 B2 4,84 56,48 140 595 32,48 137,5 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,125 B3 4,60 35,48 80 432 31,98 144,7 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,121 E1 4,01 46,08 200 399 28,07 104,2 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,128 E2 4,28 58,88 60 245 28,52 172,0 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,121 E3 4,22 53,08 20 824 28,86 158,3 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,128 45 Table 4: Concentration of lab-measured indicators of water sample in Cau River, Bac Ninh city in the last time Sampling: Nguyen Bao Yen Note: - During a storm Date: 20/09/2014 - High water level: H = 482m at 7.00a.m Time: Cross section 1: 7.50 – 8.30 a.m (source: Dap Cau hydrological station) Cross section 2: 9.15 – 10.10 a.m Sample DO BOD5 COD TSS (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Turbidity EC As Pb Hg Cd (NTU) (µS) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) B1 5,82 39,58 180 1090 42,88 138,7 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,102 B2 5,85 26,38 200 752 41,22 132,5 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,102 B3 5,90 23,98 260 339 39,74 129,3 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,105 E1 5,55 21,18 160 1009 39,05 144,4 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,108 E2 5,20 62,18 40 707 35,67 152,6 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,106 E3 5,46 55,18 100 923 38,92 158,9 Not Not detected detected Not detected 0,110 46 Some production process in Phong Khe paper -making and Khac Niem noodlemaking Figure 3.1: Production process of kitchen paper, toilet paper, and votive paper in Phong Khe paper-making Waste paper NaOH Javen bleach, optics bleach Mercerise Alkali gas, waste water Dip in bleach Waste water, Cl2 gas Crush Noise Alum Colophony Turn up coal Steam Lick-up Steam boiler Roll Cut Flue gas (CO, Nox, SO2, dust), ash Pack Production 47 Dust, noise, high temperature, waste water Dust, noise, high temperature Dust Figure 3.2: Production process of carton in Phong Khe paper-making Waste paper, waste board coal Steam boiler Drech Alum Water Crush Noise Colophony Turn up Steam Lick-up Flue gas (CO, Nox, SO2, dust), ash Roll Carton production 48 Dust, noise, high temperature, waste water Dust, noise, high temperature Figure 3.3: Production process of noodle in Khac Niem commune Rice Soak Water Wet grind Brew flour (1-2 days) Drain Pre-galatinized starch Knead Extrude Water Boil Quench 49 Fresh noodle Sample of interview question Sample Research Interview Questionnaire Name: Occupation: Age: Male/ Female Address: Date: Have you ever used water from Cau River? Yes/ No If Yes, what you use this water for? Have you ever wasted dirty water, garbage into the river? Yes/No How much garbage your family releases every day? Where you waste the garbage from your house? How much water does your family discharge out every day? How you think about water quality of Cau River? a Good b Average c Very bad, it’s polluted Do you think that water quality of Cau River is important for the health of your family? Yes/ No In your opinion, what are the main factors, sources causing water deteriorate in Cau River? 10 What should be done to protect Cau river water? 50  If you are a person who live in craft villages or industrial zone, please answer the following questions: 11 What your house/ village/ factory produce? 12 What kind of chemicals you use in your production processes? 13 What is the main waste from your house/ village/ factory? 14 How many liters of waste water from your house/ village/ factory per day?  If you are a person who work in agriculture major, please answer the following questions: 15 What kind of production you grow? 16 What kind of fertilizer you use? 17 What is the volume of fertilizer that you use per day? 18 Do you use pesticide? Yes/ No 19 What kind of pesticide you use? 20 What is the volume of pesticide per year? Thank you very much! 51 VNTR 08: 2008/MNRE - National technical regulation on surface water quality 5.1 Definition Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean It can be contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water Permissive limitation No Parameter Unit A B A1 A2 B1 B2 6-8,5 6-8,5 5,5-9 5,5-9 pH Dissolved oxygen (DO) mg/l ≥6 ≥5 ≥4 ≥2 Total suspended solid (TSS) mg/l 20 30 50 100 COD mg/l 10 15 30 50 BOD5 (200C) mg/l 15 25 + mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,5 mg/l 250 400 600 - mg/l 1,5 1,5 Amoni (NH4 ) (calculated according to N) - Clorua (Cl ) - Florua (F ) - Nitrite (NO2 ) (calculated according to N) mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,05 10 Nitrate (NO3-) (calculated according to N) mg/l 10 15 mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 11 3- Phosphate (PO4 ) (calculated according to P) - 12 Xianua (CN ) mg/l 0,005 0,01 0,02 0,02 13 Asen (As) mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1 14 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0,005 0,005 0,01 0,01 15 Lead (Pb) 16 mg/l 0,02 0,02 0,05 0,05 3+ mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5 6+ Chromium III (Cr ) 17 Chromium VI (Cr ) mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,05 18 Copper (Cu) mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,5 19 Zincum (Zn) mg/l 0,5 1,5 20 Nickel (Ni) mg/l 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,002 21 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,5 22 Mercury(Hg) mg/l 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,002 23 Surface active substances mg/l 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,5 24 Total of oils (oils and grease) mg/l 0,01 0,02 0,1 0,3 25 Phenol (total) mg/l 0,005 0,005 0,01 0,02 26 Chemical plant protectionOrganochlorine Aldrin + Dieldrin Endrin BHC DDT μg/l μg/l μg/l 0,002 0,01 0,05 0,004 0,012 0,1 0,008 0,014 0,13 0,01 0,02 0,015 52 Endosunfan (Thiodan) Lindan Chlordane Heptachlor μg/l μg/l μg/l μg/l μg/l 0,001 0,005 0,3 0,01 0,01 0,002 0,01 0,35 0,02 0,02 0,004 0,01 0,38 0,02 0,02 0,005 0,02 0,4 0,03 0,03 μg/l μg/l 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,32 0,4 0,32 0,5 0,4 27 Chemical plant protectionOrganophosphorus Paration Malation 28 Herbicide chemicals 2,4D 2,4,5T Paraquat μg/l μg/l μg/l 100 80 900 200 100 1200 450 160 1800 500 200 2000 29 Total α radioactivity Bq/l 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 30 Total β radioactivity Bq/l 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 31 E Coli MNP/ 100ml 20 50 100 200 32 Coliform Mnp/ 100ml 2500 5000 7500 10000 Note: The classification of surface water use for assessing and controlling water quality, serving different purposes of using water: A1 –Used for water supply purpose for living activities and other purposes like A2, B1 and B2 A2 -Used for water supply purpose for living activities but it have to apply suitable treatment technology; for conserving aquatic species; or other purposes like B1and B2 B1 –Used irrigation purposes or other purposes which require similar water quality or others like B2 B2 –Waterway and other purposes with low water quality requirement 53 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT I INTRODUCTION II SCOPE, GOAL, OBJECTIVES, AND HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 2.1 Scope of the study 2.2 Goal 2.3 Objectives 2.4 Hypothesis III METHODS 3.1 Literature reviews 3.2 Study area 3.3 Sampling 3.3.1 On-site 3.3.2 In the Laboratory 3.4 Comparing 10 3.5 Consulting 10 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11 4.1 The present water quality of Cau River in Bac Ninh city 11 4.1.1 Temperature and pH 11 4.1.2 Conductivity 15 4.1.3 Surface concentration of Dissolved oxygen (DO) 16 4.1.4.Turbidity 17 4.1.5.The 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 18 4.1.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 19 4.1.7 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 20 54 4.1.8.Heavy metals 21 4.2 Impacts of the urbanization on Cau River’s water quality 22 4.2.1 Daily life activities of residents in Bac Ninh city 23 4.2.2 Construction activities in Bac Ninh city 24 4.2.3 Agriculture activities in Bac Ninh city 25 4.2.4 Production activities in craft villages in Bac Ninh city 29 4.3 Measures to prevent impacts of the urbanization on water resources of Cau River in Bac Ninh city 34 4.3.1 Environmental planning 34 4.3.2.Propagation and education 34 4.3.3 Legal policies 34 V CONCLUSION 36 REFERENCES APPENDICES 55 ABSTRACT Nowadays, the degradation of surface water is a serious issue in urban areas And Bac Ninh city is one of those cities with the contamination of Cau River For a long time, the extent and level of water pollution caused by urbanization in Bac Ninh city have been unclear Therefore, implementing of a study of the effects of urbanization on water quality of Cau River in Bac Ninh city is urgent and necessary to provide a basic for the river water protection and improvement With the hypothesis “The urbanization process in Bac Ninh city has resulted in negative impacts on the water quality of Cau river in Bac Ninh city” this study will contribute to provide scientific base for water resources protection and improvement meeting the need of society in a sustainable way In this study, the water parameters (pH, temperature, BOD5, COD, turbidity, TSS, EC, heavy metals ) and pollutants which are more likely caused by urbanization and trading villages will be in focus Besides, questionnaire and interview methods were also used to collect data The results of this research show the recent state of water quality in Cau River and how the urbanization of Bac Ninh city affects Cau River’s surface water The conclusion can also be drawn that surface water’s water quality of Cau River in Bac Ninh city is degraded And the main causes of Cau River’s water pollution are urban activities, construction activities, agricultural activities, and production in craft villages Following an in-depth multidimensional analysis of research results, some suitable solutions to prevent impacts of the urbanization and protect the water of Cau River in Bac Ninh city will also be presented 56 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Mean results of pH and temperature after three sampling times 11 Table 4.2: Concentration of lab-measured indicators of water sample in Cau River, Bac Ninh city in the first time (11/07/2014) 13 Table 4.3: Concentration of lab-measured indicators of water sample in Cau River, Bac Ninh city in the second time (11/08/2014) 13 Table 4.4: Concentration of lab-measured indicators of water sample in Cau River, Bac Ninh city in the last time (20/09/2014) 14 Table 4.5: Summarizing local people’s opinions about water quality 23 Table 4.6: The population growth and density of Bac Ninh city from 2010 to 2013 23 Table 4.7: Some main agricultural species in Bac Ninh city 25 Table 4.8: The volume of fertilizers used in Bac Ninh city 26 Table 4.9: The amount of heavy metals in some common fertilizers (mg/kg) 27 Table 4.10: Some common pesticides are used in Bac Ninh city 27 Table 4.11: Quick analysis result of some indicators of waste water in Phong Khe commune 30 Table 4.12: Quick analysis result of some indicators of waste water in Khac Niem commune 32 Table 4.13: Interview results in Khac Niem commune 33 57 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: The way to sampling at a cross-section in Cau River Figure 3.2: The way to create a composite sample Figure 4.1: The average temperature of surface water at cross sections in Cau River (0C) 11 Figure 4.2: The mean pH of surface water at cross sections in Cau River 11 Figure 4.3: Conductivity of aliquots samples in three sampling times in Cau River (µS) 15 Figure 4.4: The average conductivity at two cross sections in Cau River (µS) 15 Figure 4.5: The concentration of DO in aliquot samples in three sampling times in Cau River (mg/L) 16 Figure 4.6: The average concentration of DO at cross-sections in Cau River (mg/L) 16 Figure 4.7: The amount of Turbidity in aliquot samples in three sampling times in Cau River (NTU) 17 Figure 4.8: The average amount of Turbidity at cross sections in Cau River (NTU) 17 Figure 4.9: The concentration of BOD5 in aliquot samples in three sampling times in Cau River (mg/L) 18 Figure 4.10: The mean concentration of BOD5 at two cross sections in Cau River (mg/L) 18 Figure 4.11: The concentration of COD in aliquot samples in three sampling times in Cau River (mg/L) 19 Figure 4.12: The mean concentration of COD at cross sections in Cau River (mg/L) 19 Figure 4.13: The concentration of TSS in aliquot samples in three sampling times in Cau River (mg/L) 20 Figure 4.14: The mean concentration of TSS at cross sections in Cau River (mg/L) 20 Figure 4.15: The concentration of Cd in aliquot samples in three sampling times in Cau River (µg/L) 21 Figure 4.16: The mean concentration of Cd at cross sections in Cau River (µg/L) 21 58 ABBREVIATION VNR 08: Vietnam’s Regulation 08 (National Technical Regulation on water quality) VNR 40: Vietnam’s Regulation 40 (Natural Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater) 59