Impact of golf courses on water quality of bui river in headwater catchmen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and above all, I feel great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude, obligation and heartiest respect to Dr Bui Xuan Dung for his kind support, meticulous guidance and heart touching inspiration throughout this thesis work I gratefully acknowledge the blessings and valuable suggestions from teacher in the laboratory of Faculty of Biology in University of Science, would especially like to thanks to the help provided for by laboratory work at Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Institute of Chemistry I am thankful to Ms.Nhan, Mr Tuc to provide the information of Phoenix Golf Course Last but not least, I take this opportunity to express my thanks and gratitude to my parents and my friends for their never ending affection and encouragement CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENT LIST OF TABLE LIST OF PICTURE LIST OF FIGURE ABSTRACT I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature review II OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal 2.2 Objectives III STUDY SITE AND METHODOLOGY 10 3.1 Study site 10 3.2 Methodology 16 3.2.1 Experiment design 16 3.2.2 Laboratory sample processing 22 3.2.3 Data analysis 23 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27 4.1 Impact of Phoenix Golf Course on invertebrate composition and diversity 27 4.2 Physical and chemical parameters 39 4.2.1 Evaluating water quality in Bui River based on Vietnam’s water quality standard 39 4.2.2 Evaluating water quality in Bui River based on Water Quality Index (WQI) 48 4.3 Suggestion for Golf Course management 50 V CONCLUSION 52 VI REFFERENCES LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1 Climate - Hydrology indicators at Lam Son commune Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 11 Table 3.2 Parts of the Phoenix golf course 13 Table 3.2 Weighting factors of water quality parameters 23 Table 3.3 Water quality range 25 Table 3.4 The relationship between bio – index ASPT and population level 26 Table 4.1 List of invertebrate present in sample location 27 Table 4.2 List of macroinvertebrates were found in sample location that lay in BMWP VIET scoring system 34 Table 4.3 Biological index in sample location 1: 35 Table 4.4 Biological index in sample location 2: 36 Table 4.5 Biological index in sample location 37 Table 4.6 Results of WQI calculating by using the formula of WQI with missing parameters 48 LIST OF PICTURE Picture 2.1 Pond net 20 Picture 2.2 (a): collecting samples; (b) putting samples in metal dish; (c) conserving samples in 70% alcohol; (d) laboratory analysis 21 Picture 4.1 Shoreline buffer 51 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 3.1 Location of study site in Lam Son commune 10 Figure 3.2 Map of Phoenix Golf Course (Source: Phoenix Golf Course) 12 Figure 3.3 Operations of the Phoenix Golf course that affect amount of chemicals and water applications 14 Figure 3.2 Map of sample locations in Bui River 16 Figure 3.3 Water samples location in study site 18 Figure 3.4 Map of biological sample 22 Figure 4.1 The ratio of species composition in sample locations of Bui River 30 Figure 4.2 The Shannon Wiener index of diversity values at study site 31 Figure 4.3 The proportion of invertebrate feed groups corresponds to changes in the physical factor in the longitudinal direction (Source: USDA 2001) 32 Figure 4.4 The respond of the number of families and ASPT score 38 Figure 4.5.pH fluctuation in four periods at three different locations 39 Figure 4.6 The amount of TSS in four periods at three locations 40 Figure 4.7 Values for BOD in four periods at three different locations 41 Figure 4.8 COD concentration in four periods at three different locations 42 Figure 4.9 DO level of Bui River in periods at locations 43 Figure 4.10 Total nitrogen of Bui River in periods at locations 44 Figure 4.11 Total phosphorus of Bui River in periods at locations 45 Figure 4.12 Total coliform of Bui River in periods at locations 46 Figure 4.13 The impact of Phoenix Golf Course on water quality of Bui River from upstream to downstream 47 Figure 4.14 WQI values in periods at locations 49 ABSTRACT In the current time, more and more golf courses are beginning to take form in the world However, under many activities of golf courses which are using fertilizers and pesticides for turfgrasses, water quality has declined significantly This study was conducted to examine water quality of the Bui River under the impact of the Phoenix Golf Course using two main methods: macroinvertebrate community through BMWP VIET and ASPT scoring systems, along with physical and chemical parameters characteristics (pH, pH, TSS, DO, COD, BOD5, NO3-, PO4, total coliforms) at three locations: upstream, in the stream passing through the golf course, and downstream Measurements were taken in different periods: on a sunny day without using fertilizers and pesticides, one day after applying fertilizers and pesticides, after applying fertilizers and pesticides on a rainy day, and using fertilizers and pesticides on a sunny day The results show that: (1) Operations of the Phoenix Golf course in applying fertilizers and pesticides with 76 – 78 tons fertilizers per year, 41280 liter pesticides per year; (2) pollution level decreases dramatically from upstream to downstream (from 6.4 to 4.2) based on ASPT method; (3) The concentrations of pollutants increased significantly from upstream to downstream Almost parameters exceeded B1 standard, only pH, total nitrogen and total coliform range in B1 standard limit based on Vietnam water quality Standard while WQI also depicted that water quality decreases from upstream to downstream This finding suggested some solutions to reduce the influence of golf course to water quality and aquatic ecosystem of Bui River catchment including improved pesticide management and riparian buffer zones I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The ecological value of streams and rivers globally is influenced by increasing human land use (Allan, 2004) Currently, there are estimated to be more than 31,500 golf courses worldwide (Tanner and Gange, 2005) In Vietnam, golf is one of the most luxury sports, which is reserved for the upper class, and in the past - it was not popular However, in recent years, more golf courses are beginning to take form in the whole country According to the information of Ministry of Planning and Investment, there are 144 golf course projects in 39 provinces, with another 35 golf courses operating in Vietnam The total area using for these projects go up to 49.000 which makes golf become an appreciable portion of land use in our country In the lower level, golf courses seem to be harmless sport, not only they bring a lot of profits but they also become a developing project for using land, keeping water, and being one of the most important places to connect many parts of nature, landscape river, ocean, mountain, and the local community However, in the upper level, building golf courses has negative impacts on the environment such as: releasing the natural vegetation cover, forest fire, damaging natural resources, causing the changing in topography Furthermore, a major focus of discussion regarding known or suspected ecological impacts of golf courses has been water quality, typically focusing on chemical toxicology (Wheeler & Nauright, 2006) Golf courses depend on agrochemicals for pest control, turf management, and esthetic purposes To maintain the landscape of golf courses, which is created mainly by turf grass, the staffs in there need to take care if this grass very carefully with great amount of pesticides In addition, worker in here have to use pesticides and fertilizers regularly to grow them Professor Charles Melton in California University, Davis, United State had a report about this issue This report show that most of pesticides and fertilizers using in golf courses consist of some organic compound such as nitrogen and phosphorus These organic compounds are helpful to golf course but they have negative impact to environment around it Moreover, if a golf course is built near water and the around area which can have negative impacts to the water quality and stream ecology of the stream which is passed through the course ground When it rains or golf course irrigates after fertilizing, the nutrients and chemicals in fertilizers will be dissolves and drift downstream Since water had nitrogen in fertilizers, phytoplankton – a microorganism dependent on nitrogen will grow rapidly The more phytoplankton growth, the more their waste transport into environment and some of their carcass will sink to river bottom and become food for another microorganism such as bacteria When these bacteria increase dramatically and then break out, the river will not have enough oxygen for fish and other aquatic animal Due to the lack of oxygen, this area will become dead area To clarify this issue and provide information to latter researches, I decide to choose the research: Impact of golf courses on water quality of Bui River in headwater catchment 1.2 Literature review Freshwater is one of the most important resources to the health and wellbeing of human life One worldwide problem is water pollution due to excreta and chemical waste Agriculture urban developments and golf courses commonly overuse pesticides and fertilizers which can cause water quality to decline Therefore, many scientists took interest in this issue Due mostly to the local permitting process, research about the impact of golf course to water quality has increases significantly since the late 1980s (Cohen et al 1999) In addition to concerns about pesticides, attention has recently been directed toward the impacts of fertilizers (Minnesota Statutes, 2004) The regular use of pesticides and fertilizers on golf courses often leads to the assumption that these chemicals are transported into surface water and ground water following application (Hindahl et al 2009) For example, in 1990, the leaching of pesticides that was applied to four golf courses in Cape Cod was described by Cohen and others They detected eight pesticide and metabolites as well as two pesticide impurities in the ground water However, only chlordane and heptachlor were present in toxicologically significant levels Moreover, in this research, Cohen and others found more pesticides in water from monitor wells associated with greens and tees than fairways (three grasses were used for golf courses) They concluded that in the conditions of hydrologic at Cape Cod, the use of turf pesticides applied in the golf course had minimal impact on ground water quality They also recommended that this type of study was repeated in other areas, especially in southern climates where more nematicides are applied to turf After that, the United States Golf Association (USGA) invested $3.2 million in 1991 to start a research program studying environmental relates issues pertaining to the golf industry, followed by twenty – one research projects were funded across the United States to investigated: the fate of fertilizers and pesticides when applied to golf courses in different geographic regions, the implications of Picture 4.1 Shoreline buffer In addition, an under drain system should be installed beneath any portion of the fairways, greens, or tees which are sited on coarse – textured soils or where the depth to bedrock or the water table is less than meter The purpose of the drainage system is to collect water which may be contaminated with fertilizers or pesticides The leachate should be treated by allowing it to soak in to medium – textured soils lying meter or more above bedrock and the water table Or the leachate may be treated with a system such as a peat/sand filter Moreover, the designer of golf course should design some ponds to release of toxics or oxygen – deficient water Off – channel ponds should be designed to minimize the spillage of water during runoff events The off – channel pond can serve as a source of irrigation water 51 V CONCLUSION Phoenix Golf Course was constructed in March 2005 in Yongbong Village, Lam Son commune and had the contribution of Bui River that passes through the golf course With total area are 311.7 ha, this golf course has to use a large amount of fertilizers and pesticides to maintain the growth of turf grass To specify, in one year, Phoenix Golf Course uses from 76 to 81 tons fertilizers and sprays 41280 l pesticides for turf grass to keep the beautiful landscape of golf course The composition of invertebrate community was found in Bui River include 40 species belong to 26 families with main phyla: Athropoda, Mollusca, Annenida The highest diversity value lies in the location in the golf course, the lowest value is in downstream area Moreover, when using invertebrate communities to assess water quality through BMWP VIET and ASPT scoring system, the results show the decline of water quality at three locations (from 6.4 score in upstream to 4.2 score in downstream) When eight physico - chemical parameters were measured and then compared to Vietnam water quality standard, almost parameters exceeded B1 standard, only pH, total nitrogen and total coliform range in B1 standard limit Moreover, the concentrations of pollutions increased significantly from upstream to downstream proved that Phoenix Golf Course activities have negative impacts to water quality of Bui River Meanwhile, when these parameters were evaluated based on WQI, the results also show the decrease significantly in water quality of Bui River This study also suggested some solutions to reduce the affects of Phoenix Golf Course to local environment such as create buffer zones, improve pesticides and fertilizers management 52 VI REFFERENCES Allan, J D (2004) Landscapes and rivers: The influence of land use on stream ecosystems Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35, 257–284 Balian E.V., Sergers H., Lévêque C., Martens K (2008), “The Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessmen: an overview of the results” Hydrobiologia, 595, pp 627-637 Boone., M D., Semlitsch, R D., & Mosby, C (2008) Suitability of golf course 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(one day after applying S1M1 25.7 7.4 5.4 13.2 4.6 11.3 1.6 0.19 700 S1M2 26.6 7.6 4.6 33.1 13.2 15.6 2.1 0.26 1200 S1M3 27.1 7.8 4.8 32.01 4.8 20.24 1.92 0.39 1700 S2M1 26.3 7.5 4.7 12.1 4.5 9.26 2.23 0.08 900 S2M2 26.5 8.3 4.3 39.3 17.5 16.33 5.6 0.31 1500 S2M3 27.4 7.6 4.9 41.2 18.6 25.1 5.8 0.42 2100 fertilizers and pesticides) August, 15th, 2016 (Rainy day and after S3M1 25.4 7.6 4.3 7.9 3.9 13.56 3.5 0.12 1200 S3M2 25.9 8.6 3.5 45.1 28.3 27.91 7.2 0.63 2300 S3M3 26.8 7.9 3.7 46.4 30.2 51.4 7.4 0.65 3200 S3M1 26.1 7.3 4.5 11.6 4.23 8.91 1.9 0.06 1000 S3M2 27.3 7.9 4.2 41.6 15.3 14.5 5.9 0.45 1400 S3M3 28 8.2 4.0 38.9 17.6 18.3 5.72 0.51 1800 >4 30 15 50 10 0.3 7500 applying fertilizers) August 31th 2016 Using fertilizers and pesticides in sunny day QCVN 5.508:2008 (B1) BMWPVIET scoring system Families Ephemeroptera Score Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemereliidae, Potamanthidae, Ephemeridae, Oligoneuridae Plecoptera Leuctridae, Perlidae, Perlodidae Hemiptera Aphelocheiridae Odonata Amphipterygidae Trichoptera Phryganeidae, Molannidae, Odontoceridae/Brachycentridae, Leptoceridae, 10 Goeridae, Lepidostomatidae Crabs Potamidae Trichoptera Psychomyiidae, Philopotamidae Ephemeroptera Caenidae Plecoptera Nemouridae Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae, Polycentropodidae, Limnephilidae Snails Neritidae, Ancylidae Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Odonata Lestidae, Calopterygidae, Gomphidae, Cordulegastridae, Aeshnidae, Platycnemidae, Chlorocyphidae, Macromidae Hemiptera Veliidae, Mesoveliidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae, Nepidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, Belostomatidae, Hebridae, Pleidae, Corixidae Coleoptera Haliplidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydraenidae, Hydrophilidae, Hygrobiidae, Helodidae, Dryopidae, Elminthidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Psephenidae, Ptilodactylidae Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Diptera Tipulidae, Simuliidae Bivalves Mytilidae Platyhelminthes Planariidae (Dugesiidae) Ephemeroptera Baetidae/Siphlonuridae Megaloptera Sialidae, Corydalidae Odonata Coenagrionidae, Corduliidae, Libellulidae Snails, Bivalves Pilidae, Viviparidae, Unionidae, Amblemidae Leeches Piscicolidae Diptera Ephydridae, Stratiomyidae, Blepharoceridae Snails, Bivalves Bithyniidae, Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae, Thiaridae, Littorinidae, Corbiculidae, Pisidiidae Leeches Glossiphoniidae, Hirudidae, Erpobdellidae Crabs, Prawn Parathelphusidae, Atyidae, Palaemonidae Odonata Protoneuridae Diptera Chironomidae (midges) Worms Oligochaeta (tất lớp)