Quality assessment the air environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 2018

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN THI DIEU LINH QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THAI NGUYEN CITY IN THE PERIOD OF 2016 - 2018 BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office Batch : 2015 – 2019 Thai Nguyen, 09/2019 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Tran Thi Dieu Linh Student ID DTN1554290039 Quality assessment the air environment in Thai Nguyen Thesis Title city in the period of 2016 - 2018 Supervisor (s) Assoc Prof Dr Tran Quoc Hung Supervisor’s signature Abstract: Thai Nguyen city is a metrocity, a political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technical, medical, tourism and service center of Thai Nguyen province In recent years, along with the development of society, activities to build the infrastructure of residential areas, traffic, trade centers, hotels along with the number of motor vehicles above the city area also increased significantly, causing great pressure on air pollution In general, the air environment in Thai Nguyen city has not been much polluted, toxic gases such as CO, SO2, NO2 all have concentrations within the permitted standard limits However, in industrial production areas, business and service establishments, on roads and surrounding residential areas, dust pollution, dust concentration exceeds the permissible standards Keywords Air pollution, Thai Nguyen City, solution, management Number of pages 75 Date of submission 25/09/2019 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT After a period of studying at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and forestry, I have equipped myself with basically professional knowledge As the consensus of the university, the dean committee of the International Training and Development Center Office and the direct instruction of Assoc.Prof Dr Tran Quoc Hung, I conduct my bachelor thesis: " Quality assessment the air environment in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 - 2018.” With deep respect and gratitude, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Assoc.Prof Dr Tran Quoc Hung for his invaluable useful advice, discussions, and comments which brought an added value to this research work Besides, I would like to thank you for Thai Nguyen center natural resouce and environment of monitoring facilitating me to finish the investigation I sincerely thank the Headmaster, International Training and Development Center Office and all teachers of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for enthusiastically teaching and imparting valuable knowledge to me, creating good conditions to help me during my studies at the university Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family, relatives, and friends who have cared, supported and encouraged me during the process of studying, researching as well as completing this thesis Due to limited professional qualifications, my thesis may be inevitable shortcomings I would like to receive the assistance of whole teachers to my thesis to become better Sincerely yours, Thai Nguyen, September, 2019 Author Tran Thi Dieu Linh ii TABLE OF CONTENT DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENT iii LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.2.1 Aims of study 1.2.2 Significance of study 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4 Limitations 1.5 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical base 2.1.1 Air pollution sources 2.1.2 The harmful effects of air pollution 10 2.2 The legal basis 13 2.3 An overview of the domestic and foreign research situation 13 2.3.1 Research situation over the world 13 2.3.2 The research situation in Vietnam 15 iii PART III METHODS 20 3.1 Material 20 3.2 Research contents 20 3.3 Methods 20 3.3.1 Methods of collecting secondary data 20 3.3.2 Methods of field survey 20 3.3.3 Methods of investigation and interview with people 20 3.3.4 Methods of sampling, analysis and comparison, evaluation with standards 21 3.3.5 Statistic and data processing methods 22 PART IV RESULTS 23 4.1 Natural, economic and social conditions of Thai Nguyen City 23 4.1.1 Natural condition 23 4.1.2 Economic and social conditions 24 4.1.3 A general assessment of natural and social conditions affecting air quality in Thai Nguyen City 28 4.2 Assessing the air quality environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 – 2018 30 4.2.1 Sources of pollution 30 4.2.2 Assessing the air quality environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 – 2018 33 4.3 Opinions of resident 55 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 62 5.1 Discussion 62 5.1.1 What is current situation of air in Thai Nguyen City? 62 iv 5.1.2 What are possible management and technology solutions to reduce air pollution in Thai Nguyen City? 63 5.2 Conclusion 64 REFERENCES 66 QUESTIONNAIRE 68 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Chart illustrates average years of PM10 at automatic monitoring stations 16 Figure 2.2: Chart describes average years of PM2.5 at automatic monitoring stations 17 Figure 2.3: Chart describes TSP concentration at some streets in the period of 2005-2009 17 Figure 2.4: Chart describes NO2 concentration in the period of 2005-2009 18 Figure 2.5: Chart describes SO2 concentration in the period of 2005-2009 19 Figure 4.1: Changes of TSP concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 37 Figure 4.2: Changes of NO2 concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 43 Figure 4.3: Changes of CO concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 48 Figure 4.4: Changes of SO2 concentration in the air in Thai Nguyen city area in 2016-2018 53 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Field sampling methods and laboratory analysis 21 Table 4.1: Statistics of total pollutant load on all routes from the transport in 2017 31 Table 4.2: Statistics of total dust released from construction activities in Thai Nguyen city 32 Table 4.3: Locations of air environment monitoring points in Thai Nguyen city according to the provincial environmental monitoring network 33 Table 4.4: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 34 Table 4.5: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 35 Table 4.6: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 36 Table 4.7: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018 37 Table 4.8: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 40 Table 4.9: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 41 Table 4.10: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 42 Table 4.11: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018 43 Table 4.12: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 45 Table 4.13: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 46 Table 4.14: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 47 Table 4.15: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018 48 Table 4.16: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016 50 Table 4.17: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2017 51 Table 4.18: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2018 52 Table 4.19: Environmental monitoring results for SO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016-2018 53 Table 4.20: Statistics of interviewing residents in monitoring environment locations 56 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS API : Air Pollution Index BTNMT : Natural resources and environment ministry QCVN : National technical regulations on environment TSP : Total suspended dust WHO : World Heath Organazition Table 4.20: Statistics of interviewing residents in monitoring environment locations Location Question Normal Infection Very infected Due to vehicles on road Due to emissions from the factory Due to the construction of facilities Due to human activities Due to other activities Morning Noon Afternoon Evening Yes No No Thai Nguyen City Center Square Quan Trieu Crossroa ds 15 15 Main gate of Thai Nguyen Percentage University of Education 0% 15 66% 34% 15 65% Gang Thep Compan y Area Gate of People's Committee of Gia Sang ward Residential quarter of group of Phu Xa ward 15 13 0 15 15 0 15 0 10 10 12 33% 0 0 0 0% 0 0 15 10 0 15 13 0 0 15 0 10 0 0 15 0 12 0 0 15 0 10 0 0 15 0 12 2% 0% 0% 66% 34% 0% 70% 30% 0% 56 Normal Positive Books and magazines TV Internet Direct contact No Yes Yes No Yes No Interested, positive 10 Not interested Coal Firewood 11 Gas Straw Other Yes 12 No 13 6 15 15 14 15 0 15 0 15 10 5 15 15 12 15 10 0 15 15 0 15 12 12 15 10 0 15 15 0 15 15 14 15 10 0 15 15 0 15 13 13 15 10 0 15 10 15 15 14 15 0 15 0 15 67% 13% 0% 35% 15% 50% 0% 100% 5% 95% 10% 90% 100% 0% 15% 5% 80% 0% 0% 0% 100% 57 100% of people sited that the air environment is infection 65% of interviewees agreed that the cause of air pollution is due to vehicles on road People choose this option because they live in places with a high percentage of vehicles in traffic, especially Thai Nguyen City Center Square, Quan Trieu Crossroads, Thai Nguyen University of Education 33% of interviewees agreed that the cause of air pollution is due to emissions from factory People choose this option because they live near factory like near Gang Thep company area and Bigger Lifting and Steel in Phu Xa ward 2% of interviewees agreed that the cause of air pollution is due to human activities People choose this option because there are some houses, which are under construction 66% of participants said that the air environment in the area was most polluted in afternoon People choose this option because of the high traffic volume due to its proximity to the factory and on the main traffic route 34% of participants said that the air environment in the area was most polluted in noon People choose this option because of the high traffic volume due to those locations lie on the main traffic route 70% of people believed that the local government had taken any measures to overcome air pollution 30% of people believed that the local government had not taken any measures to overcome air pollution 100% people sited that they paticipated fully in protecting air pollution measures 58 50% of interviewees said that they knew about air environment pollution through directly contact 35% of interviewees said that they knew about air environment pollution through TV 15% of interviewees said that they knew about air environment pollution through Internet 70% of responders sited that the area had experienced some environmental problems due to high concentration of dust People choose this option because they live in places with a high percentage of vehicles in traffic such as Thai Nguyen City Center Square, Quan Trieu Crossroads and near Thai Nguyen University of Education 30% of responders sited that the area had experienced some environmental problems due to the emission of factory People choose this option because they live in places with a high percentage of CO2 emission such as who live near Gang Thep company area and Bigger Lifting and Steel in Phu Xa ward Only 5% of people said that they had petitioned the local government on the issue of air pollution in the region but just small levels like commune or ward committee 90% of participants said that they not have any problems about respiratory illness 10% of participants said that they have any problems about respiratory illness (most are children and the older people) 10 100% of interviewees sited that they are intereating in protecting air environment around their houses 59 11 80% of responders said that they use gas for daily life 15% of responders said that they use coal for daily life Due to this action, the concentration of CO2 in those place, where people use coal to cook like Quan Trieu crossroads, Gia Sang ward and Phu Xa ward was higher than other locations 5% of responders said that they use firewood for daily life Only in Quan Trieu Ward and Gia Sang ward, people still use firewood, which emisses a lot of CO2 to the air This explain why in those areas, the concentration of CO2 is higher than the other place 12 100% of people said that they not use any devices to clean the home atmosphere The results from the survey show that people in Thai Nguyen city now have high awareness of environmental pollution in general as well as air pollution in particular At the survey sites, people reflect the air pollution caused by dust from vehicles or construction, production and business activities in factories and enterprises in the region Gate of Thai Nguyen University of Education, Quan Trieu area, Phu Xa Ward, Gang Thep Company area are the place which is prominent areas of air pollution The polluted air environment has greatly affected people's lives and health, especially in places with high concentrations of pollutants such as Gang Thep Company Area, Phu Xa and Quan Trieu wards The proportion of people with respiratory diseases in these two places is higher than in other locations 60 People have also expressed a positive attitude in protecting the air environment as well as giving their views to carry out the protection of the air environment with specific measures such as planting many trees, use clean fuels, enhance the use of public transport People made a number of recommendations and suggestions for competent state agencies to coordinate with the people to solve air pollution in the area 61 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion 5.1.1 What is current situation of air in Thai Nguyen City? In summary, the monitoring results of recent years show that the air environment in Thai Nguyen city has been polluted about TSP Although other pollutant gases such as SO2 and NO2 are lower than the permitted standards, they are showing signs of increase In the future, when there is an increase in activities in industry, transportation, construction, and people-life, there will also be an increase in pollutants in the air Therefore, Thai Nguyen city needs to have specific plans and solutions to control and reduce air pollution, ensuring the harmony between economic development and environmental protection According to the result of interview people, almost 90% of responder said that the air environment in Thai Nguyen was polluted So the question is why the results of the monitoring center show that the Thai Nguyen air environment is not polluted? It is difficult to know whether the air is polluted or the current level of air pollution Normally for residents, air pollution is recognized through direct contact, which is visual recognition The human eyes are only able to see dust Therefore, when people are in traffic or living at the environmental monitoring locations mentioned in the article, they find that the amount of dust in the air is very large As a result, they have found that the atmosphere in their area is polluted On the other hands, when collecting air samples and analyzing in the laboratory with appropriate methods, the environmental monitoring center 62 produced the above results The results showed that harmful substances such as SO2, NO2 and CO were still within permitted limits when compared with QCVN 05: 2013 However, the results also show that the amount of dust (TSP) is very high and has exceeded the allowed level This is true compared to the results when interviewing people Therefore, we can come to a general conclusion that the air environment in Thai Nguyen is polluted and the most serious is dust pollution 5.1.2 What are possible management and technology solutions to reduce air pollution in Thai Nguyen City?  Planning and management solutions: Government should improves Thai Nguyen city's environmental management organization and agency from the city level to each ward and commune and enhance power for implementing agencies such as People's Committee of Thai Nguyen City, People's Committee of wards  Increasing investment finance: Authority needs to increase the rate of expenditures on air environment protection from the state budget and official development assistance It is necessary to clearly define and effectively use the right purpose of wasting environmental protection from the sources of 1% of annual budget spending on the environment Finding funding from international organizations and countries for urban air environment protection and develop priority projects and policies on air environment protection to take advantage of ODA support is a good solution to protect the air environment  Technical solutions to overcome the air pollution: Local authorities need to invest in installing dust treatment equipment for waste sources by systems such as electrostatic precipitator, toxic gas absorption, at factories, 63 production facilities in the city area Thai Nguyen street In addition, the government should also pay attention to clean production technologies, technologies that generate less emissions and save energy, increase roadside greenery, focusing on plants that are able to absorb dust and toxic gases such as crocodiles, litchi expand the parks in the city Trucks, which transporting soil, sand, stone, lime, cement materials must cover the airtight body of the vehicle Ensure transportation materials not spill onto the street  Communication and education solution: the government continued to expand the number and targets of training environmental specializations at all levels of training, including expanding training courses on the air environment; strengthen the integration of environmental training contents into specialized training programs 5.2 Conclusion Through the collected data and by the methods, statistics, evaluations, analyzes and comparisons, i can conclude about the current state of the air environment in thai nguyen city as follows: In general, the air environment in Thai Nguyen city has not much polluted, toxic gases such as CO, SO2, NO2 all have concentrations within the permitted standard limits However, in industrial production areas, business and service establishments, on roads and surrounding residential areas, dust pollution, dust concentration exceeds the permissible standards of QCVN 05: 2013 At the points affected by industrial production and transportation activities, dust concentration is much higher than other points Specifically, in Gang Thep 64 company area, the highest tsp concentration was 0.88 mg / m3, which was 2.9 times higher than QCVN 05:2013 At traffic routes such as CMT8 road, Luong Ngoc Quyen road, which passes through the gate of Thai Nguyen University of Education and Bac Kan road, which passes through Tan Long and Quan Trieu wards, was heavily polluted by dust due to local density The traffic on these routes is very high, especially in the rush hour in the morning and evening The dust from factories is daily discharging dust and many pollutants into the air environment, seriously affecting the health of the neighboring people, typically, in Gang Thep area, Hoang Van Thu paper factory, Tan Long ward, Quan Trieu ward The proportion of people suffering from respiratory diseases in places such as Tan Long and Quan Trieu wards is 70% higher than in other areas In the future, when there is an increase in activities of industry, transportation, construction, and people, it will also lead to an increase in pollutants in the air Therefore, Thai Nguyen city needs to have specific plans and solutions to control and reduce air pollution, ensuring harmony between economic development and environmental protection 65 REFERENCES Anilla Cherian, 2015, “Energy and Global Climate Change: Bridging the Sustainable Development Divide”, P.231-232, https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=2lQBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231&l pg=PA231&dq=In+new+estimates+released,+WHO+reports+that+in+20 12+around+7+million+people+died++one+in+eight+of+total+global+deaths+%E2%80%93+as+a+result+of+ air+pollution+exposure Ernest Kao, 2018, “Air pollution is killing million people and costing Chinese economy 267 billion yuan a year” , https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/2166542/air-pollutionkilling-1-million-people-and-costing-chinese Hoai Thu, 2019, “Ơ nhiễm mơi trường khơng khí: ngun nhân giải pháp khắc phục”, https://moitruong.net.vn/o-nhiem-moi-truong-khong-khi-nguyennhan-va-giai-phap-khac-phuc/ Josie Daniher, 2015, “Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biologica” https://prezi.com/t7i9vqbgo3yc/air-pollution-is-the-introduction-ofparticulates-biologica/ Kosovo, 2018, “Air quality in Europe 2015”, P.55, https://www.eea.europa.eu › publications › download Le Hoang Anh, Duong Thanh Nam, Vuong Nhu Luan, 2018, “Particulate matter pollution in some cities in Vietnam - Temporal variations and spatial distribution of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations”, pulished 66 Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan, 2017, “Nghị việc điều chỉnh mở rộng địa giới hành thành phố Thái Nguyên thành lập phường thuộc thành phố Thái Ngun” Phuong Nam, 2017, “Ơ nhiễm khơng khí gì? Hậu nhiễm khơng khí”, https://www.moitruongvadothi.vn/moi-truong/tin-nhanh-moi-truong/onhiem-khong-khi-la-gi-hau-qua-cua-o-nhiem-khong-khi-a18943.html Pope, CA; Aruni Bhatnagar; James P McCracken; Wesley T Abplanalp; Daniel J Conklin; Timothy E O'Toole (2016) “Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution Is Associated with Endothelial Injury and Systemic Inflammation” Circulation Research 119: 1204–1214 PMID 27780829 doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.309279 Thai Nguyen center natural resouce and environment of monitoring Thu Ha, 2018, “Vấn đề an ninh môi trường Việt Nam nay”, http://tuyengiao.vn/nghien-cuu/ly-luan/van-de-an-ninh-moi-truongo-viet-nam-hien-na y-115852, pulished 67 APPENDICES QUESTIONNAIRE QUALITY OF AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THE AREA OF THAI NGUYEN CITY Interviewer……………… Interview time: Date …… month …… 2019 Please tell me about the information below: (Please answer or tick  on the answer in accordance with Mr and Mrs Opinion) PART 1: GENERAL INFORMATION Name of the information provider: …………………………………………… Signature……………… Occupation:………………Age:…………Gender:………… Education level:…………………… Ethnicity: ……………… Address: …………………………………… Phone number ………………………………… 5.Number of family members ………………………… PART 2: SITUATION OF AIR ENVIRONMENT In your opinion, what is the current state of the air quality environment?  Normal  Very infected  Infection Causes of pollution in the area  Due to vehicles on road  Due to emissions from the factory  Due to the construction of facilities  Due to human activities  Due to activities other At what point you find that the air environment in the area is most polluted ?  Morning  Noon  Afternoon  Evening Has the local government taken any measures to overcome the air pollution ?  Yes  No How people's participate with these measures ?  No  Normal  Positive Which sources of information about air environment you know ?  Books and magazines  TV  Internet  Directly contact Has the area ever experienced any environmental problems ?  No  Yes.The cause is from ………………… Had he or she petitioned the local government on the issue of air pollution in the region?  Yes  No Do you often have respiratory illnesses ?  Yes  No 10.What are your attitudes towards protecting the air environment around your residence ?  Interested, positive  Not interested 11 What you use for your daily life ?  Coal  Firewood  Gas  Straw  Other 12 Do you use devices to clean the home atmosphere ?  Yes  No 13 Mr/Mrs/Miss please tell some solutions to reduce the current air pollution ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you very much! ... general assessment of natural and social conditions affecting air quality in Thai Nguyen City 28 4.2 Assessing the air quality environment in thai nguyen city in the period of 2016 – 2018. .. 4.7: Environmental monitoring results for TSP in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016- 2018 37 Table 4.8: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016. .. 4.11: Environmental monitoring results for NO2 in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016- 2018 43 Table 4.12: Environmental monitoring results for CO in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2016