Some biological characteristics of a species of lithocarpus fissus for large timber production in doan hung district, phu tho province

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc Prf Bui The Doi – vice president of the Vietnam National University of Forestry for the continuous support of my thesis, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this study I could not have imagined having a better supervisor and mentor for my thesis Thanks to cooperating between Vietnam National University of Forestry and Colorado State University, I had an opportunity to acquire knowledge and practice in the best condition Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the board of directors and the officers of the Central Northern Center of Forest Sciences for their insightful comments, enthusiasm and encouragement, but also for supporting me on doing field work and accommodation during my field trip Without their precious support it would not be possible to conduct this thesis Last but not least, my sincere thanks also go to my family: my grandmothers, my uncles, my sister and my brother for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general ABSTRACT This study was conducted to provide some biological characteristics of a species of Lithocarpus fissus as the basis for timber production in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province Several methods were used to collect and analyze data, namely field work, and data analysis The basic data analysis indicated that Lithocarpus fissus species played an important role in species composition with pretty high results of important value (IV%) in all of the plots This species had the very impressive potential of regeneration; which contained more than 90% of the good quality trees; and most of the regenerated trees were from seeds However; they have placed a restriction on growth due to the nutrient place competition Therefore, it is necessary to provide several suitable effects for the development of Lithocarpus fissus species Mixed plantation model, in general, had more advantages than pure (single – species) plantation model From analyzed results, the study provided some recommendations as well as suitable suggestions for Lithocarpus fissus species in order to develop effectively and sustainably TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURE AND PICTURE ACRONYMS INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Over the world 2.1.1 Scientific name, classification 2.1.2 Morphological characteristics 2.1.3 Ecological characteristics 2.2 In Vietnam 2.2.1 Scientific name, classification 2.2.2 Morphological characteristics 2.2.3 Ecological characteristics and distribution 2.3 Reviews of the studies 2.4 Natural and socio – economic conditions of the study area 2.4.1 Natural conditions 2.4.2 The assessment of advantages and disadvantages GOAL, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS OF THE STUDY 10 3.1 Goal 10 3.2 Specific objectives 10 3.3 Methodology 10 3.3.1 Fieldwork 10 3.3.2 Data analysis 11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14 4.1 Some biological characteristics of a species of Lithocarpus fissus 14 4.1.1 Morphological characteristics 14 4.1.2 The community structure analysis 15 4.1.3 Natural regeneration 21 4.2 Assessing the plantation models in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province 29 DISCUSSION 32 5.1 Review of the mature trees 32 5.2 Reviews of the naturally regenerated trees 32 5.3 Review of the plantation models 33 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 35 6.1 Conclusion 35 6.2 Shortcomings 36 6.3 Recommendations 36 REFERENCES APPENDIX LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1: The species composition of the mature trees in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province 16 Table 3.2: The species composition‟s formula of the mature trees in the study area 18 Table 3.3: The distribution of the plants based on the trees' height 19 Table 3.4: The density of naturally regenerated trees 22 Table 3.5: The species composition index of naturally regenerated trees 23 Table 3.6: The species composition formula of the naturally regenerated trees in the study area 25 Table 3.7: The quality and the origin of the naturally regenerated trees in the study area 26 Table 3.8: The distribution of naturally regenerated trees based on the tree‟s height 27 Table 3.9: The growth of Lithocarpus fissus in 10 – year - old mixed plantation model 29 Table 3.10: The growth of Lithocarpus fissus in 15 – year - old single species plantation model 30 LIST OF FIGURE AND PICTURE Figure 3.1: The distribution of the plants based on the tree‟s height 20 Figure 3.2: The distribution of Lithocarpus fissus species based on the tree‟s height 21 Figure 3.3: The distribution of naturally regenerated trees based on the tree‟s height 28 Figure 3.4: The distribution of Lithocarpus fissus regenerated trees based on the tree‟s height 29 Picture 3.1: Trunk of Lithocarpus fissus species 14 Picture 3.2: Flower of Lithocarpus fissus (source: http://www.fpcn.net/) 14 Picture 3.3: Leaf of Lithocarpus fissus species 15 Picture 3.4: Cupule and seed of Lithocarpus fissus species (source: the Central Northern Center of Forest Sciences) 15 ACRONYMS MARD: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MONRE: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MAI: mean annual increment Ht: total height Hb: bole height D13: diameter at breast height ̅̅̅̅̅: mean of the diameter at breast height ̅̅̅: mean of the total height N: density : standard deviation γ: coefficient of variation Dcr: diameter of the crown INTRODUCTION Forest plays an important role in human life It provides not only various products but also the values of the ecological environment In recent years, because of several disturbances, such as over-exploitation, forestland transition, urbanization and weak management, the forest resources have been dropped in both quality and quantity In 1945, the total forest area of Vietnam was about 14.3 million hectares with 43% of forest cover, and the primary forest which had good quality was the capital component By 1990, the total forest area massive plunged to 9.3 million hectares with 28.4% of forest cover; the forest quality was very low Due to the protection and afforestation of society, in 2010, the total forest area increased to 13.95 million hectares which include 10.4 million hectares of the primary forest and 3.08 million hectares of the plantation; the forest cover rose to 39.5% However, the forest quality was dramatically meaningless and the sequestration is insignificant Moreover, the components of the forest were mostly fast growing wooding trees with low economic value, which could not satisfy the need of production in recent and in the future (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2011) Located in northern Vietnam, Phu Tho province is delimited by the provinces of Tuyen Quang and Yen Bai in the north, Son La and Hoa Binh in the west, Ha Noi to the south, and Ha Giang and Vinh Phuc to the east According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), 2015, the province has an area of 353,294.93 hectares, including 64,097 hectares of natural forest, 121,703 hectares of plantation and the forest cover is 50.6% Although the forestry land is quite large, the forest quality is still low, mostly contain small timber species Facing to this situation, the problem is that how to develop the forest tree species in sustainable ways Over 40 years of studying and experiment the native species for afforestation in various regions, the planters have gained a wide range of positive results but also restrictions The main achievement was choosing 50 to 52 native species for large timber production as well as smaller timber and non – timber forest products (the decision number 16/2005 of MARD) About 28 species which contain 11 large timber species were studied in a systematic way and 50 species were planted for producing timber Nearly 22 large timber species were planted in a thousand hectare, however, only 18 species had The main problems were that the group of planning trees was various types, and the spearheaded species were not focused Mostly, the species were determined based on experience, and they did not have the studies which provided orientation for the development In order to improve the given problems, it is necessary to study in a systematic way focusing on several spearheaded species Many native species have been included in the list of native tree species for reforestation, which was introduced by MARD However, most of them have not been studied about biological characteristics Lithocarpus fissus is known as native and useful species which has wide distribution Their wood is very large and stiff, can be used to build house, create housewares or make agricultural tools Containing many advantages such as fast growth, high resistance ability, and the ability of greatly natural regeneration is good, Lithocarpus fissus is potential species to develop forest resources and enhance the economy of the country (Nguyen, 1999) Although, there were several studies about Lithocarpus fissus, no study among them related to the biological characteristics in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province Therefore, the topic: “Some biological characteristics of a species of Lithocarpus fissus for large timber production in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province” was chosen as the topic of the student graduation thesis 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Over the world 2.1.1 Scientific name, classification The scientific name of studying species is Lithocarpus fissuss This is large timber tree which belongs to Fagaceae family Besides, this species also has other scientific names: Quercus fissa Champ ex Benth, Pasania fissa (Champ ex Benth.) Oerst, and Castanopsis fissa (Champ ex Benth.) Rehd & Wils According to Bentham and Hooker (1862 – 1883), Fagaceae is not considered as an independent taxon, the genus of Fagaceae are put on Cupuliferae However, there are many other opinions which regard Fagaceae as an independent family including – genus and divide it to -5 subfamily such as the systems of Milchior (1964), Menisky (1984), Takhtajan A.L (1987), Soepadmo (1972) In 1996, Takhtajan A.L presented other classification system which similar to opinions of Kupriantova (1962), putting Nothofagus genus out of Fagaceae In 2008, some botanists arranged Nothofagus genus into Nothofagaceae family (Judd, 2008) 2.1.2 Morphological characteristics Huang Chengjiu et al (1999) describe Lithocarpus fissuss species as follows: “Trees; bud scales, shoot apexes, and young leaf blades abaxially yellowish brown puberulent and covered with rust-colored, small, lamellate, slightly adnate, waxy scalelike trichomes Branchlets red - purple, prominently angular Leaves spirally arranged, yellowish brown to gray; petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to obovate - elliptic, very variable in sizes, often 15–25 × 5–9 cm, thickly papery, base cuneate, margin from base to middle undulate and crenate, apex acute, acuminate, or rounded; midvein raised adaxially; secondary veins 20 – 28 on each side of midvein or rarely fewer Infructescence 8–18 cm; rachis glabrous Cupule 1– 1.5 cm in diameter, irregularly 2- or 3(or 4)-valved with valves often curled, covered with dark reddish brown mealy waxy scalelike trichomes, apex slightly cuspidate, wall 0.5–1 mm The results of table 3.8 show that mostly the regenerated trees in three plots were shorter than 0.5 m, accounting for 74.1%, 80.0%, and 69.5%, respectively The regenerated trees that had the height between 0.5 m and m varied from 7.1% to 11.3% while about 5.8% to 10.5% of regenerated trees were 1m to 2m tall The proportions of species which had more than m height were pretty low, at 8.8%, 4.9%, and 10.2%, correspondingly The distribution trend can easily be recognized by figure 3.3 Density 25000 (trees/ha) 20000 15000 Plot Plot 10000 Plot 5000 < 0.5 m 0.5 m - m 1m-2m >2m Tree's height (m) Figure 3.3: The distribution of naturally regenerated trees based on the tree’s height For Lithocarpus fisuss, the results remained the same as that of the whole plot The trees which were shorter than 0.5 m owned the highest proportion, accounting for 90.2%, 89.4%, and 87.3%, appropriately while the range of 0.5 m to m contained lower percentages of trees, at 3.6%, 1.5%, and 3.6%, respectively The range of m to m consisted of correspondingly 3.6%, 7.5%, and 5.5%, and the trees which were longer than m just varied from 1.6% to 3.6% The percentage of potential regenerated trees in threes plots fluctuated from 20.0% to 30.5% while the proportion of potential species of Lithocarpus fisuss fluctuate from 9.8% to 12.7% The distribution trend can easily be recognized by figure 3.4 28 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 Plot 4000 Plot Plot 3000 2000 1000 < 0.5 m 0.5 m - m 1m-2m >2m Figure 3.4: The distribution of Lithocarpus fissus regenerated trees based on the tree’s height 4.2 Assessing the plantation models in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province The study collected data from two plantation models including 15 – year - old single species plantation and 10 - year - old mixed plantation in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province The analyzing data results were presented in table 3.9 and table 3.10 Table 3.9: The growth of Lithocarpus fissus in 10 – year - old mixed plantation model No Indicators Lithocarpus Lithocarpus Plot ducampii fissus ̅ t (m) 5.1 5.0 5.1 ̅ b (m) 9.4 9.5 9.5 N (trees/ha) 510 487 997 15.8 15.2 15.5 4.4 4.7 4.5 γ (%) 27.8 30.9 29 MAI (cm/year) 1.6 1.5 1.5 Mean (m) 15.7 15.8 15.7 2.2 2.8 2.5 Mean (cm) D1.3 Ht 29 Quality γ (%) 14 17.7 15.9 MAI (m/year) 1.6 1.6 1.6 Good (%) 96.1 92.5 94.3 Average (%) 2.0 4.1 3.0 Bad (%) 1.9 3.4 2.7 The results of table 3.9 indicate that the growth of Lithocarpus fissus was not significantly different from Lithocarpus ducampii While the height‟s mean annual increment of two species remained the same at 1.6, Lithocarpus ducampii had slightly higher results than Lithocarpus fissus in other indicators including total height, bole height, diameter at breast height (DBH), density, mean of the total height, mean of the DBH, and quality The trees‟ quality percentage of both species was mostly good, accounting for more than 90% The coefficient of variation of the DBH and the total height were 30.9% and 17.7%, respectively for Lithocarpus fissus while that of Lithocarpus ducampii were slightly lower, at 27.8% and 14%, correspondingly However, all results of coefficient of variation were smaller than 1; therefore; the DBH and the total height of both species were low – variance In general, the study data illustrate that both species have nearly the same results It means that there was no species which was more dominant than the other, and the mixed plantation was stable Table 3.10: The growth of Lithocarpus fissus in 15 – year - old single species plantation model TT Indicators Plot ̅ t (m) 6.7 ̅ b (m) 9.7 N (trees/ha) 350 Mean (cm) 21.2 5.2 D1.3 γ (%) 24.5 MAI (cm/year) 1.4 30 Mean (m) 17.2 1.6 Ht Quality γ (%) 9.3 MAI (m/year) 1.1 Good (%) 96.2 Average (%) 3.8 Bad (%) The data of single species plantation model show that Lithocarpus fissus nearly achieved the size that can provide large timber There were impressive results of the average of the crown diameter, the mean of the bole height, the DBH‟s mean, the total height‟s mean, at respectively 6.7 m, 9.7 m, 21.2 cm, and 17.2 m The DBH and the total height of the species were low – variance, resulting in small coefficient of variation The quality of Lithocarpus fissus was 96.2% good, 3.8% average, and 0% bad However, the density of the plantation model was pretty low, which was just over a half number of the beginning planted trees due to a large extent to diseases and nutrient competition Comparing the mean annual increment (MAI) of Lithocarpus fissus between two plantation models, both of the DBH‟s MAI and the total height‟s MAI of mixed plantation were higher than those of single - species plantation (1.5 vs 1.4; 1.6 vs 1.1) The quality of Lithocarpus fissus between two models are nearly the same, including around 95% of good quality trees while the average and bad quality trees were lower than 5% 31 DISCUSSION 5.1 Review of the mature trees - The morphological characteristics of a species of Lithocarpus fissus which were described in this study are not different comparing with those of other studies - Lithocarpus fissus can be considered as a potential species, which has a great chance to be grown under the single species plantation model due to the high percentage of IV% in the species composition Besides, some other main species in the species composition can be chosen to grow the mixed plantation with Lithocarpus fissus - Overall, all of the plots had the largest number of trees in the A2 layer It means that the forest in here was firmly stable The number of Lithocarpus fissus trees mostly occurred in A1 layer and A2 layer, which indicates that this species had ecological dominant in the community However, the number of Lithocarpus fissus trees occurring in the A3 layer of plot was very low because the percentage of plants in other layer were very high lead to the lack of nutrient space for this species 5.2 Reviews of the naturally regenerated trees The density of naturally regenerated trees in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province was pretty high and the number of Lithocarpus fissus took up around one – third of the total regenerated trees Those results illustrate that the naturally regenerated capacity of this species is very impressive and if the planters take advantage of regeneration in combination with silvicultural techniques, the forest would restore rapidly The main species that took part in species composition were Lithocarpus fissus, Ormosia balansae, Alphonsea monogyna, and Gironniera subaequalis Lithocarpus fissus and Cinnamomum obtusifolium were the dominant species with the highest results of Ki index in threes plots Therefore, if those dominant regenerated trees are supported by suitable solutions, they would have enough space for growing 32 The origin of species in the study area including Lithocarpus fissus almost came from seed, accounting for around 95% of the total trees; therefore; it is very important to prepare site conditions for supporting the sowing as well as the saplings growth Besides, it is also necessary to study the factors that affect the seed germination ability In the other hand, the percentages of good quality trees including Lithocarpus fissus in three plots were very high It indicates that the naturally regenerated trees‟ ability in the study area is especially good and if they are affected by positive impacts, they will grow sustainably and stability The figure for regenerated trees which include Lithocarpus fisuss tended to reduce following the increase of the trees‟ height in the study area Specifically, the ranges of – m and > m witnessed the dramatic plunge of those trees It illustrates that there was a huge competition for nutrition space in here, especially between regenerated trees and bushes Therefore, it is necessary to support the growth of regenerated trees 5.3 Review of the plantation models Overall, both mixed and single – species plantations were quietly stable and they could provide large timber However, the study concludes that the mixed plantation has more advantages than the single species plantation because of higher MAI index Moreover, the mixed plantation can prevent a lot of diseases which may destroy a wide range of Lithocarpus fissus species Besides, the mixed plantation can be more sustainable and stable because they contain more than one species 5.4 Proposing several viable suggestions to develop Lithocarpus fissus species - It is advised that planters determine the area which has Lithocarpus fissus species, and they could apply some suitable silviculture techniques to support the regeneration such as: + Cutting down the vines, brushes and purposeless regenerated trees to increase the nutrient space for Lithocarpus fissus species + Cutting down the diseased trees as well as underdeveloped trees, planting the healthy trees in places where the seed could not germinate or the tree died 33 + Sowing the seeds or adding the significant seedlings in the bare land which has an area of more than 1,000 m2 The significant trees can be Lithocarpus fissus or the species which occurred in species composition such as Gironniera subaequalis, Erythrophloeum fordii, Lithocarpus corneus, Garcinia cambogia, Quercus platycalyx, Ormosia balansae, Elaeocarpus dubius and Lithocarpus ducampii + Hilling and digging around the tree stump twice a year + Thinning trees in the place that has the dense density to generate more nutrient space for Lithocarpus fissus species - The natural forests in the study area are advised to be protected from wildfire, especially in the dry season by improving fire equipment, banning activities such as fired camping, smoking - Protecting the mother trees as well as significantly regenerated trees from logging and destroying - Preventing people from grazing in the natural forest in order to protect the naturally regenerated trees - Enhancing the propaganda and advising people to take part in protecting the natural forest - With the Lithocarpus fissus species, it is recommended that the planters grow mixed – plantation instead of single species plantation due to higher mean annual increment as well as decrease the insect infestation and increase the forest stability The plants which are chosen to plant with Lithocarpus fissus can be the species occurring in species composition of the natural forest such as Lithocarpus ducampii and Erythrophloeum fordii 34 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 Conclusion - Lithocarpus fissus species are medium – sized trees which have 17 m – 23 m length; the diameter can reach to 80 cm Their stumps have small buttress Their trunk is straight; young branches are covered with black – brown hairs The bark has light gray color; – mm thick Leaves simple, oblanceolate, and alternate Leaf blade is 12 – 18 cm long, – cm wide; margin serrate for 3/4 of the length towards the top; apex acuminate; base cuneate; petiole is 1.5 – cm long, tomentose.; The upper blade is green while the below side is covered with dark – brown hairs Flower unisexual, monoecious Male catkins – cm long Female inflorescences – 10 cm long Anthers small, filament slender Cupule is cup – shaped; 1.7 – 1.8 cm in diameter, embracing 1/2 – 2/3 the seed; hairy inside; tomentose outside There are some unevenly distributed scales in the cupule The nut is conical – shaped; 2.5 – cm long; 1.5 – 1.8 cm in diameter; easy to be detached from cupule - Lithocarpus fissus species plays an important role in species composition with pretty high results of the important value, which varied from 18.7% to 58.05% in Doan Hung district, Phu Tho province They mostly occurred in A1 layer and A2 layer of the natural forest in the study area - Lithocarpus fissus is dominant regenerated trees in the species composition, which has the figures for Ki index fluctuated from 2.01 to 3.64 This species has very impressive potential of the seed regeneration, which can be taken advantages as the developing solution The quality of naturally regenerated trees is very good; however; there was a huge competition of those for nutrient, resulting in the small number of the regenerated trees which were taller than m - The mixed – plantation model has more advantages than the single – species plantation model, resulting in the higher of the mean annual increment as well as the quality and the density 35 - The study has provided several viable suggestions to develop the growth of the Lithocarpus fissus species including technical suggestions and social – economic suggestions 6.2 Shortcomings - The study could not cover other biological characteristics such as phenological characteristics, physio - biological and distributed features due to the lack of time - Soil features were not mentioned in this study - The comparison between two plantation models was only relative due to the lack of the assessment about site condition and other factors 6.3 Recommendations - Study on the phenological characteristics and the distribution of Lithocarpus fissus species to have clearer information about the ecological characteristic of this species - Assessing the site condition of the two plantation models to have more accuracy results of the comparison between those models 36 REFERENCES  English documents: Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D (1862–1883) Genera plantarum: ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita Donoghue (2008) Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach Third Edition Sinauer Associates, inc Sunderland, MA Forkman, J (2009) Estimator and Tests for Common Coefficients of Variation in Normal Distributions Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods Volume: 38 Number: 2, pp 233-251 Judd, Walter S., Christopher S Campbell, Elizabeth A Kellogg, Peter F Stevens, Michael J Huang Chengjiu et al (1999) Flora of China: Fagaceae Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2000) Forest species names of Vietnam Sam, H.V, Nanthavong K and Kessler P.J.A (2004) Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species West, P.W (2009) Tree and forest management  Vietnamese documents: Bộ Nông nghiệp Phát triển Nông thôn (2011) Quyết định số 1828/QĐ-BNN-TCLN ngày 11/8/2011 Bộ trưởng Bộ NN&PTNT việc công bố trang rừng năm 2010 Bộ Nông nghiệp Phát triển Nông thôn (2015) Quyết định số 3135/QĐ-BNN-TCLN ngày 6/8/2015 Bộ trưởng Bộ NN&PTNT việc công bố trang rừng năm 2014 Khamleck Xaydala (2004) Nghiên cứu đặc điểm hình thái sinh thái số đại diện họ Dẻ (Fagaceae) Lào, Luận án Tiến sĩ, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam Le Xuan Thang (2013) Nghiên cứu đặc điểm sinh học sinh thái học loài Mỡ Sa Pa (Manglietia sapaensis N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) vườn quốc gia Hoàng Liên huyện Sa Pa, tỉnh Lào Cai 37 Lê Mộng Chân, Lê Thị Huyền (2000) Thực vật rừng Giáo trình Trường Đại học Lâm nghiệp Nxb Nông nghiệp, Hà Nội Nguyễn Bá Chất (1999) Sồi phảng loài trồng bổ sung khoanh ni phục hồi rừng, tạp chí Lâm nghiệp số 8, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam Thái Văn Trừng (1978) Thảm thực vật rừng Việt Nam (trên quan điểm hệ sinh thái) Vũ Đình Huề (1984) Phân loại kiểu rừng phục vụ sản xuất lâm nghiệp, Tạp chí lâm nghiệp (7), tr23-26 38 APPENDIX  Appendix 01: Table for collecting data from mature trees Plot ID: Location: Forest type: Vegetation: Slope: The vegetation„s mean height: No Name Ht (m) Hb (m) D1.3 Crown D (m) (cm) E-W N-S Quality  Appendix 02: Table for collecting data from regenerated trees Location: Forest type: Plot ID: Vegetation: Slope: The vegetation„s mean height: No Height(cm) Name < 0.5 m 0.5 – m Origin 1–2m 39 >2 m B S Quality  Appendix 03: List of species in the study No Scientific name Vietnamese name Lithocarpus fissus Sồi phảng Cinnamomum obtusifolium Re gừng Ormosia balansae Ràng rang mít Aidia pycnantha Găng gai Gironniera subaequalis Ngát Alphonsea monogyna Thau lĩnh Jatropha curcas Cọc rào Elaeocarpus dubius Côm tầng Erythrophloeum fordii Lim xanh 10 Pygeum arboreum Xoan đào 11 Syzygium cumini Trâm 12 Sterculia lanceolata Sang 13 Carallia diplopetala Răng cá 14 Engelhardtia roxburghiana Chẹo tía 15 Cryptocarya concinna Mị vàng 16 Cinnamomum camphora Long não 17 Lithocarpus ducampii Dẻ đỏ 18 Cinnamomum bejolghota Re bầu 19 Knema globularia Máu chó 20 Cinnadenia paniculata Kháo xanh 21 Aphanamixis grandiflora Gội trắng 22 Quercus platycalyx Dẻ cau 40 23 Canarium album Trám trắng 24 Garcinia cambogia Bứa 25 Symplocos laurina Dung giấy 26 Castanopsis indica Dẻ gai Ấn Độ 27 Lythocarpus corneus Sồi ghè 28 Chisocheton paniculatus Quếch tía 29 Catunaregam spinosa Găng trâu 30 Lindera Communis Lòng trứng 32 Machilus bonii Kháo vàng 33 Nephelium chryseum Vải rừng 34 Michelia balansae Giổi lông 35 Holarrhena pubescens Mộc hoa trắng 41  Appendix 03: Field work Picture 3.5: Measuring diameter at breast height Picture 3.6: Setting up plot Picture 3.7: Identifying regenerated trees Picture 3.8: Interviewing manager 42