Linguistic features of english environmental terminology

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH ENVIRONMENTAL TERMINOLOGY (Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ Thuật ngữ Môi trường Tiếng anh) TRẦN THỊ NGỌC LAM Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi, 01 / 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH ENVIRONMENTAL TERMINOLOGY (Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ Thuật ngữ Môi trường Tiếng anh) TRẦN THỊ NGỌC LAM Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que Hanoi, 01 / 2023 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMINOLOGY (Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ thuật ngữ Môi trường Tiếng Anh) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2023 Tran Thi Ngoc Lam Approved by SUPERVISOR (Signature and full name) Date: ………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to all the lecturers of the M.A course at Hanoi Open University and many others, without their supports and encouragements it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my friends for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to analyze the morphological and semantic features of Environmental terminology in English in order to assist English language learners in accurately recognizing and utilizing this type of terminology In this study, the author evaluates and analyses English environmental terminology data The terminology is collected from an English – Vietnamese dictionary Statistics, description, analysis are among the approaches utilized by the study Employing the statistical method, a list of Environmental terms is created The descriptive method illustrates morphological and semantic features The analytical method facilitates the analysis of the forms, structures, rules, and principles of terminology The result of this study illustrates five morphological and two semantic features of environmental terminology in English, provides professional implications for ESP teachers while teaching environmental terminology, and suggests future research directions TABLE OF FIGURES Table 4.1 Prefixes in environmental terms in English 36 Table 4.2 Suffixes in environmental terms in English 36 Table 4.3 Environmental terms by compounding .38 Table 4.4 Environmental terms by initialism 39 Table 4.5 Environmental terms by clipping 40 Table 4.6 The ways of creating environmental terms .40 Table 4.7 Percentage of one-element terms 41 Table 4.8 Percentage of two-element terms 42 Table 4.9 Percentage of three-element terms 42 Table 4.10 Percentage of four-element terms 42 Table 4.11 Percentages of element environmental terms in English 43 Table 4.13 Denotative meaning of environmental terms 45 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions .2 1.4 Scope of the research 1.5 Methods of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: : LITERATURE REVIEW .5 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Theoretical backgrounds 2.2.1 An overview of terms and terminology .8 2.2.1.1 Definition of terms 2.2.1.2 Definition of terminology 2.2.1.3 Features of terminology .10 2.2.1.4 Features of environmental terminology .11 2.2.1.5 Distinction between terminology and terms 13 2.2.1.6 Distinction between terms and words 15 2.2.1.7 Term formation 17 2.2.2 An overview of semantics 24 2.2.2.1 Meaning and meaning‟s perspectives 24 2.3 Summary 26 CHAPTER 3: : THE METHODOLOGY .27 3.1 Research questions 27 3.2 Principles for data collection and data analysis 27 3.3 Research methods 27 3.4 Summary 34 CHAPTER 4: MORPHOLOGYCAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS IN ENGLISH 35 4.1 Morphological features of environmental terms in English 35 4.1.1 Derivation of term 35 4.1.2 Compounding 37 4.1.3 Initialism 39 4.1.4 Clipping 40 4.2 Elements in creating environmental terms in English 41 4.2.1 One-element terms 41 4.2.2 Two-element terms 41 4.2.3 Three-element terms 42 4.2.4 Four-element terms 42 4.2.5 Five-element terms 42 4.3 Semantic features of environmental terminology in English .43 4.4 Summary 46 CHAPTER 5: : CONCLUSION 47 5.1 Recapitulation 47 5.2 Concluding remarks .47 5.3 Implication 47 5.4 Limitations of the current research 49 5.5 Suggestions for further research 49 REFERENCES 51 APPENDICES 53 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The chapter sheds light on the rationale for this study More importantly, the aim and objectives are summarized in two research questions This chapter continues with the scopes, the significance, the method and the overview of the study 1.1 Rationale The environment has become a hot topic on a global scale as well as in Vietnam, especially after a series of recent natural disasters such as tropical storm and flood As a result, environmental science has become an important field; a number of people have taken courses in this field, various research has been conducted, and international, regional, and national conferences have been held However, the majority of scientific information is produced and disseminated in English in Western nations Thus, the translation of environmental terminology in such conferences and seminars raises a number of issues In this light, understanding environmental terminology is crucial for future specialists in the environmental sector Numerous scientists focus on various facets of the study of the concept of “term” and the peculiarities of terminology system construction in the environmental field Such researchers as Dubuc (1997), Felber (1984), Sager (1990) were preoccupied with the approach for the analysis of words as language subsystems in general The particular term systems associated to environmental terms and issues in terminological processes of ecological terminology in English, however, have not been the focus of scholars worldwide or in Vietnam As one of the premier environmental research universities, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment (HUNRE) has recognized and recognized the significance of English in the environmental field English for Environment is therefore taught to second-year students whose major is related to the field of environment The demand for English environmental terminology necessitates an appropriate translation However, environmental terminology in English is an issue that has not been addressed by researchers at HUNRE First, when teaching English for environmental purposes, a lecturer may be uncertain as to whether he should explain an English environmental term in his own way or translate it into Vietnamese so that students can fully comprehend it Experience has shown that while describing a new term in a lengthier set of words, the instructor might compel to use unfamiliar or more difficult terminology for his students Due to insufficient environmental science expertise, translation is not always pleasurable or simple for the instructor Therefore, it complicates translation and the selection of acceptable meanings In addition, there are now EnglishVietnamese environmental science dictionaries; however, a dictionary may provide many Vietnamese definitions for a single English phrase and may not be able to provide all environmental term definitions This could result in various translations of the same concept by various lecturers Given that environmental terms are not just structurally but also semantically complex, this circumstance may be reasonable In most cases, the meaning of an environment term may be deduced from the word‟s direct meaning, but in certain cases, the meaning must be derived from other aspects of the word As a lecturer, who teach English for Environment for students at HUNRE, the researcher believes that the issue is due not only to the approach to the subject and the complexity of the English environment, but also to the use of inappropriate materials Consequently, it is expected that a study of English environmental terminology will have huge impact on this situation since the environmental terminology in English remains an unresolved issue In light of this, the goal of this research on the issue of “Linguistic features of English environmental terminology” is conducted to assist the teaching and learning of English for Environmental purposes 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study The aims of the study are to identify the morphological and semantic features of English environmental terminology so that English language teachers and students can use these terms appropriately and efficiently This study has two objectives as follows: - To point out the morphological features of environmental terminology in English - To point out the semantic features of environmental terminology in English 1.3 Research questions The research attempts to answer the following questions: - What are morphological features of English environmental terminology? - What are semantic features of English environmental terminology? 685 686 687 employment office emulsion explosive en echenlon pattern 714 promation environmental awareness raise 688 enclosing rock 715 environmental change 689 690 end-initiated blasthole end-of-pipe basin 716 717 environmental barries environmental catastrophe 691 endemic species 718 environmental charge 692 endless over rope 719 environmental education 693 694 endothermic reaction energy conversation 720 network environmental education 695 energy generation from 721 696 organic waste enery partitioning environmental effect statement 697 698 energy saving technology energy transmission 722 723 environmenttal improvement environmental legislation 699 700 701 engineering control measures engineering geological map engineering geology 724 725 enivronmental management environmental monitoring points 702 engineering geology investigation engirneering noise control engineering reclamation engineering structure engineering supervision enhanced air quality monitoring enhanced graphics adapter environment pollution map environment quality index environmental action 726 environmental monitoring stations environmental monitoring system environmental parameters environmental policy statement ENVISAT (environmental satellite) equal area projection equivalent continuos noise level programes environmental auditing procedures environmental awareness 733 734 735 736 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 system 727 728 729 730 731 732 64 equivalent temperature erros search program eruptive phenomena estimated (predicted) environmental concentration evidence of faulting excavation zone of 768 769 770 film flotation filtration bed final pit outline disturbance 771 fine grained fracture 739 740 excavator bucket excavator grab 772 773 fineness of grinding finished product 741 excess-current protection gear 774 fire detection system 742 exchangeable 775 fire hydrant 743 excitors for synchronous tubor-generators 776 777 fire prevention chemicals fire warning system 744 exclusive economic zone 778 firedamp-proof electrical 745 746 fabric belt system face conveyer 779 apparatus firedamp emission 747 748 factory inspectorate failure deformation 780 781 firedamp protection first order network 749 750 751 fairly fall of ground false bottom 782 783 784 five-day remaining BOD fixed axis fixed point calculation 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 fancy coal fancy delivery fatal accident fault-current circuit-breaker feasibility study feathered plastic collar feldspathization ferroconcrete prop ferromagnetic material ferromagnetic substance fiducial mark field examination 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 flameproof electrical apparatus flamproof fabric flammable vapour flammable vapour flat-back method flattening of the ellipsoid flexible flexible support flight flight apron feeder flint 764 765 766 767 field gradient field map figural adjustment filling period 796 797 798 799 float float-and-sink process flood carrying capacity flood gully 737 738 65 800 801 802 flood injury flood peak flooding system 831 832 friction conglomerate friction test of explosive materials 803 flowsheet 833 front and rear frame 804 805 flue gas treatment fluor containing dust 834 835 fuel-transport department full-facepiece respirator 806 fluorination 836 full face boring 807 flusing 837 fundamental geodetic point 808 809 flushing port fold-mountain 838 839 fundamental network fundamental constants and 810 following-up-the-whole with precision measurements 811 the broken force centring device 840 (FCPM) fuse cap or fuse detonator 812 813 forepolling canopy extendable forest resource assessment 841 842 gaging section gallery entrance 814 815 816 fossiliferous rock foundation investigation fountain 843 844 845 gamma-ray spectrometer gamma ray surveying gangway conveyer 817 818 846 847 848 849 850 823 824 825 826 fourwing rotary bit fractional collection efficiency fracture mechanics fracture toughtness fragment shape fragment size distribution in situ fragment size distribution fragmentation measurement free running blasting agent freezing and thawing test 851 852 853 854 855 856 gaping joint-fissure gas-bearing capacity gas blast circuit breaker gas collector gas hydrate eruptionintroduced tsunami gas permeability of soil (rock) gas turbin power station gaseous air pollution gaseous interchange gaseous pollutant gasification of wastes 827 828 829 830 freezing borehole freezing of nitroglycerin frequency indicators freshwater resource 857 858 859 860 gasproof apparatus gassy atmosphere gathering arm loader general exploration 819 820 821 822 66 861 862 generator blasting machine genetic classification of mineral deposits 891 892 893 gradation composition grade mineral content gradient water table 863 gentle inclination 894 graduation mark 864 865 geobotanical prospecting geocentric coordinates 895 896 grain boundary crack grain ssize distribution 866 geocentric distance 897 grained rock 867 geodesy on the ellipsoid 898 granular structure 868 869 geodetical astronomy geoecological anomalies 899 900 granulating machine granulometrie composition 870 geographic azinuth 901 graphical interesection 871 872 geographic coordinate geographic net 902 903 graphical method gravel translation 873 874 geographic north geological-geographical map 904 905 gravimetric station gravitational departure 875 876 877 geological cross section geological field method geological oceanography 906 907 908 gravity-measuring device gravity anomaly map gravity control station 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 geological zone map geomagnetic activity geomagnetic poles geomophic accident geomorphology characteristic geophysical field prospecting geosynchronous satellite Global Earth Satellite System (GESS) global environmental facility Global Environmental Fund (GEF) 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 gravity layered earth theory green energies grid coordinates grid reference box grinding stone gripping hole Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Gross National Product (GNP) Ground Control Point (GCP) ground improvement 886 887 888 889 890 916 917 918 Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) goniometric network government investment 919 920 67 techniques ground photogrammetric survey ground vibration transmission 921 922 calibration groundwater resources groundwater increment 953 954 955 head chainman head protection heading advance 923 groundwater investigation 956 heading and bench mining 924 925 groundwater management groundwater monitoring 957 958 heading ventilation heading-and-bench method 926 groundwater velocity 959 heading-and-overhand 927 groundwater withdrawal 960 headwater erosion 928 929 grouter guide apparatus 961 962 health impaiment heaped bucket capacity 930 guide rod 963 heaped capacity 931 932 guiding bed gully control 964 965 heat interchange heat radiation 933 934 gunite gutter way 966 967 heavy-metal pollution heavy liquid process 935 936 937 gyroscopic stabilization gyroscope characteristic haematite pneumoconiosis 968 969 970 heavy water heeling angle height 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 hair cross half-second detonator ỏ timing hand electric lamp hand getting hand preperation hand-controlled hand-dressed hanging final pit slope hard-metal pneumoconiousis hard heading work hard steel 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 height above sea level height difference heterogeneous mixture heteropolar compound high-angel conveyer high-grade high-quality cartographic output high-speed drivage high-toxic substance high-voltage power cable high temparature blasting 949 950 951 952 harmful biological effect harvesting season haulage roadway hazard identification 982 978 979 980 981 983 984 68 high voltage glass pin insulators high voltage megohm bridge highly flammable liquid 985 986 987 hill climbing ability hoist bucket hoisting machine 1017 1018 1019 idler troughing angle igniter cord connector ignition temperature 988 holding apparatus 1020 illegal movement of 989 990 homogeneous mixture homogeneous network 1021 hazardous wastes illegal transport of hazardous 991 homogeneous strain 992 homopolar direct current 1022 illuminating mark 993 machine horiontal displacement 1023 1024 illumination meter image characteristic 994 horizontal accuracy 1025 image coordinate 995 996 horizontal circle check horizontal curve line of sight 1026 1027 image frequency immersion thermometers 997 998 horizontal layer mining horizontal position accuracy 1028 1029 immovable property impact sensitivity test 999 1000 1001 human-cause global warning hydraulic backhoe excavator hydraulic conveyer 1030 1031 impermeable seam impregnated oil paperinsulated metal-sheathed 1002 1003 1032 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 hydraulic coupler hydraulic electronic unit injection hydrocarbon emission hydrodynamic fluid hydrodynamic pressure hydrogen-ion concentration hydrogeochemical criterias hydrostatic depth control gear hydrothermal metamorphism hypsobathymetrical map ice bolck 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 improved environmental quality improved living condition in-situ stress measurement inadvertnent operation inappropriate angle inclination minimun inclined conveyer inclined cut-and-fill slicing incombustible lining incomplete detonation increasing stripping ratio 1013 1014 1015 1016 ideal detonation velocity identical map identified image identified mineral resources 1043 1044 1045 method imcremental stripping ratio independent geodetic control indicated additional reserves substances 69 1046 1047 1048 indicating frequency meters indicating power factor meters indiscriminate dumping 1073 1074 1075 intergrated waste management intensive aquaculture intergranular crack 1049 individual component error 1076 interlock guard 1050 1051 induced-draught fan industrial development 1077 International Society for Rock Mechanics planning 1078 International Society for 1052 industrial disablement benefit 1053 1054 industrial effluent monitoring industrial emission 1079 1080 interpretation jackhammer drill monitoring 1081 jerking table 1055 industrial environment quality assessment 1082 1083 jet method jigging screen 1056 1057 industrial noise abatement inertial dust collector 1084 1085 job creation joint gravity model 1058 1059 1060 inexhaustible resources influence function infusible 1086 1087 1088 junction bench mark jurassic period juvennile water 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 initial reading initiating explosive initiation sequence initiation system inner orientation elements inorganic substance instantaneous blasting cap insufficient transformer capacity insulation resistance intergrated catchment management 1089 1090 1097 karst phenomenon Karst cylinder compression test kelvin absolute temperature scale key sample kick-bag preventer kinematic GPS positioning kinetic equilibrium kinematic real-time positioning knowledge based economy intergrated environmental management intergrated pollution prevention and control 1098 1099 1100 1101 labile hydrogen atom laboratory - size reactor laboratory instrument laminated safety glass 1069 1070 1071 1072 Explosive Engineers 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 70 1102 1103 1104 land-based input land application of sludge land carrying capacity 1133 1134 1135 lifting mechanism light material bucket lighting protection 1105 land resource management 1136 lightning conductor 1106 1107 land use policy landfill without any treatment 1137 1138 lime air pollution limewhiting of openings 1108 Langefors weight strength 1139 line fault locator 1109 large-scale investment 1140 linear charge concentration 1110 1111 large-scale production lateral haulage 1141 (kg/m) linear charge concentration in 1112 lateral strain the bottom of the blasthole 1113 launch of environment awareness promotion 1142 (kg/m) linear deformation 1114 1115 law of energy conservation law on environment 1143 1144 linear shaped charge liquid waste disposal 1116 1117 protection law on water resources leachable waste 1145 1146 1147 load breaking breaker load metamorphism loaded travel time 1148 1149 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 lead chrloride containing waste gas lead contamination leading stone leaf-eating caterpllar least squares method left-hand srew length correction length with the strike lenticular bedding level determination level of ground water local control network local environmental monitoring system local exhaust system locating the haul road location of the haul road within or outside the ore body long term development plan low energy denonating cord (LEDC) low velocity detonation (LVD) 1129 1130 1131 1132 levelling network levelling screw check liability to compensation life jacket 1156 1118 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1157 1158 71 low voltage porcelain pin insulators luminous transmission factor lubricating oil system 1159 1160 1161 lump sum benefit magmatic segregation deposit magmatic base station 1186 (NGS) National Imagery and Mapping Angency (NIMA) 1162 magnetic field intensity 1187 national stream quality 1163 1164 magnetic station mark main haulage level 1188 assessment netwwork natural radioactivity of stones 1165 main haulage roadway 1189 natural resources monitoring 1166 main magnetic poles 1190 nature conversation authority 1167 1168 main winding shaft maintenance of access road 1191 necessary and sufficient condition 1169 map and chart interchage 1192 net tractive effort 1170 format (MACIF) map coordinate code 1193 1194 new energy technologies noise attenuating device 1171 1172 map coordinate system marine biological resources 1195 1196 noise level reduction norminal reactive power 1173 1174 1175 marine environment pollution marine resources conversation maximal accepted 1197 normal equations in nonlinear form nuclear waste repository concentration maximum allowable concentration (MAC) maximum charge per delay interval maximum resultant ground vibration velocity measurement while drilling (MWD) mechanical extraction method medium voltage distribution network 1199 1200 1201 1202 metal bearing structure multiple charge breakage national air sampling nework National Geodetic Survey 1208 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1198 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1209 1210 72 observation apparatus observation program observational place OEL (occupational exposure limit) official development assistance (ODA) oil water separation equipment old well drilled deeper operating bench room optimum breakage burden optimum ultimate pit boundary ore dressing plant organic chemical pollution 1211 1212 1213 original resources output from the labour force overall stripping ratio 1239 1240 point load strength pollutant transport in sediments 1214 overburden drilling with 1241 pollutants physiological effect 1242 1215 excentric drilling overhand step method pollution abatement equipment 1216 overload protection 1243 pollution control technology 1217 overvoltage protection 1244 pollution monitoring station 1218 1219 ozone monitoring instrument parallel displacement fault 1245 1246 pond treatment process portable drilling machine 1220 particulate-removing 1247 portable monitoring 1221 respirator pathological waste 1248 equipment post graduate trainning 1222 1223 payment in advance payment on delivery 1249 programme postblast rock assessment 1224 pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PENT) percussion cutting machine 1250 1251 powder magazine predicted environmental concentration percussive-rotary drilling permanent source disability persistent organic pollutants personal protective equipment phased mining sequence photographic method of fragment size analysis physical-chemical environment pipe cutting machine pit operating time pitted cylinder wall 1252 prepare benches for blasthole drilling pressure-reducer safety valve preventive medical examination primary wastewater treatment principal axis of stress probable maximum precipitation projectile impact test propellant actuated power device plant improvement plasitic-insulated plastic covered cables pneumatic flotation machine 1260 1261 1262 1263 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 73 proven reserves provident fund purified sewage wastewater qualitative composition 1264 1265 quantitative development quarryman profilling instrument 1266 quick setting cêmnt 1267 1268 quotation board radial decoupling ratio 1295 relative volume strength (RVS) 1269 radiation monitoring 1296 released energy instrument 1297 reliable information 1270 1271 raditation protection measure radioactive contamination 1298 1299 remote mountain areas REMS (regional 1272 raise-drilling machine environmental monitoring 1273 1274 ram impact machine rare earth element system) residential water demand 1275 1276 rated stick force ratio belt width to lump size 1301 residual-current-operated earthleakage circuit-breaker 1277 1278 1279 reactive sensibility reading microscope reclaimation management 1302 1303 1304 resistant organic matter respiratory function test respiratory protective 1280 reconnaissance mineral resources reconnaissance shooting reconnaissance sketch recording power factor meters rectangular plane coordinates reducing in size of waste products reference stck setting referral information system reforestation programme refuse diposal method 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 system reinforced concrete walling relative biological effectiveness 1300 1312 equipment restrict risks and environmetal disasters resultant ground vibration velocity retangular joint structure retreatment cell revers geodetic problem revers the telescope reversible environmental impact reversible level tube 1313 1314 1315 1316 reversible reaction river bed deformation river purification authority road improvement 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 refuse grinding equipment regional development planning regional earthquake prediction 74 1317 1318 rock quality designation (RQD) rock quality factor 1319 rock waste 1320 roll-over protective structure (ROPS) 1321 rolling bucket-hand loader 1322 roof-bolting 1350 section steel drilling 1323 1324 rope pulley survey rotary jet-piercing drill 1351 1352 secure exploitation deepness self excited direct current 1325 rotating biological contactor 1326 (RBC) rotating magnetic field 1353 1354 semiconductor bridge ignition shaft sinking method 1327 1328 rotor axis route control 1355 1356 shaft station shaft survey using polarized 1329 rubber-insulated cables with plastic sheathed jackets rubber tired tractor 1357 1358 light shaking conveyer sharpening stone 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1346 1347 SCBA (sefl-contained breathing apparatus) schedule of occupational diseases 1348 1349 secondary reaction secondary wastewater treatment generator 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1339 1340 1341 run-of-mine (ROM) safe flow velocity safe working procedure safety catch (machine safety) safety distance between trucks safety footwear safety training course salient pole rotor alternating curent generator salt water encroachment samples independent sand quarry 1366 1367 1368 sheathed exploisive shield mining method shot firing lead shovel operating efficiency single phase power factor meters SPL (sound pressure level) structural adjustment programme structure demolition blasting substation control room surface measuring instrument 1342 1343 1344 1345 sand transition sandstone scaled strain intercept scalling law 1369 1370 1371 1372 surface water resources tagging switch tandem wheel scraper tank washing waste 1364 1365 75 1373 1374 1375 tape recording mark target location technical reference 1401 1402 1403 tramminh capacity transformer for furnace transmission coeficient concentration 1404 transport equipment and technological environment impact 1405 machine transverse thrust 1377 tectonic conglomerate 1406 traverse without orientation 1378 temperate deciduous forest 1407 treatment scheme 1379 temporary pollution permission 1408 1409 trench cutting machine triaxial compression 1380 terrain clearance indicator 1381 1382 thermal sludge treatment thermal stratification 1410 1411 trolley wire locomotive tropical ecosystem 1383 three phase delta-connection asynchronous motors 1412 1413 tropical seasonal forest tropical woodland ecosystem 1384 1385 three phase power factor meters tidal power plant 1414 1415 1416 ultimate bearing capacity ultimate pit depth ultimate tensile strength 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 tightly jointed area timber damage toe hole toolroom top breaking topographic anomaly topographic reconnaissance topographic symbol total mineral resources total quality management totallly reflecting prim town ecosystem 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 ultraclean coal ultrahigh frequency radiation ultrasonic inspection ultrasonic thickness gauge uncomplete combustion product unconfined velocity of denotation uncovering coal seam undercutting machine underground disposal of wastewater 1398 1399 1400 toxic industrial sludge traction power traffic noise pollution minimization 1426 1427 1428 1429 1376 appararus 1422 1423 1424 1425 76 underground babour underground mine surveying underwater environment undiscovered mineral 1430 1431 resources uniformly dipping beds unique feature 1460 1461 1462 waste dump site waste management capacity waste radioactive substaince 1432 universal mining machine 1463 waste transfre station 1433 1434 unsafe working procedure unsustainable development 1464 water pollution control administration model 1465 water pumping stations 1435 untreated wastewater 1466 water quality management 1436 1437 urbanized environment usefull load 1467 1468 water quality sampling station water resources assessment 1438 vacuum pump 1469 waterbearing zone 1439 vaporous air-contaminiting substaince 1470 1471 weather conditions weather radar observation 1440 1441 vegetation pattern vehicle registration 1472 1473 weathering profile weeping spring 1442 1474 1475 1443 ventilation and air conditioning ventilation station weight analysis welding direct current machine 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 vertical alignment vertical control point vertical fault vertical retreat mining (VRM) vertical shifting vertiacal tangent screw volcanic eruption volume decoupling ratio volumetric balancing volumetric strain waak coal wall control blasting 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 wet preparation wet acidic fallout wide spacing blasting wild nature wildness conservation wildlife habitat management wildfile population statistics wind flucuation wind observation woodland ecosystem work-related disease work environmen 1456 1457 1458 1459 washing plant waste conversation waste disposal area waste disposal taxes 1488 1489 1490 1491 workable seam working from top down X-ray analysis xerophilous forest 77 1492 1493 1494 xyloid coal xerophyton xenothermal 1501 1502 young karst zero greenhouse gase emission 1495 xilite 1503 zone of discontinuty 1496 1497 yellow phosphorus yield of broken material 1504 1505 zone of oxidation zoning 1498 yielding prop 1506 zoogenic rock 1499 yielding steel arch 1507 zoology 1500 yolk coal 1508 zymotic 78