Conservation of gymnosperms in bidoup nui ba national park, lam dong province

GVHD: Hoang Van Sam HV: Le Thi Thai Chau ACKNOWLEDGMENT Besides the purpose of evaluating the results of study and training, it is also an opportunity for students to practice with the scientific research, which contributes to expanding theoretical and practical With the permission of Forest Resource and Environmental Management Faculty of Vietnam National University of Forestry, I conducted the graduation thesis: “Conservation of Gymnosperms in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong province” Firstly, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Prof Hoang Van Sam from VNUF for his guidance, instructions and enthusiastic encouragement at every stage of my study Furthermore, I take this opportunity to record my sincere thanks to all lecturers of Natural Resource Management in Advanced Program for their knowledge and helps over four years Secondly, I especially thank Mr.An vice president of Bidoup Nui Ba National Park for his provided documents and human resource support I would like to acknowledge staffs, rangers and local people in Lac Duong district who devote their time to help me during the field survey Finally, I express deep gratitude to my family for their endless love and encouragement me throughout all my study and my life Without their support, this researching would have not been possible In spite of several certain efforts, my time and experience are limited to the course is inevitable shortcomings Therefore, I would like to receive both advice and suggestions from teachers, friends, and colleagues to complete my thesis Thank you for raising your concerns i ABSTRACT This study found out information about diversity and conservation status of gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong province Based on observation and measurements of general characters, results indicated that there are 15 species belonging to families of Gymnosperms in Bidoup Nui Ba National Park: Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) D Laub, Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall et Hook, Podocarpus neriifolius D Don, Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) de Laub, Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H.H Thomas, Pinus krempfii Lecomte, Pinus kesiya Royle, Pinus dalatensis de Ferre, Keteleeria evelyniana Mast, Pinus merkusiiJuss et de Vries, Cephalotaxus mannii Hook.f, Taxus wallichiana Zucc, Gnetum montanum Blume., Cycas michotzii Dyer This research provides the distribution, morphology and ecological characters of some species Moreover, I would like to concern more about Taxus wallichiana Zucc, which is listed as an endangered species by IUCN As the results, there are 124 mature Taxus wallichiana, in which 100 individuals are tabulated They can be concentrated as large populations such as in sub-zone 102, 130, 128 or scattered as in sub-zone 101, 125 belonging to Lat and Da Chais communes Last but not least, I suggest some solutions to preserve and develop gymnosperms in the study site ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT i ABSTRACT ii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The researches of Gymnosperms in the world 1.2 The researches of Gymnosperms in Vietnam 1.3 The researches of Gymnosperms in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park CHAPTER II GOAL, OBJECTIVES, AND METHODS OF THE RESEARCH 2.1 Goal 2.2 Objectives 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Secondary data collection 2.3.2 Field investigation methods 2.3.3 Non-field investigation methods CHAPTER III: NATURAL – ECONOMY – SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE RESEARCHED AREA 10 3.1 Natural conditions of Bidoup – Nui Ba National Park 10 3.1.1 Geographic location 10 3.1.2 Topography 10 3.1.3 Geology and soil 10 3.1.4 Climate and hydrological 10 3.1.5 Forest Resources 11 3.2 Socio-economic conditions of the researched area 12 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS 13 4.1 Composition and status of Gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park 13 4.1.1 Podocarpus neriifolius D Don 16 4.1.2 Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H Thomas 18 4.1.3 Keteleeria evelyniana Mast 19 4.1.4 Nageia wallichiana (C Presl) Kuntze 20 4.1.5 Pinus dalatensis de Ferre 21 4.1.6 Pinus krempfii Lecomte 22 4.1.7 Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub 23 iii 4.2 Conservation status of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park 24 4.2.1 Morphological and ecological characteristics of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park 24 4.2.2 Distribution of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup – Nui Ba National Park 26 4.2.3 The total number of Taxus wallichiana investigated 28 4.3 Proposing some solutions to preserve and develop the Gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong province 34 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 37 5.1 Conclusion 37 Provide morphological, ecological characteristics and distribution of important Gymnospermae species in the research area: Pinus krempfii Lecomte, Podocarpus neriifolius D Don, Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H Thomas Keteleeria evelyniana Mast Nageia wallichiana (C Presl) Kuntze, Pinus dalatensis de Ferre, Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub and Taxus wallichiana 37 5.2 Recommendation 38 iv ACRONYMS BDNP Bi-doup Nui Ba National Park NP National Park IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature EN Endangered VU Vulnerable NT Near Threatened LC Least concern IA Prohibit to exploit and use for commercial purposes IIA Restrict to exploit and use for commercial purposes Hvn Height Hdc Height under canopy D1.3 Diameter at breast height Dcrown Crown diameter v LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1: The distribution of the species of Gymnosperms in elevations 14 Figure 2: Leave of Podocarpus neriifolius D Don (Source: Hoang Van Sam) 17 Figure 3: Leave of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H Thomas (Source: Hoang Van Sam) 18 Figure 4: Leave and cone of Keteleeria evelyniana Mast (Source: Pham Huu Nhan) 19 Figure 5: Leave of Nageia wallichiana (C Presl) Kuntze (Source: Nguyen Quoc Dat) 20 Figure 6: Leave and cone of Pinus dalatensis de Ferre (Source: Pham Huu Nhan) 21 Figure 7: Leave and cone of Pinus krempfii Lecomte (Source: Pham Huu Nhan) 22 Figure 8: Leave of Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub (Source: Nguyen Quoc Dat) 23 Figure 9: Leaves and ripe fruits of Taxus wallichiana (Source: Hoang Van Sam) 25 Figure 10: Struck of Taxus wallichiana (Source: Le Thi Thai Chau) 25 Figure 11: Bark of Taxus wallichiana Zucc (Source: Le Thi Thai Chau) 25 Figure 12: Map of the distribution of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park 26 Figure 13: Map of distribution of Taxus wallichiana in sub-zone 101, 102, 125, 128, 130 in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park 30 Figure 14: Nature regeneration of Taxus wallichiana (Source: Le Thi Thai Chau) 32 vi LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Investigation of species in transect lines Table 2: Investigation of reproduction species Table 1: Composition of Gymnosperms in Bidoup – Nui Ba National Park 13 Table 2: List of Gymnosperms species in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park 14 Table 3: Distribution area of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park 27 Table 4: The investigation of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park (D1.3 from to 25 cm) 31 Table 5: Nature regeneration of Taxus wallichiana (DBH < 6cm) in locations 32 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Gymnosperms (Gymnospermae) is a group of seed-bearing (and thus vascular) plants whose seeds are formed "naked" on the scales of a cone or cone-like structure, unlike Angiosperms whose seeds are formed in an ovule that is enclosed and that develops into a fruit Although there are just about 70 genera and more than 600 species compared to over 250.000 species belonged to Angiosperms, Gymnosperms play an extremely important role in the World’s biodiversity and socio-economic purpose In Vietnam, there are around 29 species of Gymnosperms, accounting for nearly 5% of total Gymnosperms species in the world which usually distributes in high altitude areas such as Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Thua Thien Hue, Son La, Hoa Binh, Lam Dong, etc Gymnosperms have various benefits for human life including ecological, economic, commercial, cultural and social values as well as conservation In addition, they are considered as living fossils of ancient plants on the earth (Glyptostrobus pensilis), endemic species of Vietnam (Pinus dalatensis, Abies delavayi.) Bidoup Nui Ba National Park located in Lam Dong province was established in 2004 and named after the highest peaks of the Langbiang plateau: Bidoup (2,287m) and Nui Ba (2,167m) Over 1,933 recorded species of vascular plants including 96 endemics and 62 rare species are listed in the IUCN Red list 2009 The park is a residence of over 15 out of 33 conifer species in Vietnam including many endemic and rare species, namely Taxus wallichiana, Pinus dalatensis, etc The Gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park and the surrounding area has been heavily exploited in recent years, so conservation is an essential issue Due to this practical problem, I decide to conduct the thesis titled: “Conservation of Gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong province”, with the aims of providing more information on some of the biological characteristics, distribution conditions and solutions that would be necessary for the identification, conservation and development of Gymnosperms in Vietnam and over the world 1.1 The researches of Gymnosperms in the world There are about 250,000 species of high plants while Gymnosperms accounts for only 600 species across the world Robert Brown (1773 - 1858) was the first to recognize the difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Angiosperms have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while Gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves Holmes (1986) in her book entitled “Outline of Plant Classification” divided Gymnosperms into three classes (Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida, and Coniferopsida); however, described some fossils ancestors in a separate class Progymnospermopsida Kramer and Green (see Kubizki, 1990) have classified the Division Gymnosperms into two Subdivisions (Cycadophytina and Coniferophyna) In addition, The Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards He divided the Gymnosperms into six classes and subclasses, 10 families His classification system demonstrates the general application of materials in the fields of morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, paleontology and plant cellular The evolution of plants has been used extensively in the world Although since the Cretaceous Period (about 145 million to 66 million years ago) Gymnosperms have been gradually displaced by the more recently evolved Angiosperms, they are still successful in many parts of the world and occupy large areas of Earth’s surface Conifer forests, for example, cover vast regions of northern temperate lands, and Gymnosperms frequently grow in more northerly latitudes than angiosperms There are currently over 200 species in the field that are considered to be endangered throughout the world Common threats include overexploitation of wood or other products, deforestation for cattle grazing, cultivation and human habitation, and increased frequency of forest fires 1.2 The researches of Gymnosperms in Vietnam In Vietnam, there are about 29 species of Gymnosperms, accounting for 5% of the total Gymnosperms species in the world Although less than 5%, they make up 27% of the genus and in families known in Vietnam There have been several types of research on Gymnosperms in Vietnam such as: Flora Generale de L'Indo-Chine (Vietnam + Laos + Cambodia) was designed by H Lecomte (1907-1952) French authors had collected samples and named, then set a description of vascular plants throughout the territory, where Gymnosperms has been clearly introduced and described Based on the Indochinese flora, recently Flora of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam has been published by Aubréville (1960-1997) Besides various other authors has also published a number of vascular plants In which species of Gymnosperms have been introduced In addition, Vietnam Herb of Pham Hoang Bo (1991-1993) published in Canada has been reprinted with supplementation in Vietnam for years (1999-2000) which is completed and easy to use contributing significantly to the Gymnosperms science Vietnam conifers of Nguyen Hoang Nghia (2004) and Conservation status of Nguyen Tien Hiep et al (2005) These documents described and assessed the status and conservation of some species belonging to Gymnosperms in Vietnam Recent findings have added some valuable species to the flora of Vietnam such as Pinus kwangtungensis (Phan Ke Loc, 1984), Amentotaxus hatuyenensis (Nguyen Tien Hiep & Vidal, 1996), Pseudotsuga sinensis and Tsuga chinensis (Nguyen Tien Hiep et al., 2000), Keteleeria davidiana (Phan Ke Loc et al., 2002), Calocedrus rupestris (Averyanov et al., 2004) and most recently Pinus cernua (Pinus cernua) (Phan Ke Loc et al., 2014) In Vietnam, almost species of Gymnosperms are threatened at the certain level Most of these species are supplied for the production of fine arts and construction products Some species are also used as flavor or in traditional medicine and modern medicine regenerates under the mother tree 100 trees/ while they often disperse and regenerate from the mother tree at a certain distance 175 trees/ha It is noticeable that the natural generation of trees under cm in DBH is more dominant than trees with DBH from to 25 cm Because seed can germination rapidly when getting the good conditions as suitable moisture under canopy but it hard to be mature and competitions is one of reasons 4.2.3.4 Evaluating challenges and opportunities of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park The total area of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park is small, only 120 Natural factors are negatively affecting on the survival of this species For example, the distribution areas are scattered and fragmented so the populations are difficult to contact each other Pests, competitions, rainstorms strongly impact on this species The shortage of next adjacent generations is also one of the reasons for the decline of Taxus wallichiana in the future Currently, the impact of human on Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park is not significant However, the pressure of illegally exploiting on Taxus wallichiana is increasing rapidly due to the pleasure of using it as interior decoration and the concept of making medicine from shell and leaves Thus, the risk of extinction for Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park in particular and in Lam Dong province is noticeable, unless effective technical measures to protect and develop these populations Therefore, the establishment and implementation of protection and development plans of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park is really necessary On the other hand, the implementation of the conservation of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park also has certain advantages Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park is the conservation unit with the natural distribution of Taxus wallichiana, so the conservation of this species is appropriate in both natural ecology and legal aspects Moreover, the national park has set a large number of tables on each individual to manage the population more closely In addition, the NP has human resources with high professional skill and experience in conservation that can satisfy the requirements in the implementation of the plans 33 4.3 Proposing some solutions to preserve and develop the Gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong province Based on the survey’s results of the composition of Gymnosperms and the conservation status of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park in order to preserve the Gymnosperms species I suppose some approaches: 4.3.1 Technical solution Ex-situ conservation In Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park, each species has its own strength, so the authorities should have a clear and practical orientation in selecting varieties which suitable with the characteristics of the area Developing guidelines and technical procedures for Gymnosperms plantation in different ecological zones and building planting models of these species under the forest canopy in order to replicate and develop on a large scale, and help species that are still limited in nature and poorly regenerated These days, Gymnosperms species are mainly derived from natural regeneration from seeds, some from buds Therefore, it is necessary to widen nurseries having high quality for conserving and planting forests The species that has advanced techniques should be quickly transferred training; the species that has not been researched on seed improvement need to undertake research for conservation It is necessary to encourage forestry expansion to improve the technical planting skills Raising awareness from depletion to sustainable exploitation to ensure the regeneration and sustainable business It is necessary to study the impacts on Gymnosperms species in nature, propose reasonable methods, and avoid the impact on land and habitat of flora and fauna In-situ conservation For the present species of Gymnosperms and its distribution area, the NP management should intensively patrol, inspect and protect, especially Taxus wallichiana, Keteleeria evelyniana, Cephalotaxus mannii, Nageia fleuryi, and Cycas michotzii because the number of these species is very small and the distribution is limited At the same time, closely coordinating with local authorities, the local community in patrolling and demolishing timber logging camps in the forest Propagandizing the importance of conservation, strictly protected areas, prohibit exploitation and impacts on Gymnosperms growth and natural regeneration in Bidoup - Nui 34 Ba National Park Guiding local community to build village conventions on the conservation of Gymnosperms species and building letterboxes to timely prevent illegal deforestations From practical conditions, it is possible to promote natural regeneration under the mother individuals as well as to expand the distribution and regeneration capacity of the species It is necessary to have more researches about each species belong to Gymnosperms in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park to further understand the distribution, ecological characteristics and potential regeneration of Taxus wallichiana, and other Gymnosperms species due to their limited natural numbers In addition, in order to avoid detection of loggers, new Taxus wallichiana should not be set tables GPS positioning and mapping could be used to monitor 4.3.2 Socio-economic measures Due to the demand for social-economic development, biodiversity conservation solutions supposed must be suitable for each local condition and be ensured social security and economic development in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park Building programs to raise awareness of all inhabitants who live in core zone and buffer zone, especially local leaders, village elders by several methods so that they can join hands to conserve species in Gymnosperms and the ecosystem in general Reviewing, finalizing and supplementing existing policies such as forestland allocation, start-up capital support programs, credit investment, etc In order to reduce the dependence of the local community in the national park, the management could encourage the reforestation and protection of the forest and the locals can get benefit from forest protection in their own living areas Develop ecotourism models and improve facilities so that local residents can participate in tourism, increase income and be more aware of the protection Thus, to reduce the pressure on forests exploitation as well as to protect the forest ecosystem in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park in a sustainable way when people get benefit from the forest 4.3.3 Solutions on mechanisms and policies Strengthening the management, detection, prevention and prohibition activities of exploiting and trading these species Raising awareness of staffs and the locals so that they understand and comply with the Forest Protection and Development Law, Biodiversity Law 35 Raising the capacity of law enforcement for the forest protection staffs, ensuring the qualification, capacity, and health to effectively implement the law and deal with violations in the fields of forest protection and management 4.3.4 Solutions on capital Planning the tourist area, introducing the potential tourism of the park, investment environment (location, business environment, land fund ) to call for nationwide and worldwide capital to invest capital for services and ecotourism Attracting capital from various sources for the development of the Gymnosperms such as the own capital of the residents, private enterprises and foreign direct investment capital Set up models of demonstrating the importance of Gymnosperms in remote areas so that they can understand the role and value of conservation As a result, the awareness and undeveloped cultivate modes of the local community in Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park can be improved 36 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion There are 15 species of families of Gymnosperms in the study area There are 14 species listed in the IUCN (2018), species listed in the Vietnam Red Book (2007); species listed in Decree 32/2006 / ND-CP of the Government in Bidoup - Nui Ba NP are most distributed at the height of 1,500-2,000m (10 species, accounting for 66.67%); The height of 1,000m - 1,500m (6 species, 40%) and the height of 1,000m There are species (20%) of total species of Gymnosperms in the field Provide morphological, ecological characteristics and distribution of important Gymnospermae species in the research area: Pinus krempfii Lecomte, Podocarpus neriifolius D Don, Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H Thomas Keteleeria evelyniana Mast Nageia wallichiana (C Presl) Kuntze, Pinus dalatensis de Ferre, Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub and Taxus wallichiana Taxus wallichiana is found in the dominant layer of forest with other species of G, Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaceae, Fabaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Myrtaceae Taxus wallichiana grows on many different soil types such as reddish yellow on granite, reddish brown on basalt, yellow-brown on ditties, in elevations from 1400 to 1750 m, on mountain slopes terrain, steep slopes, along streams or adjacent areas between broad leafy-coniferous forest and Pinus kesiya forest They can be concentrated as large populations such as in sub-zone 102, 130, 128 or scattered as in sub-zone 101, 125 belonging to Lat and Da Chais communes According to the survey result, there are 124 mature Taxus wallichiana, in which 100 individuals are tabulated Average height at breast (D1.3): 47.7 cm and average height (Hvn): 20,81 m The amount of regenerated trees is quite large but the number of trees is very low The average number of regenerated trees (D1.3 < 6cm) was 116 trees/ha, while the number of trees (D1.3 from 6-25 cm) recorded was only plants in two sub-zones 102 and 128 37 5.2 Recommendation It is important to have more researches on the propagation of rare species of Gymnosperms in the National Park, especially Taxus wallichiana, which is listed as an endangered species by IUCN It need to have more deep conservation studies of other rare and endangered species in the study area It is necessary to expand the survey lines, set up more research plots, collect and survey specimens on different terrain types to determine the species composition in the study area more completely accurate 38 REFERENCES Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park (http://bidoupnuiba.gov.vn) Farjon, A 2010 A Handbook of the World's Conifers Koninklijke brill, Leiden The government of Vietnam 2006 Decree NO 32/2006/ND-CP Management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi Kubitzkii et al (1990) The families and genera of vascular plants Le Xuan Tung, Tran Van Tien, Hua Vinh Tung, Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 2009, Research on planting technique of Taxus Wallichiana Zucc in Lam Dong Nguyen Hoang Nghia (1999), Biodiversity Conservation, Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi Nguyen Quoc Dat, 2016, Study on Gymnosperms species characteristics in Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong province Nguyen Tien Ban (Ed) (2007), Red data book of Vietnam Vol.2 Science and Techniques Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam Nguyen Tien Hiep, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Duc Luu, Philip lan Thomas, Alios Fajon, Leonid Averyanov and Jacinto Regalado Jr, (2004), Research in the status of pinophyta species in Vietnam in 2014, Labor and Social Publishing House, Ha Noi 10 Takhtajan A.L (2009) Flowering Plants 11 The IUCN Red List of Threatened species, 2018, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources 12 Vuong Chi Hung, (VIMEDIMEX pharmaceutical company), Nguyen Hoang Nghia (Forest Science Institute of Vietnam) Research of some characteristics of Taxus wallichiana Zucc in Lam Dong province 13 Vuong Chi Hung, 2009, Study on the process of planting Taxus wallichiana Zucc for the production of medicinal plants 39 QUESTIONNAIRES Local people Survey and Questionnaire Name: Address: Jobs: How often you go to forest? How forest bring benefits for you? Could you list some species of Gymnosperms and their purposes (Taxus wallichiana Zucc) please? Have you ever partaken in programs to protect Gymnosperms or forests in general? If you know somebody cutting trees what will you do? How often have been forests lost by fires or robbers in recent years? According to you, in order to preserve and develop Gymnosperms locally, what should the authorities consider? Could you share your ideas or solutions to sustainably protect and develop Gymnosperms and forests in Bidoup - Nui Ba NP, please? 40 Local officials Survey and Questionnaire Make a list of question and questionnaire Name: Address: Position: What you think about the status of Gymnosperms species? What is the main elevation distribution of each species of Gymnosperms in Bidoup- Nui Ba NP? How often have been forests lost by fires or robbers in recent years? What are your policies or programs to conserve and develop of Gymnosperms diversity? Could you share your opportunities and challenges that Bidoup Nui Ba National Park is dealing with? 41 APPENDIXES Table 4.1: The investigation of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park The investigation of Taxus wallichiana in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park (D1.3 >= 25 CM) No Subzone Plot Subplot No of table Coordinates P1.3 D1.3 Hvn Quality (cm) (cm) (m) Rate X Y Elevation 101 a 27 113 36 13 B 571246 1337770 1736 102 a 25 242 77 26 B 571438 1336980 1625 102 a 26 281 89 26 B 571434 1336980 1626 102 a 19 216 69 25 B 569954 1336851 1755 102 a 20 91 29 18 C 569966 1336863 1757 102 a 21 72 23 14 B 569982 1336835 1747 102 a 22 222 71 26 A 569990 1336816 1744 102 a 23 215 68 23 C 570007 1336814 1747 102 a 24 104 33 18 A 570104 1336750 1730 10 102 a 77 25 15 A 569506 1336373 1707 11 102 a 91 29 13 B 569488 1336385 1707 12 102 a 168 54 22 A 569488 1336419 1710 13 102 a 68 22 17 B 569504 1336434 1713 14 102 a 81 26 15 B 569609 1336662 1727 15 102 a 97 31 16 B 569609 1336662 1729 16 102 a 275 88 24 A 569597 1336633 1724 17 102 a 10 147 47 20 A 569583 1336620 1725 18 102 a 11 356 113 24 B 569565 1336620 1724 19 102 a 12 227 72 27 A 569587 1336593 1725 20 102 a 13 277 88 26 A 569583 1336526 1719 21 102 a 14 120 38 13 C 569626 1336622 1732 22 102 a 15 203 65 21 B 569633 1336631 1739 23 102 a 16 86 27 16 B 569685 1336668 1755 24 102 11 a 17 95 30 16 A 569893 1336862 1762 25 102 11 a 18 83 26 17 B 569896 1336865 1759 42 26 102 11 b 79 25 12 C 569724 1336595 1723 27 102 11 c 101 32 12 C 569700 1336265 1687 28 125 10 a # 344 110 27 B 596493 1339074 1492 29 125 10 a # 107 34 23 C 596514 1339017 1505 30 125 b # 116 37 21 A 596240 1339303 1483 31 125 b # 83 26 23 A 596260 1339311 1487 32 125 b # 71 23 21 A 596286 1339298 1493 33 125 b # 125 40 20 B 596289 1339326 1499 34 125 10 b # 204 65 18 C 597079 1338932 1625 35 125 10 b # 177 56 24 A 597109 1338943 1629 36 125 10 b # 169 54 24 A 597105 1338961 1623 37 128 a 31 336 107 25 C 599064 1332748 1732 38 128 a 32 178 57 22 B 599063 1332754 1743 39 128 a 33 147 47 16 C 599060 1332762 1723 40 128 a 34 107 34 15 C 599095 1332765 1738 41 128 a 28 187 60 20 B 599247 1332625 1652 42 128 a 29 157 50 18 A 599266 1332593 1654 43 128 a 30 194 62 25 A 599136 1332734 1721 44 130 a 35 126 40 25 C 596385 1337059 1554 45 130 a 36 155 49 22 A 596379 1337051 1553 46 130 a 37 156 50 23 C 596352 1337053 1544 47 130 a 38 77 25 13 B 596377 1337032 1549 48 130 a 39 139 44 23 B 596369 1337033 1551 49 130 a 40 82 26 15 C 596344 1337002 1545 50 130 a 41 182 58 26 A 596320 1336991 1535 51 130 a 42 127 40 19 C 596328 1336976 1541 52 130 a 43 101 32 23 B 596330 1336978 1542 53 130 a 44 84 27 18 C 596345 1336988 1545 54 130 a 46 71 23 15 B 596338 1336990 1543 55 130 a 101 88 28 15 B 596328 1337049 1520 56 130 a 102 123 39 20 B 596381 1337011 1529 57 130 a 103 110 35 19 B 596380 1337012 1528 43 58 130 b 45 112 36 22 C 596349 1336957 1540 59 130 b 47 112 36 21 A 596382 1336970 1529 60 130 b 48 100 32 22 B 596377 1336970 1524 61 130 b 49 96 31 21 A 596371 1336946 1527 62 130 b 50 157 50 26 B 596363 1336938 1527 63 130 b 51 179 57 23 C 596334 1336916 1528 64 130 b 52 133 42 19 B 596358 1336901 1525 65 130 b 53 152 48 23 B 596369 1336893 1532 66 130 b 54 118 38 19 B 596373 1336897 1532 67 130 b 55 172 55 27 B 596368 1336914 1535 68 130 b 56 130 41 19 B 596526 1336951 1580 69 130 b 57 113 36 18 A 596524 1336913 1588 70 130 b 58 184 59 22 B 596513 1336868 1580 71 130 b 60 223 71 26 B 596523 1336817 1584 72 130 b 61 239 76 27 C 596471 1336810 1583 73 130 b 62 332 106 25 C 596521 1336800 1593 74 130 b 63 202 64 28 B 596541 1336802 1589 75 130 b 64 201 64 27 B 596558 1336801 1593 76 130 b 65 257 82 26 B 596574 1336812 1596 77 130 b 66 133 42 25 B 596563 1336800 1592 78 130 b 69 149 47 24 A 596591 1336810 1607 79 130 b 70 141 45 24 B 596598 1336799 1607 80 130 b 104 103 33 19 B 596388 1336984 1531 81 130 b 105 90 29 16 C 596425 1336949 1540 82 130 b 106 84 27 15 C 596441 1336952 1542 83 130 c 59 153 49 23 B 596922 1336832 1588 84 130 c # 105 33 18 B 596925 1336813 1667 85 130 c # 179 57 19 B 596916 1336829 1663 86 130 c # 184 59 19 B 596915 1336828 1664 87 130 c # 89 28 18 A 596876 1336885 1646 88 130 c # 119 38 19 A 596869 1336896 1646 89 130 d 67 179 57 23 B 596580 1336776 1612 44 90 130 d 68 106 34 18 B 596595 1336783 1600 91 130 d 107 183 58 23 A 596523 1336768 1581 92 130 d 108 104 33 12 C 596528 1336777 1587 93 130 d 109 116 37 15 C 596546 1336770 1595 94 130 d 110 236 75 25 B 596545 1336757 1595 95 130 d 111 176 56 23 B 596547 1336730 1599 96 130 d 112 288 92 26 B 596514 1336707 1597 97 130 d 113 147 47 24 B 596531 1336706 1600 98 130 d 114 139 44 23 A 596516 1336681 1601 99 130 d 115 116 37 22 B 596528 1336673 1602 100 130 d 116 139 44 25 A 596533 1336705 1601 101 130 d 117 133 42 24 B 596535 1336711 1608 102 130 d 118 102 32 20 B 596550 1336704 1608 103 130 d 119 133 42 22 B 596552 1336706 1610 104 130 d 120 109 35 19 B 596553 1336685 1615 105 130 d 121 93 30 20 A 596541 1336705 1617 106 130 d 122 108 34 20 B 596549 1336680 1617 107 130 d 123 123 39 21 C 596557 1336689 1621 108 130 d 124 88 28 16 B 596549 1336685 1617 109 130 d 125 116 37 19 B 596528 1336680 1617 110 130 d 126 88 28 19 B 596523 1336684 1618 111 130 d 127 163 52 25 A 596517 1336671 1618 112 130 d 128 90 29 15 B 596535 1336653 1621 113 130 d 129 136 43 18 B 596526 1336665 1620 114 130 d 130 182 58 26 B 596532 1336657 1616 115 130 d # 129 41 24 B 596572 1336616 1622 116 130 d # 149 47 23 B 596585 1336608 1624 117 130 d # 89 28 21 A 596567 1336605 1622 118 130 d # 91 29 22 B 596545 1336587 1618 119 130 d # 83 26 20 A 596549 1336572 1613 120 130 d # 469 149 28 A 596564 1336542 1613 121 130 d # 189 60 22 B 596549 1336552 1606 45 122 130 d # 204 65 23 B 596553 1336557 1606 123 130 d # 189 60 21 A 596612 1336580 1619 124 130 d # 150 48 21 A 596886 1336645 1670 # : None table (24 individuals) 46 PICTURES IN THE FIELD TRIP 47