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Virginia Evans Virginia Evans ~ CJJ~ Express Publishing Published by Express Publishing in 2000 Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG19 6HW Tel: (0044) 16358173 63 - Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing.co,uk. http: //www.expresspu bli shing.co.uk. t Virginia Evans, 2000 Design & Illustration © Express Publishing, 2000 Colour Illustrations: Nathan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. iSBN 1-903128-50-1 Made in EU Ac knowledg em ents Aut hor' s Acknowl edge ments We would like to thank all the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed their skills to produc ing this book. Thanks are due in particular to: Sean Todd (Editor in Chief). Andrew Wright (senior editor), Anna Miller (editorial assistant), Mary Stevenson (senior production controller), the Express design team, Tony Boyle (recording producer ) and Erica Thompson, Anne Whitman, Steven Gibbs and Sally Pierce for their support and patience. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback influenced positively the production of the book . Photograph Acknowledgeme nts © Reuters for photographs on p. 48 © Audio Visual for photographs on pages: 78, 81. 107 While every effort has been made to trace all the copy r ight holders , if any have been inadvertently over looked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first oppo rtunity. Contents Pori A Gu idelines 101 W rilino 4 Po ri 8 Lellel Wlilino 16 • LfIIERS 1 Inlolmo lL e li DlS 10 3 formolleliDlS 16 4 S emHo lmolL ell els 34 5 Ironsocllonollellers 38 • ARTICLES - SIORIES -N EW S REP ORIS - RE VIE WS - Oescr lollOn S 6 Oesc rl blnoPeo pl e 41 I Oesc rl blnoPloces/8u ll dlnos 48 8 Oe SCI lb ln o Oble cls 54 9 Oe SCI lblno feslllo ls /EJenls / Ce le brollons 56 - Nn nollm & Ne wR eoo rls 10 fl lsl ·PDlSon Np llol lm 60 11 Ihl rd ·PDlS on NO ll ollm 66 l 1p Ne wsR epo rl s 11 - R OI le ws l 1b Re v ie ws 18 • DISCURSIVE WR IIING · Di scu rsi ve es so lS 13 · "F or ond Ao o ln s r- Esso!! 81 140 Oolnlon Ess o!! 88 14b P ro lld lno S ol ullo ns 10 P ro bl ems 94 1 4c Lell els 10 IheEd ll or 98 · Reoo ll s 15 bsessmen l& Prooosol Reporls 101 • REVISION AND EIIENSION SECIfON 109 AP P EN OIl I lInklno W ords 145 AP P EN Ollll Open ino & Closlno Remorks lor LeliDlS /U selul Vocobulo" 141 APP EN Ollll1 Rules lo rPuncluo ll on 150 UNIT 1 PorI A GUidelines lor WriJing TYPES OF COMPOSITION When you writea compositionyou need to un dersta nd thetypeofwriting required. Yo ur pieceof writing can be in the formof a letter, an article for a magazine! newspaperora report. LETTERS are written to a person (e.g. your pen fri en d, a newspaper ed itor, etc) ora groupof people (e.g.thes tudents ' society, the local football club,etc) for a specific reaso n (e.g.togiveadvice, to make a com plai ntetc). The y include: • Informal letters10 peop le you know well , writtenina pe rsona! chattystyle. • Forma l lettersto managers/officialsetc, wri tten in a poli te formal style . • Seml-formalletters 10 peop le you donot know well or peop leyou know but you want to sound poli teandrespectful e.g. a teache r of you rs,your pen friend's parents, etc, wr itten ina politeand respectful style. ARTICLES arefound in maga zi nes and news papers . Thefollowing can be found in theformof an article: • Descriptionsof people, places, bu ildi ngs, ob jects , fest iva ls, ce remonies etc. • Na rratives about real or imaginary even ts which happened inthe past. T hey can be written in the fir st person (first-person narratives) when the writer is the main characterof thes tory or inthe third person (third-person narrati ves ) when the writer is des cribing ev ents which happened toano ther pe rson or groupof people . • News reports about current/recent events (e.g. fires, accidents, etc) written in impersonal sty le. News r eports pr es entf acts obj ectiv elyand unemotion ally. • Re views d iscu ssinga film, TV programm e, book, res taur an t, etc and recommending it ornotto the reade r. • Discursi ve essa ys a bout argu ments conc emin g p art icu larsubj ects. The y include: • "For and Agai nst" essays which prese nt thepros and cons ona specific topic • Opinion Essays wh ichpr esent thewriter's perso nal opinion ona spec ifictopic • Providing Solutions to Problemswhich discuss a p rob lemandits ca uses , making suggestions and me ntio ningthe expec ted resul ts and co nsequences • Letters to the Editor whi chp resent the wri ter's personal opinionon a specif ic topic orthewriter's suggest ions on a specif icp roblem . REPORTS are forma l p ieces of wri tingand have a spec ific format and features. They inc lude: • Assessmentreports disc ussing the suitab ility of a person, p lace, plan, etc for a part icular purpose, job,etc. • Proposals reportsdiscussing suggest ions ordecis ions about fut ure actio ns. 1 Read the extracts (A-G) and decide which t yp e of writingt hey arc f rom (1 -7) . D.D third personnarrative ITO informal letter D:D fonnal leuer (]I] description of a perso n []I] first pers on narrative EID de sc ription of a festival []O descri ption of a place D "' 3 ~ Sir/Madam. , . - I 8~ . Nrit i '1 g to complain about the service I received during a V IS it to your r ~ s :;;:; xS :; 0'1 8th November. . r= :rs: ly. I roM booked a t able for eight o' clock. but when we amved . our table was cor r :-6Idy ",,".0 rt; 'HSS half 81 hour before we were seated. I ~ as v er:J annoy ed ~ ~ 4 • As the last band played their final song , , felt sad that the fest ival was about to end. An the fun moments of the week passed through my mind in a split second. Dancing to the beat of the music , I looked at myfriend and said, - j can 't wait unli! next year 's Jazz Festival!" Dear Aunt Carol. I'm sorry about not replying to your let t er sooner but I've been extremely busy. Guess what! I finally found a posit ion as a nursery school t eacher in Bright o n! Is n't t hat wonde rf ul? ~ Debb ie is tall. s lim and attractive, with long brown hairand beaut iful blueeyes. She likes wearing s mart clothes and al ways looks good. _ . ~ .~ Unit 1 Port A GUidelines for Writing - Wh en I opened my eyes, b righ t sun light was stream ing throu gh ~l Y bedroom win dow. As I was about to get out of bed, I heard a norse co ming from the k itchen downstai rs. __ . e Ta: Ms MTimms, Pe r son nel Manag er From: Mr T Brown, Se nior Ass istant Subject: Assessment of Robert Dunk an Date: 15thFebruary, 20 Introduction The pu rpose of this reportisto assess the sunab ilityof RobertDunkan for the pos it ion of Sa les Managerforour shopin Brunwick . ~ ~ ' - ~_ '-"'! I believe that the cou rse of ac tion prop os ed abov e w ill att rac t more cus tom ers to the Whit e D ov e Restau ran t. Not on ly will the It Ci li Ci n 5 eCl food C1n d veqet a rla n dtsh es d ra w more peop le to the resta ur an t, but the l iv e music wi ll else greatly imp rov e t he resta ur ant's atm osp he re . v ""-,,, ~ /' : J 5 • Firstl y, all bl ock<; Offl/lts should be p ro vid ed wi th large ru b bis h bi ns . III addition to th is, res idents s JlO ukl hI' allow ed to throw out th eir rubbish 011 1)' at nig ht. H is wou ld result in reduci ng t he a lll ount of rubbi sh ill th est re etsdu rill g the dll ), . , ~' -' e Re c omm endation To begin with. o ne of the mai n a dvantages of study in g abroad is that you have the c hance to lean another lan gu age. More ov er, you expe ri en ce a diffe rent c ultu re and way of life. 'IIII ~ - ~ - Aruba is a tiny island in the Caribbean Sea. It is only 29 kilometres off the north coast of Venezuela. With its white sandy beaches and clear blue waters, Aruba is the perfect place tor a rel axing holiday. ITO a ssess ment report [ILl news report ~ opinion es say ~ ~. 2 Read the extracts (A-G) and decide which type of writing (1-7) the)' are from. • The cas t is exce lle nta nd Mich ae l J. F ox is perfect as t he voi ce of Stuart Little , With Ihe use 01 computer an ima tion, Stuartlooksmo re likearealmouset ha n a cartoon mou se , c onv inci ng v je~ers that he is a ~ P- ~ ~ m ini atureactor. : ~ ; The combina tion of compu ter an im at ion and live acti on is superb. It was abright, sunny morni ngwhenJill Wil so n waved g ood byeto her mother. "Haveanice day at s chool - and be ca reful!" calledMrsWil son. The birds were singing as Jill sto pped on the old wooden bridge to look down at the du cks on the wate r below. . -" 41) Four people were killed and eleven were seriousIY,injured.when two planes collided on the runway at Leland Airport early this morning. o All in all, I believe that newspapers ploy on important role in our lives. They keep us informed about world news as well as providing interesting reading material. _~~ ~-~' ~~.,.; =cJ proposal report "IJ for and against essa y I=:J review :liJ essay providing solutions to problems Unill Pori A Gui de li nes lo r Wrili ng UNDERSTANDING RUBRICS 5 a) Read the rubricand underline the key wo rds, then ans we r the questions. 1 Who isgo ing to readyour piece of wr iti ng? 2 Wh at isthesituat ion ? 3 What typ e of compositionshould you writ e? 4 What speci fic topics shoul d you in clude? 1 situati on 2 reader 3 t ype of writin g 4 speci fic topics Study the examp lebe low. , 2 You work for a travel magazine. Your editor has asked you to 3 4 write an article discussing the pros and cons of air travel, including factors such ascost and co nvenience . rc c, c , To plan your composition you need to understa ndtherubric i. e. the compos it ion instructions. Read the rubric ca refu llyandu nder l ine the key words/phrases wh ich will help you decide wha t you will write abou t. Key words /phrases indicate: • theImaginary situation you will writeabout(e.g. Yo uarea reporter to write about a tire which broke out last night ) Thiscan als o s ugges t wh o youare(e.g.a reporte r), what has happened (e.g. fire brokeout), etc. • the Imaginaryreader who is going to read your pieceofwrit ing (e.g. the manager of the company you workforhasasked you to write j. This will help you decideonthewriting style i.e. the approp riate styleof lanquaqe- forma l /infor ma l, etc you sho ulduse. • thetype of writing (e.g. a fette r, anarticle describing an e ve nt you attended, etc ) • the specific topics you shou ld include in your a nswer ( e. g.describe thep lace and comment on its goodandbad points) 4 Read the rubricand circle thecorrect an sw ers to theque stion s that follow . 3 Read the rubric below and match the n umb ers to the followi ng headings: Youworkin a localtourist office . The manager has asked youto write a report on a new restaurant which has just opened in your town. Writeyour report describing the restaurant, the food and the service there and commenti ng on its good and bad points. 1 2 Yourbest friend is spending the summer in your country and needs 3 4 advice. Write a letter advising him where to go and what to do and telling him approximately how much moneyhe should bring. You are a writerfor an international English-language magazine. Your editor has asked you for a short article about a famous person from the twentieth centurythat you admire. Write your article about the person, describing his/her personality as well as the reasons you admire him! her. 1 What t ype of composi tio n is this ? A a third pe rson narrative B afor ma l letter C a descriptive article D a rev iew 2 Who is going to read you r compo sit ion ? A your best friend B your e ditor • specifi c topic s • type of writing . • reader • situation 6 Un it! Port A Guide line s lo rWr it ing 6 a) Read the rubric in Ex. 5a) again and tick the topics that you should includein your article. • Writedo wn an yideas, wor dsandphrasesthat you can thinkof which relate tothe spec ifict op icsof your compos rt ion. • Group you r ideas, cross ing ou t an y irrelevant ones , and put them into a lo gical o rder . • Ch eck that yourid eas are re lev an tto the topic(s) in the ru bric. • entire life was devoted to others • donated money to cha rity • patient • perso na lity • hobbiesand interests BRAINSTORM ING FOR IDEAS PLANNING THE LAYOUT OF YOUR COMPOSITION b) Lookat the word s/phrases below and sa)' which topicfromabove the)' are linked to. • helped those inneed • s elfles s • com pass ionate • courageous • whyyou admire the person . • looksand appearance J Wh ich of the foll o wi ng sta teme nts are true? Circle. A You shouldwrite about a fa mous person you have met. B You must describe his/her pe rso na l ity. C Yo us hould gi ve r easons whyyou admire thisperson. D Your art icle should be about a famousartist or sci entistof the eigh teenthce ntury. E Yo u may in clu de your ow n feelings about the person . -l Which of the follo wi ng to pics must you include? Ci rcle. A Thea dva n tage s and disadva n tage s of be ing fa mo us. B Pe rs onal qua liti esand characterist ic s. C Information about the pe rson 's fa mi ly bac kgro u nd. D Rea so ns why yo uad mi re him/he r. b) whtch ofthe two p eople be low would not be suitable for yourarticle? Wh y? You r i deas should be organ is ed into par agraphs . The layout of mo stty pes of writing cons istsof three parts: an introduction, a main body and a concl usion . I IntroducUon Th eintroduction,i.e. the first para g ra ph, isa short parag raph whose pu rpose is to givethereader a general ideaof the subject ofthe compos ition. II should a ttract the re ader'sa ttention so tha t he /she wants to cont inue reading. II Main Body The ma in bod y usual ly con sistsoftwo or mor epa ragr aphs an dits pu rpose isto develop poi nts related to the subject of the co mpos ition. T he n um ber of paragr aphs an d the wayyoudivideth em dependsonthe sp ecific topics of the com po sition . Eachparagraph should d eal withpointsrelated to the s ame topic . Wh eneve r you disc uss a new topic, you should begin a new par ag raph. For ex ample, in a for an d a gainst e ss ay the main body sho uld have two p ara gra phs: on e discu ssingthepo ints for,and an o ther d iscu ss ing thepoints ag a ins t. m Conclusion The conclusion isa sho rt final par ag raph in wh ich you can s umm ar ise t he m ain i dea of the subject, restate your op inion in d ifferen t words, mak e g ene ral comments , exp re ss your fe eli ngs, etc. 7 a) Which of' these topic s should you inclu de in the in tro du ctory para graph ofan article describing a person lOU admire? Circle. A final comments about the pe rson B who the person is and wh yyou admire them C wh at theperson lo oks like and wh at type of cl othes they like we aring 7 Unill Port A GUidelines lor Writing b) Which ofthese topics shouldJOU include in theco ncl usionofJour article? A gen eralc omm ents andfeelin gs about the pe rson B per son alqu aliti esof theperson C background in fo rm ationand ac hi evements of tbe person There are many dis- a dvantages toairtra vel. Fi rs tly, p lane fare s are e xt remelyhigh,For examp le, if you choose to trave l fro m Londonto Manc hester by t ra in, youwilldefin ite ly pay less than you would jf you trave l led byp lane .Mor eover , beingona p lane for hours canbetir ing. TOPIC SENTENCES & SUPPOIlT1NG SENTENCES 9 Read the articlein E x. 8 again, underlinethetopicsentencesin the main bodyparagraphs and thenreplacethem with theones b elow . • Main body paragraphs should begin with topic sentences, A topic sentence introduces or su mmar is es the m ain topic of the paragrap h andgi ves the reader an ideaof wh atthepa ra graph will be abou t. • The topic sentence should be f ollo wed by supporti ngse ntences wh ich prov ide ex am ples, details, reasons, justifications and/or evidence to support the topic se ntence . 3 Wh ich of Mot her Teresa's achie ve - mentsarement ion ed?What exa mples aregi ven? ~ ~- Para 4 Para 1 Para 3 Para 2 The person I admire most from the twentieth century is Mother Teresa. I regard her as one of the kindest and most caring people the world has ever known. Mother Teresa was a selfless person. She devoted allof her time to others and never put her own needs first. She was also very courageous and never thought about the risks she was taking when looking after people who were sick or dying. What I admire most about Mother Teresa are her achievements. Her entire life was devoted to charity work. For example, in 1952 she opened a centre in Calcutta for the terminally ill, where patients could be cared for and die with dignity. She also won many awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She donated the money from her awards to fund other centres. Even though Mother Teresa is no longer with us, these centres st ill operate, offering help to those in need. I admire Mother Teresa not only because she was a generous and kind-hearted person, but also because her accomplishments have influenced people all over the world. It is hardly surprising that since her death in 1997 she has been regarded as a true saint. 8 Readthe articleand label the paragraphs with the h eadin gs below . Then an sw er que stion s 1 -3. • fin al co m me nt sljeel i ng s • p er son alqu ali ties • reas on s)'01/ a dm ireher • p er soll's na me and rea son Y O/ Ichose he r - - c = c a " 8 Who isthe article about ? 2 What justifications are giv en to support the statement that "!vIother Teresawas a sel fless person''? I There arc good reasons w hy admir e Mother Teresa so much . 2 Mother Teresa wasa trulyself- sac rificing per son . 10 al Xlatch the topic sentences to the p ar agraphs. Thereis one extra topic sente nce that JO u donot need to use. 1 For one thing , there are far loa m any carson the roads. Th ere are ma ny argumentsin fav ourofb ann i ng ca rsfromci ty centres. ~ However. acitycentrewithouttra ffic doc shave itsdisadvantages. • - . . . . i ~ ~h~ fi~·~~ · ·~i~~~ : ·i~·~ :~~id · help to r educ e p olluti~n . This m eans that the city centre wou ld he a hea lthier place to live and wor k in. Furthe rm ore. it wo uld be easier for pedest rians to wal k around the centre wit hou t hav ingto cross bu sy roads. Unit 1 Pori A GUidelines for Writing 12 Read the to pic sen tences be low and think ofappropriate supportingsente nce s to complete each paragraph, as in the example. e.g. Catherine isa ve ry prettytee nager . She is tall and slim with dark skin and long cu rly hair .She usually wears jeans andT -shi rts. Myfather is a handsome man. . . . . . For one th ing , shop ow ners V.:~ ~ id i ~ ~ ~· b ~ · ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~s t ome rs migh t f in d it inconvenient to t ravel to the city c ~nt r .e by public t ransport. Mor e ov er, for those w.ho live In the citycentre, life would bec ome quite diffi cult as th ey w ould not be ableto park theircars ncar their hom es. b) • Whichpart ofthecom posit iondothese parag ra phs bel ongto - the int rod u cti on,the ma inbodyor theco ncl usion ? • What do yo u think the topic of this c omposi tion is? • What typ e ofco mpos itionaretheextractsfro m? 11 Read the topic sen tence in bold, then c hoose the most suitable supportingsenten ces (A- D)to complet e the paragraph. On theother hand, there are arg uments in favo ur oftourism . :\ F irs tly,touri sm can hel p reduce unemploymentinanareabeca use ofthe jobsit provides for loc al people. S Furthermore, touri sm canspoil the natural bea uty ofanarea. C What is more, the pro fi ts f rom tourism can be u sed to improve roads, hos pitalsand schools. D Inaddi tio n.restaurants and sou ve nir s hops ov ercharge custom ers. 2 Nicoleisa vel)'socia ble person. 13 Re adtheparagraphs belo wand think of appropriate topic sente nces to compl ete them. A . . . . . First of all, it is cheaper than bu yin gdesigner clo thesw hic hcan be very ex pens ive. Wh at is more, ifyou m ak eyourownclothes,you can des ign them exactly the way you wa nt th em. B . . . . To begin with, medic al r e s e ~ ' ; ~h can be v el)' expensive . Mo reover s uc h researc h can take years rc s how s uccess ful results. Last but not least, lot s of time is o ften waste d on experi ment s w hic h do notwork. [...]... shadows U Pml AGuidelines lor Wliling nill UNDERSTANDING WRITING STYLE The writing style you should use dependson the type of composition you are writing, the situation and the intended reader Therefore, you should not use me same style of writing for every composition The twomain types of writing style are formal and informal However, not all styles of writing fall under mese categories For example, in... ending (e.g Regards/Best wishes/etc + yourfirst name or full name) The writing style you should use (i.e informal, formal or seml-tormal) depends on who you are writing to More specifically: • when you are writing to someone you know well (l.e a close relative, your bestfriend, etc.) you should use informal style • when you are writing to someone you do not know, orto someone who is in authority (Le... greeting (e.g Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Aunt Claire, Dear Mrs Baker, etc); b) an introduction in which you write your opening remarks (e.g Hi! Howareyou?) and reason(s) for writing (e.g I'mjust writing to congratulate you onpassing your exams, I'mwriting toapologise for , We were thrilled to hearthat n , f was sorry to hear , etc); c) a main body in which you write about the specific topics of the letter in... group them into main topics EIlI11NG YOUR ESSAY You should always edit your piece of writing before handing it in In order to do this, you should make sure: • • • • • • 25 1 , 3 ~ Read the rubric carefully and underline the key words Identify the type of writing, the situation, the intended reader and the style of writing Edit your essay correcting any spelling, punctuation grammar, etc errors you... must go now Please accept my sincere apologies You are cordially invited to attend I amwriting in response to your advertisement Thanks for the invitation to your dinner party I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction with I look forward to meeting you in person Just a quick note to tell you I amwriting to bring to your attention the Please do not hesitate to contact me I'm so sorry... Monique writing to? A a complete stranger B someone she knows well 3 Which of these statements are true'! Tick (v") In her letter to Jackie, Monique A mentions her future plans 0 complains about Jackie's last letter D B invites Jackie to visit her C promises to write soon Introduction ••••••••••••••••• 2 What is her main reason for writing' ! A to tell Jackie some good news B to apologise for not writing. .. paragraphs with the headings • opening rematkslreasonts} for writing experience, personal qualities • closing remarks age/qualificatiom • other ill/omlotioll ® Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to apply for the position of part-time shop assistant which was advertis ed in this week's edition of the Frankfurt English News Para 1 OpClllllg remarks! reason(s) for writing I ama I6-year-old student In December I passed... of what has happened and where/when the incident took place e.g (Mild) • f am writing in connection with /to complain about • the terrible behaviour/attitude/rudeness of f am writing to draw your attention to which (Strong) • f wish to bring to your attention a problem which arose due to your staff/inefficiency " 'J • 1am writing to express my strong dissatislaction at • f wish to express my dissatisfaction/unhappiness... AGUidelinesfor Writing nit 4 Adventure holidays can be verytiring They can be quite dangerous (but, and) - It started getting cold I put on a jumper (so, as) , The hairdresser said it was perfectly safe The chemicals in the dye made my hair tum green (even though also) 17 Replace the linking words/phrases in bold with synonymous ones 18 Read the followin g beginnings and endings and identify which writing. .. head -, Dear Mr and Mrs Smith G , I'm writing to thank you' for the kindness you showed TIle during my stay with you and yourfamily in A1arch a q I A Which is better, classical or pop music? Some peop e believe that classical music is superior However: I believe that both types of music offer something different to the world of entertainment a) What type ofwriting is each extract from? b) Which extracts