Water quality assessment of cau river flows through thai nguyen province for the period 2012 2019

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LE THI THU THAO WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CAU RIVER FLOWS THROUGH THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE FOR THE PERIOD 2012 – 2019 BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office Batch : 2015 – 2019 Thai Nguyen, 2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Le Thi Thu Thao Student ID DTN1554110066 Thesis Title Supervisors Water quality assessment of Cau river flows through Thai Nguyen province for the period 2012-2019 Dr Tho Huu Nguyen Supervisor‘s Signature Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the development of water quality of Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen Province from 2012 to 2019 The main focus is on the following aspects: to assess the state of water quality of Cau River flowing through the province of Thai Nguyen in years, using WQI to assess water quality of Cau River in 2018 – 2019 and propose solutions to reduce water pollution Regarding the quality of the Cau River for years, the water pollution on the Cau River in the downstream is higher than that of upstream monitoring points, especially after the 300m Cam Gia stream discharge point Because this area receives a number of wastewater sources of factories, industrial zones, urban areas, and craft villages In which totally suspended solids (TSS) pollution at the monitoring points in the years was still high, surpassing QCVN 08: 2008 / BTNMT level B1 Moreover, WQI in the rainy season at Cau River was much lower than in the dry season In the downstream areas after the discharge point of 300m Cam Gia stream and Pho Huong stream, the WQI index in the rainy season is 43 and 53, respectively, the dry season is 76 and 56, the water quality is the only used for irrigation The upstream zone always has a higher WQI index from 86 to 92 in the dry season and from 64 to 72 in the rainy season i Currently, Thai Nguyen Province has started to build and improve water treatment systems for Cau River After assessing the current state of Cau River water quality, the necessary measures are proposed In management, perfecting the legal policies and regulations in water environment protection and combine the implementation of many solutions for better control, of which the most important thing is to create a link between management agencies, scientists, and community participation In wastewater treatment, it is necessary to build wastewater treatment areas in industrial and urban areas In addition, it is necessary to focus on examining factory areas, urban areas, and craft villages to reduce illegal discharge In general, the water quality of Cau River in recent years has been improved, monitoring indicators mostly meet the permitted standard according to QCVN 08: 2008 / BTNMT level A2 It is shown that the management measures, as well as the treatment of water quality on the Cau River, have been taken seriously Key words water quality, WQI, Cau River Number of pages 67 Date of submission 23/09/2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With deep respect and gratitude, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Dr Nguyen Huu Tho for his invaluable useful advice, discussions, and comments which brought an added value to this research work I sincerely thank the Headmaster, International Training and Development Center Office and all teachers of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for enthusiastically teaching and imparting valuable knowledge to me, creating good conditions to help me during my studies at the university Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family, relatives, and friends who have cared, supported and encouraged me during the process of studying, researching as well as completing this thesis Sincerely yours, Thai Nguyen, September, 2019 Author Le Thi Thu Thao iii TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research‘s objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypothesis 1.3.1 Research questions 1.3.2 Hypothesis 1.4 Limitations 1.5 Defination PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Study area background 2.1.1 Geographical location 2.1.2 Geographical features 2.1.3 Climate conditions and Hydrologic features 10 2.1.4 Socio-economic conditions 11 2.2 Scientific background 11 2.3 Theoretical background 14 2.4 Surface water quality assessment method 15 2.4.1 Traditional method 15 2.4.2 Water quality index 17 PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 22 3.1 Equipment and Materials 22 3.1.1 Equipment 22 3.1.2 Materials 22 3.2 Methods 23 3.2.1 Secondary data collection 23 3.2.2 Methods of collecting, storing and analyzing samples 23 3.2.3 Calculation method, using WQI 27 iv 3.2.4 Synthesizing, analyzing and processing data methods 31 3.2.5 Statistical and comparison methods 31 PART IV RESULTS 32 4.1 Assessing the situation and development of water quality of Cau river flowing through Thai Nguyen province 32 4.2 The result of calculating the WQI of Cau river flows through Thai Nguyen province 46 4.3 Solutions to improve water quality 52 4.3.1 Overall solution 52 4.3.2 Specific solution 53 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 56 5.1 Discussion 56 5.1.1 Status of water quality in Cau river from 2012 to 2019 56 5.1.2 Status of water quality in Cau river through WQI in 2018 and 2019 59 5.1.3 Solution for water quality of Cau river 59 5.2 Conclusion 60 REFERENCES 63 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: List of selected studies carried out worldwide using Water Quality Indices 19 Table 3.1: Table specifying qi and BPi values 28 Table 3.2: Table specifies BPi and qi values for saturated DO% 29 Table 3.3: Table specifies BPi and qi values for pH 29 Table 3.4: Compare WQI values 31 Table 4.1: Water quality development in the dry season of Cau river 33 Table 4.2 Water quality development in the rainy season of Cau river 36 Table 4.3: Results of calculation of WQI of Cau River in rainy season 2018 47 Table 4.4 Results of calculation of WQI of Cau River in dry season 2019 48 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Evolutions of DO content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by dry season from 2012-2019 39 Figure 4.2: Evolutions of DO content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by rainy season from 2012-2018 39 Figure 4.3 Evolutions of BOD5 content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by dry season from 2012-2019 40 Figure 4.4 Evolutions of BOD5 content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by rainy season from 2012-2018 40 Figure 4.5 Evolutions of COD content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by dry season from 2012-2019 41 Figure 4.6 Evolutions of COD content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by rainy season from 2012-2018 42 Figure 4.7 Evolutions of TSS content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by dry season from 2012-2019 43 Figure 4.8 Evolutions of TSS content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by rainy season from 2012-2018 43 Figure 4.9 Evolutions of Coliform content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by dry season from 2012-2019 44 Figure 4.10 Evolutions of Coliform content on the sections of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen province by rainy season from 2012-2018 44 Figure 4.11 Monitoring points map for water quality of Cau river flowing through Thai Nguyen province 46 Figure 4.12 Compare WQI in dry season and rainy season of Cau river 49 Figure 4.13 Water quality zoning map of Cau river in Thai Nguyen province according to WQI – rainy season 2018 50 Figure 4.14 Water quality zoning map of Cau river in Thai Nguyen province according to WQI – dry season 2019 51 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Explanation BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CWQI Canadian Water Quality Index DO DNRE Dissolved oxygen Department of Natural Resources and Environment GDP GMES Gross domestic products The standards of the global environmental monitoring system NSFWQI National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index QCVN National Technical Regulations of Vietnam T Temperature TCVN Viet Nam standard TSS Total Suspended Solids WQI Water quality index WQ Water quality PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Water is vital to Earth's existence Changes in water availability, both in terms of water quantity and water quality, can impact people's lives and other living things as the main resource for human and ecological life (Stantec and Northcliff, 2013) Rivers are man's most significant resource of fresh water In the past, social, economic and political growth was mainly linked to the accessibility and allocation of freshwaters in riverine systems (M Meybeck, G Friedrich, R Thomas and D Chapman, 1996) Cau river (also known as Nhu Nguyet River, Thi Cau River, Nguyet Duc River or My Quan River) is the mainstream of the Thai Binh river system This is a place to store abundant natural resources and supply water for industrial, agricultural and daily-life activities in provinces of Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang, Bac Ninh, Vinh Phuc, and Hai Duong Nowadays, when the social development faster and higher demand of human, leading to series of unreasonable exploitation from industrial zone and trade villages such as massive mining, deforestation of watershed protection forests, beside wastewater treatment is still unregarded Therefore, the water sources, landscapes, and ecosystems of Cau River, as well as the river basin, were degraded and at risk of depletion, adversely affecting production and life, ecological environment, natural landscape Thai Nguyen province, where has the long flows of the Cau River and it is a province with strong industrial development in the North of Vietnam According to annual monitoring data, the section of Cau River flowing through Thai Nguyen establishments causing ecological pollution, implementing the contents of environmental impact assessment reports and ecological protection commitments of establishments production, sales, and services + There is an apparent decentralization of management among ministries and sectors in the control and restriction of pollution, improvement, and restoration of the water environment + Planning synchronous urban infrastructure to reduce environmental pollution for Cau river basin Develop and implement zoning plans for water exploitation and use + It is necessary to combine the implementation of many solutions for better management, of which the most important thing is to create a link between management agencies, scientists, and community participation This ensures stability in the management of the Cau River along with the preservation of its specific values, functions, and properties, especially the objectives of biodiversity conservation, water regulation, climate improvement + Strengthening communication activities to raise awareness and propaganda with the community on environmental protection, water environment protection for rivers, streams, efficient water use 4.3.2 Specific solution * Solution to minimize river pollution - Integrated measures to prevent infection For each surface water system, it is important to remedy pollution not only at blocking centralized sources of waste and wastewater treatment but also it is 53 important to strictly control the discharge and improvement of the self-cleaning ability of the river system - Technical measures to protect water sources Enhancing the self-cleaning ability of water sources: + Reduce the amount of waste (pollutants) into the river + Clean water after treatment is supplied back to the river + Dredging mud regularly + Develop other self-cleaning biological measures - Limit discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers The most basic solution is that all wastewater sources before being discharged into rivers and river sections must be thoroughly treated to meet the prescribed standards Wastewater of factories, hospitals and production, and business establishments must be preliminarily treated before being discharged into standard sewer systems or must be thoroughly treated if discharged directly into rivers or ditches To accomplish the mentioned objective, the entire area of rivers and river sections will be divided into treatment areas according to the following factors:  Zoning according to land use  Zoning according to the drainage basin  Zoning according to population density  Zoning according to the level of wastewater and pollutant generation 54 - The wastewater treatment system will include the following types:  On-site treatment system: Wastewater treatment for each cluster of houses, high-rise buildings, and factories  Processing system by region  Centralized processing system Domestic wastewater and wastewater from agencies and services will be treated together; industrial wastewater will be treated separately or together with appropriate systems based on the principle of polluters pay 55 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion 5.1.1 Status of water quality in Cau river from 2012 to 2019 Cau river is the main river of Thai Nguyen province which is the large sources to supplies water for agriculture and industry activities as well as for living of citizen in the area Therefore, I have been interested in and researched on the water quality of the Cau River to explore changes in the water quality of this river in the eight years from 2012 to 2019 Based on the previous research of the Cau River, the water pollution level has decreased markedly from 2012 to 2019 The lowest DO concentration in 2009 was mg / l at NM2, NM3 in the rainy season and mg / l in the dry season at NM3 and NM4 (TTT Huong, 2012) whereas the standard value of DO for fisheries, agriculture and recreational purpose is 5mg/L or more It means that the water condition of the river is extremely poor which is not suitable for fisheries, agriculture and recreational purpose (DOE, 2013-14) From 2012 to 2019, DO pollution only appears in one place NM4, which receives wastewater from industrial parks, Gang Thep factory, Hoang Van Thu paper factory and from living areas by the river In addition, the reason that in the dry season, DO concentration was higher than in rainy season is due to temperature Under the given set of conditions there is a nonlinear inverse relation between water temperature and dissolved oxygen The solubility of oxygen in water rises above 40% as freshwater cools from 25oC to freezing point 56 (Mukti, 2009) The concentration of BOD5 and COD of Cau river in years has decreased significantly, the monitoring results are in the QCVN 08: 2008 / BTNMT column A2, some positions are in the B1 column standard The quality of Cau River water was also improved due to the marked reduction of TSS TSS is an important factor to assess the quality of water The dissolved oxygen present in the water is greatly influenced by the presence of suspended particles The sunlight absorbed by the suspended particles increases the water temperature which reduces the oxygen holding capacity of the warm water and disturbs the cold water species (Som, 2013) The existence of TSS has reduced the production of oxygen because it disturbs the light penetration that is critical for photosynthesis by plants (W Swietlik, at al, 2003) In 2010 and 2011, TSS pollution in Cau River occurred continuously at downstream areas in the rainy season, the amount of TSS exceeded the standard QCVN 08: 2008 / BTNMT column B1 is to times in 2011 at position NM4 and NM5 (T.T.T Huong, 2012) According to the monitoring results for the period of 2012 - 2019, it is seen a downward trend in TSS concentration of Cau river However, in 2017 there was a spike in TSS concentrations in 4/5 samples in the dry season The reason is Thai Nguyen province started to carry out the construction activities of the dam construction project to prevent floods and complete the urban infrastructure system on both sides of Cau river, at the same time, the activities of industrial parks, factories and residential areas by the Cau River also affect the 57 amount of TSS H.P Linh (2017) have also made similar observations in her study on the up stream‘s water quality of Cau River In the rainy season, the amount of TSS increased significantly compared to the dry season, especially in 2018, at all monitoring points, the results exceeded the B1 standard, in which downstream areas NM4 and NM5 exceeded B2 standard - 1.13 times This is also a consequence of climate change when the rainfall of 2018 reached 450.3mm (Thai Nguyen Statistical Office, 2019) Coliform bacteria are usually prevalent in streams and in are especially common during periods the rainfall, having the giant amounts of surface runoff These microorganisms enter streams when the wash from cities, by-passed and overflow waste product, drainage from the soil and vegetation, waste product treatment plant effluents, and contaminated bottom sediments and sludge deposits (D.H Schuettpelz, 1969) In the rainy season, the number of coliforms increased considerably, exceeding B1 level with only samples, sample of NM1 in 2012 and sample of NM5 in 2015 The coliform index exceeded 1.1 1.3 times In the dry season, the similarity was evident when the amount of coliforms in 2017 also increases as a result of the same TSS concentration in the dry season The reason is also due to the construction of anti-flood dams and the combination of urban improvement on both sides of the Cau River, as well as industrial activities, factories near the river According Kitterll and Furfari, during dry weather, it is usually possible to relate coliform counts to wastewater discharges because of the small number of bacteria entering a stream from 58 runoff Coliform numbers increase in a stream from four to eight times the effluent number and reach a maximum of about one-half day's travel time downstream from the discharge point (Kittrell and Furfari, 1963) 5.1.2 Status of water quality in Cau river through WQI in 2018 and 2019 WQI of different water bodies may be used for comparisons, and water quality may be analyzed at various levels to define trends in quality over time (Ott, 1978; Chowdhury et al., 2012) In this study, WQI was used to zoning the water quality of Cau River flowing Thai Nguyen province in the dry season of 2019 and rainy seasons of 2018 - In the dry season: most of the monitoring points are of relatively good quality The upstream section (Van Lang district) and the section from Son Cam district and Gia Bay bridge have quite good water quality, can be used for living, WQI values 86-92 At the receiving point of the Cam Gia stream and Pho Huong stream, the water quality is reduced - In the rainy season: at all the monitoring points, water quality was reduced because this is the time of frequent floods, leading to many impurities and disturbed flows From Van Lang district to Gia Bay bridge, the water quality is only available for irrigation At the location after the discharge point of the Cam Gia stream, the water was polluted WQI value of 43 can only be used for transportation Downstream of Pho Huong stream, water quality is relatively good 5.1.3 Solution for water quality of Cau river Measures to reduce water pollution in the Cau River need to be implemented together Authorities have to enhance regulations on water 59 resources In addition, there is a need for a clear mechanism to manage water resources and irrigation facilities, coordinate and manage construction and approved by organizations and individuals directly related to the exploitation and use of water resources 5.2 Conclusion With the title " Water quality assessment of Cau river flows through Thai Nguyen province for the period 2012 -2019", The study pointed out the Cau River water quality in the period of 2012-2019 and the solutions that need to be applied to improve the quality of the Cau River water All the result monitoring from 2012 to 2019 and WQI calculating in 2018 and 2019 shown that the water quality of Cau river are much better than the past period, but some position had a TSS and Coliform polluted due to the contruction upgraded beside the Cau river - In dry season, most of the monitoring points had a relatively good quality The upstream section from NM1 to NM3 have quite good water quality, can be used for living, in dry season of 2019, WQI values 86-92 At NM3 and NM4 the water quality was decreased due to the impact of the factory, village, household in both of Cau river - In the rainy season: at all the monitoring points, water quality was degraded as compared with dry season The WQI of NM1, NM2, NM3 was only available for irrigation The water quality of NM3 was polluted, only 43 of WQI value, used for transportation in 2018 Downstream, water quality is relatively good 60 Although the research has yielded some initial findings, some of its limitations still exist Because the conditions for graduation practice are short, the topic has not been deeply analyzed and evaluated measures to treat pollution of rivers and lakes Therefore, it is necessary to have more in-depth and extensive studies to have solutions pollution treatment, pollution treatment technology for the river sections The findings from this study can be checked in a pilot procedure to check its compatibility A follow-up study for this study may focus more on solutions to improve wastewater from industrial and urban areas, then propose modifications and adjustments for the next step Recommendation To overcome and prevent possible pollution in the water environment in Cau river basin section running through Thai Nguyen province, I would like to make some suggestions as follows: - Maintain sampling frequency and density to have a full database of socio-economic development and water quality developments in Cau River basin, develop an environmental map, and contribute to planning Socio-economic development in Cau River basin in particular and the whole Thai Nguyen province in general - Early take measures to manage water resources integrated, interdisciplinary and inter-sector regions, detailed planning and effective implementation of environmental protection planning projects in Cau river basin oriented to 2025 61 - The method of assessing water quality through WQI has more advantages than the method of assessing the criteria according to traditional environmental parameters, so this method should be widely deployed in assessing the development quality of freshwater basins and using results as a tool to manage, make environmental protection policies and disseminate information to the community in each locality 62 REFERENCES Almeida C., Quintar S., González P and Mallea M., (2008) ―Assessment of irrigation water quality‖ A proposal of a quality profile Environ Monit Assess Vol.142, No 1–3, pp 149–152 Asit Kumar Batabyal, Surajit Chakraborty (2015) Hydrogeochemistry and Water Quality Index in the Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Uses Water Environment Research, Volume 87, Number 7, pp 607-617 Ashbolt, N., Grabow, W., & Snozzi, M (n.d) (2001) Indicators of microbial water quality Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/iwachap13.pdf (accessed on 19/04/2001) Boyles, W (1997) The science of chemical oxygen demand Technical Information Series, Booklet, (9), 24 http://www.hach.com/asset-get.download.jsa?id=7639984471 (accessed on 01/06/2016) Center for Educational Technologies (n.d).2015 Water quality assessment: Physical: Temperature Retrieved from http://www.cotf.edu/modules/waterq3.html (accessed on 08/09/2015) Chapman (1996) Water Quality Assessment Guide to use of biota, sediments and water in enviromental monitoring http://doi.org/10.4324/9780203476710 (accessed on 02/05/2016) Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2008), National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN08: 2008 / BTNMT) Duane H Schuettpelz (1969) Department of Natural Resources "Fecal and total coliform tests in water quality evaluation" 63 Fataei E., Seyyedsharifi A S., Seiiedsafaviyan T S and Nasrollahzadeh S., (2013) ―Water Quality Assessment Based on WQI and CWQI Indexes in Balikhlou River, Iran ‖ J Basic Appl Sci Res.Vol.3, No 3, pp263-269 Filter and Separation (n.d)2015 Definition of Solid Concentration Retrieved from http//www.filtration – and separation.com/concentration.html (assessed on 20/9/2015) Harrafi, H., Khedri, M., and Karaminejad, K (2012) Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Spent Caustic by Potentiometric Determination World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(7), 190–192 Ha Phuong Linh (2017) Assessing the development of surface water quality of Cau River section running through Van Lang commune, Dong Hy district to Son Cam commune, Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province in the period of 2015 – 2017 Kittrell, F W and Santo A Furfari (1963) Observation of coliform bacteria in streams J Water Poll Cont Fed 35:1361 M G Khublaryan (2009) Types and properties of water Vol I - Surface Waters: Rivers, Streams, Lakes and Wetlands M Farhad Howladar, Md Abdullah Al Numanbakth and Mohammed Omar Faruque (2018) An application of Water Quality Index (WQI) and multivariate statistics to evaluate the water quality around Maddhapara Granite Mining Industrial Area, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Environmental Systems Research, volume 6, Article number: 13 (2018) M Meybeck, G Friedrich, R Thomas and D Chapman (1996) Water Quality Assessments - A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring - Second Edition Monty C Dozier (2005): What Is Water Pollution? Retrieved from: 64 http://waterandme.tamu.edu/WaterPollution/waterpollution.pdf (accessed on 30/08/2007) Mohsen Nasirian ―A new water quality index for environmental contamination contributed by mineral processing: A case study of Amang (Tin Tailing) processing activity‖, Journal of Applied Scientific Information Vol 7, No 20, pp 2977-2987, 2007 Nagel, B., Dellweg, H., Gierasch, L.M., 1992 Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC recommendations 1992) Pure Appl Chem 64 (1), 143-168 Nawaf Al-MUTAIRI, Asma ABAHUSSAIN, and Ali EL-BATTAY (2014) Application of Water Quality Index to Assess the Environmental Quality of Kuwait Bay International Conference on Advances in Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Sciences Publish Oct 15-16, 2014 Dubai (UAE) N Chèvre, N Vallotton, and L Rossi, ―Risk assessment of urban runoff pollution in rivers: how to deal with time-varying concentrations,‖ in Proc Sixième Conférence Internationale Novatech, 2007 Nives, S.G ―Water quality evaluation by index in Dalmatia‖, Water Research, Vol 33, pp 3423-3440, 1999 Nguyen Thanh Tuyen, Nguyen Thi Lien (2018) Evaluating water quality and recommending measures to control the pollution of Sai Gon river section flowing through Thu Dau Mot city Journal of Thu Dau Mot University, No 37, ISSN: 1859-4433 NSF Consumer Information (2005) Water Quality Index,Washington OTT, WR., 1978 Water Quality Indices: a survey of indices used in the United States Washington: U.S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development 65 Orhan ARKOÇ (2016) Application of Water Quality Index with the Aid of Geographic Information System in Eastern Thrace to Assess Groundwater Quality Journal of Geological Engineering 40 (2) 2016, pp 189-207 People's Committee of provinces in Cau River basin (2005) Main summary report on the overall environmental protection project of Cau river basin, Hanoi - Thai Nguyen Soraya Bouslah, Lakhdar Djemili, Larbi Houich (2017) Water quality index assessment of Koudiat Medouar Reservoir, northeast Algeria using the weighted arithmetic index method Journal of water and land development, 2017, No 35 (X–XII): 221–228 SOM (2013) Total Suspended Solids [Online] Available: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wb-npdesTotalSuspendedSolids_247238_7.pdf Shokuhi R., Hosinzadeh E., Roshanaei G., AlipourM And Hoseinzadeh S., (2012) ―Evaluation ofAydughmush Dam Reservoir Water Quality by National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSF-WQI) and Water Quality Parameter Changes‖ Iran J Health & Environ., Vol.4, No Stantec and Northcliff (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment Report Canada Publication, 8-57 Stone, N., Shelton, J L., Haggard, B E., and Thomforde, H K (2013) Interpretation of Water Analysis Reports for Fish Culture SRAC Publication, 4606(4606), 1–12 Smith, R.L (1990) Ecology and Field Biology 4th edition, Harper Collins Publishers, New York T.T.T Huong (2012) Study on the present state of water quality in Cau river flowing through Thai Nguyen province, 41-44 66 Thai Nguyen Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2012) Report on the assessment of Cau surface water's quality in Thai Nguyen Province in 2012 and 2020 Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee (2006) Synthesis report on Thai Nguyen province's socio-economic development master plan till 2020 Thai Nguyen statistics office, 2018 Statistical Yearbook of Thai Nguyen Province Thai Nguyen Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2012) Special report on assessment of surface water's quality in Thai Nguyen Province in 2012-2013 The National Assembly of Vietnam, 2014 Law on organization of the national assembly Talling, J F (2010) pH, the CO system and freshwater science Freshwater Reviews, 3, 133–146 Truong Van Dan, Le Van Dan, Vo Thi Phuong Anh (2015) Applying geogrraphic information system (GIS) and water quality index (WQI) to water quality zoning for quaculture activities in Phu My lagoon, Phu Vang district, Thua Thien Hue province Journal of science and technology No.5 Vietnam Environment Administration, Promulgating manual for calculating water quality index in Decision No 879 / QD-TCMT of July 1, 2011 W Swietlik, W Berry, T Gardner, B Hill, M Jha, and P Kaufmann, ―Developing water quality criteria for suspended and bedded sediments (sabs): potential approaches,‖ US EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC, 2003 67