Linguistic features of english terminologies on ear, nose, throat and their vietnamese equivalents

2018-2020 (I) MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH LANGUAGE M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES ON EAR, NOSE, THROAT AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ thuật ngữ tiếng Anh Tai, Mũi, Họng tiếng Việt tương đương) NGUYEN THU HIEN NGUYEN THU HIEN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi - 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES ON EAR, NOSE, THROAT AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ thuật ngữ tiếng Anh Tai, Mũi, Họng tiếng Việt tương đương) NGUYEN THU HIEN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que Hanoi - 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES ON EAR, NOSE, THROAT AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Nguyen Thu Hien Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que Date: …………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to lecturers and teaching staffs from Faculty of English, Hanoi Open University, to my colleagues at Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy and my classmates, without whose support and encouragement it would have never been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished This thesis cannot avoid limitation, so I wish to receive comments and opinions to make it better ii ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate English terminologies on Ear, Nose, Throat in the textbook Pocket Tutor Paediatric Clinical Examination by Rossa Brugha, Matko Marlais and Ed Abrahamson and their Vietnamese equivalents The analysis was based on 90 terminologies on ear, nose, throat collected in chapter 13 of the textbook The Vietnamese version was translated by a group of doctors and students at Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy The collected terminologies were divided and analyzed in terms of morphological, lexical, and syntactic features Two research approaches of quantitative and qualitative are employed in this study After the data are collected and processed, the features of terminologies in terms of morphological, lexical, and syntactic features are quantitatively described by means of statistic tables and figures to show their distribution and percentage The results are then discussed and interpreted qualitatively to determine some notable features Next, contrastive analysis is used to discover the similarity and difference between the English terms and their Vietnamese translation This study looked at how some of the most commonly used ENT terms are constructed and how this may facilitate the building of a wider medical vocabulary for medical students In addition, this study also examined the specific features of medical English in an effort to clearly delineate medical English for curricular and instructional purposes Specifically, the linguistic features that characterize medical English are explored This exploration relies on corpus linguistic data collected from this study in order to examine specific morphological, lexical and syntactic features of medical English The findings suggest that medical English can be characterized as a legitimate register of English with the linguistic features of proportional specialized medical vocabulary iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS BMI BSE CT CV Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Body Mass Index Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or so-called mad cow disease Computed Tomography Cardiovascular EMA European Medicines Agency ENT Ear, Nose, Throat Fld Fluid HCV Hepatitis C virus HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus MRI NGOs NPs Magnetic Resonance Image Non-governmental Organizations Noun Phrases WHO World Health Organization iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 3.1 ENT terminologies divided based on the use Figure 3.2 ENT terminologies divided in terms of morphology Figure 3.3 ENT terminologies divided in terms of lexicology Figure 3.4 Noun and Noun Phrase Terminologies Figure 3.5 ENT terminologies divided in terms of syntax Table Terminologies on painful ear Table Terminologies on sore throat Table Terminologies on epistaxis Table Terminologies on ENT examination Table 5.1 List of ENT terminologies sorted based on the suffix Table 5.2 List of ENT terminologies sorted based on the suffix Table List of synonyms on ENT terminologies Table List of metaphors on ENT terminologies v 30 31 32 33 34 x xi xii xiii xiii xiv xv xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Acknowledgements Abstract List of abbreviations List of tables and figures Table of contents i ii iii iv v vi Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study 1 2 3 4 Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Terminology 2.2.1 General theory of terminology 2.2.2 Types of terminology 2.3 Terminology in Medicine 2.3.1 Overview of medical terminology 2.3.2 Linguistic features of medical English 2.3.2.1 Morphology 2.3.2.2 Lexicology 2.3.2.3 Syntax 2.4 Research sources of terminologies 2.4.1 English textbook 2.4.2 Vietnamese translation 6 12 12 14 14 16 18 23 23 23 vi 2.5 Summary 25 Chapter METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research approach 3.2 Methods of the study 3.3 Data collection and data analysis 3.3.1 Data collection 3.3.2 Data analysis 3.4 Summary 27 28 29 29 29 34 Chapter COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES ON ENT AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 4.1 English terminologies on ENT and their Vietnamese equivalents 36 in terms of morphology 4.2 English terminologies on ENT and their Vietnamese equivalents 39 in terms of lexicology 4.3 English terminologies on ENT and their Vietnamese equivalents 44 in terms of syntax 4.4 Summary 47 Chapter CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation 5.2 Implications of the findings 5.3 Limitation of the research 5.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for further research 49 51 51 52 REFERENCES viii APPENDICES x vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale English may not be the most spoken language in the world, but it is the official language of 53 countries and spoken by around 400 million people across the globe As a medium of international communication in several spheres, including science and technology, English has largely replaced-on a global scale Being able to speak English is not just about being able to communicate with native English speakers; it is the most common second language in the world The English language may become very important when it comes to communicating with coworkers, bosses, and patients in a hospital or other medical setting In the last century, the number of scientific papers written in English has started to outweigh the number of papers written in the native language of the researcher In the Netherlands, for example, the ratio is a surprising 40 to For this reason, having knowledge of English is incredibly important to those working in the scientific field Furthermore, being fluent in English while living in a country where it is the primary language could help medical staff save a life in the medical profession It is never known when a certain symptom can help medical staff better diagnose someone with an unknown and complicated disease With a good grasp of English, medical staff will understand when a patient is in pain and what type of pain they may have Medical staff will also understand what they may need at any particular moment This way, the English language will help medical staff improve a patient‘s treatment and care for their patients in better ways This study focuses on the English used in one of the important medical specialties, Otolaryngology which is focused on the ears, nose, and throat (ENT) It is also called otolaryngology-head and neck surgery because specialists are trained in both medicine and surgery This medical specialty dates back to the 19th century, when doctors recognized that the head and neck contained a series of interconnected systems Doctors developed techniques and tools for examining and CHAPTER CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation Appropriate use of medical terminology is one of the core conditions for successful communication in monolingual and multilingual healthcare communities Medical terminology is diverse not only in terms of the obvious differences between languages, but also due to differences between registers or communication channels Some features of medical terminology can be observed across languages: Latin and Greek influences, affixation (e.g dermatitis, conjunctivitis, gastritis and also fail-failed-failure) eponymy (e.g Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease) or the doublet phenomenon – pairs of words of different origins which are used in different registers, e.g swelling – edema, begin – initiate What seems to be particularly problematic for medical translators and writers is adapting their terminological choices to genre-specific and register- specific conventions Lexical units associated with general register, doublets, synonyms, and polysemous terms seem to be in conflict with monoreferentiality On the other hand, there is a strong tendency to avoid polysemy and synonymy, and control medical terminology, which is now to a large extent standardized, especially in regulatory registration and reporting areas The advent of medical information systems plays an important role in increasing standardization and control over medical terminology as term classifications are integrated into healthcare information systems to enable electronic exchange of clinical data Healthcare terminology systems facilitate the diagnosis process, decision-making, reporting etc The present study investigated the differences and similarities between the features of English ENT terminologies in chapter 13 of the English textbook Pocket Tutor Paediatric Clinical Examination by Rossa Brugha, Matko Marlais and Ed Abrahamson and their Vietnamese equivalents The data used for the present study consists of ninety ENT terminologies collected in chapter 13 This study examined the specific features of ENT terms in an effort to clearly delineate medical English for curricular and instructional purposes Specifically, the linguistic features that characterize medical English are explored This exploration relies on corpus linguistic data collected from this study in order to examine morphological, lexical and syntactic features of medical English Many ENT terms 49 (e.g lymphadenopathy, mastoiditis, and aetiology) are incomprehensible or barely so for many laypeople as these terms are outside their regular daily vocabulary, depending on their socio-economic background and life experience Most of ENT vocabulary is used specifically to describe diseases and medical signs and symptoms, and some add precision or solemnity to descriptions of human body parts and healthcare equipment Due to the analysis, the suffix –itis is the most widely used because –itis refers mostly to the diseases or conditions which is fit to the previous conclusion Hence, this study looked at how some of the most commonly used terms are constructed and how this may facilitate the building of a wider medical vocabulary for medical students There are some synonyms and metaphors used indicate the variety of medical vocabulary Besides, most of the collected terms are made up of one or two words, while the longer the other terms are, the fewer they are The findings suggest that medical English can be characterized as a legitimate register of English with the linguistic features of proportional specialized medical vocabulary In conclusion, the English ENT terminologies have the same meaning and usage to the Vietnamese translation despite some minor differences which not affect the whole meaning of the text Overall, medical terminology is the special vocabulary developed over time for use by physicians to ―accurately describe the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science-based manner.‖ Medical terminology has also been defined as ―the science which deals with the investigation, arrangement and construction of medical terms.‖ It is this second definition that has developed the corpus described in the first definition, the roots of which can be found in the historical records of medical history Although the history of medicine is quite long, virtually as long as human history itself, modern medical terminology rests primarily upon a Greek and Roman foundation Many more medical words are often cobbled together from two or more building blocks, also derived mainly from Greek or Latin origins, along with many prefixes and suffixes that form the components of many polysyllabic medical terms The English terminologies form about three quarters of all written and printed materials of the medicine While general language serves all of its users, the 50 language of science in general and medicine in particular requires a certain level of scientific education because the terms as names of certain concepts only indicate their meaning Only medical staff knows their exact meaning Terminologies in ENT deserve an appropriate attention because the terms become successively an important part of medical language Between medical language and the terminology on ENT, there is a very close relationship From the linguistic viewpoint, the research of ENT terminology is much more interesting thanks to its variability and colorfulness Many of our examples are intentiously taken from otolaryngology, because it is an important branch of medicine without standardized terminology Only a few of specialized ENT dictionaries are available either in English or in Vietnamese This terminology is in a process of its development and many interesting phenomena can be observed there 5.2 Concluding remarks Based on the analysis on the selected ENT terms in the two versions, some concluding remarks are given The terms used to describe the human body and its various parts, symptoms, diseases, health problems, and health care equipment This study looked at how some of the most commonly used terms are constructed and how this may facilitate the building of a wider medical vocabulary for medical students In addition, this study also examined the specific features of medical English in an effort to clearly delineate medical English for curricular and instructional purposes The study also reveals that in some particular situations, English ENT terms give more details than their translation; therefore, in different situation, English terms are translated into two Vietnamese translations to express more exactly However, these minor differences which not affect the whole meaning of the text Overall, in most of the cases, the English ENT terminologies have the same meaning and usage to the Vietnamese translation 5.3 Limitation of the research Although this study provided a detailed analysis of ENT English terminologies in a comparison with their Vietnamese translation, there are several 51 limitations of the study that need to be pointed out It is essential to consider the limitation of using corpus-based linguistics as methodology Concerning the corpus used in the present study, due to time constraints, we can only consider ninety terminologies related in ENT in chapter 13 of the whole book Because of the smallness in corpus size, the finding may hardly be representative to account for the general development of use of ENT terminology in particular and medical English in general Secondly, this study focuses only on several aspects of linguistic features In terms of morphology, the study concerns how a medical term is made up of prefix, root and suffix Meanwhile, only pairs of synonyms are studied in terms of lexicology In terms of syntax, the author pays attention on word formation, how noun phrases are built Another limitation specific to the present study was the lack of unified medical terminology which would presumably have an impact on the results Lack of unified medical terminology is seen especially nowadays when the computers have entered into medicine and when faultless international communication is required The use of ENT medical terminologies may largely differ depending on the type of text and on the level of assumed shared information between the target reader and the writer For example, in articles found in Scientific American and Le Scienze (medium- level interspecialist popular science magazines), a familiarity with some of the basic concepts of medicine is taken for granted, whereas in articles published by popular science magazines, such as National Geographic, the writer needs to explain the scientific concept in a more direct and thus comprehensible way 5.4 Recommendations for further research It is impossible to claim that patients are at the centre of their own health care or to empower patients if they not understand information directed at them In this context, the concept of health literacy is important: ―Health literacy represents the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health‖ (WHO 1998: 10) Increasingly, research within health communication has been focused on the concept of health literacy, which emphasizes the act that even among laymen, ability to understand health-related 52 information ranges from no health literacy, to functional health literacy, to interactive In practical terms, recommendations are put forward in regard to possible ways to fit the explicit teaching of medical English into the Research Methodology course as well as to promote effective learning Within medical translation/health communication, more research is needed for at least two reasons: first to document the translations which may well be successful as far as the interlingual denotative meaning is concerned, but which fail to reach the layman target group by failing to carry out the intralingual part of the translation; and second: to explore more in depth why the target group is not met Perhaps, the intralingual aspect of expert-to-lay medical translation should also to a larger degree be incorporated in the training of future medical translators In general, medical students need to take a systematic approach to medical word building and term comprehension In order to facilitate the building of this knowledge, students will first need to become familiar with the most common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes Being able to decoding medical term is an important skill that medical students need to master early in their studies If students can learn and understand the origins of medical terms and realize that complex words are just an assembly of smaller components, then building a medical vocabulary becomes much easier Once students gain experience in the process of examining and decoding medical terminology, the process begins to make sense and become easier Although the process of learning medical terminology is challenging, as with any new language, it is an attainable goal once the basic rules are learned and put into practice In Vietnam, medical English as a specific target language use domain has been of high need to Vietnamese doctors and college medical students It is mainly used for publishing research articles in international medical journals and presenting at international medical conferences For this reason, the study of linguistic characteristics of medical English will benefit Vietnamese doctors and medical students in their efforts to learn English in the field of medicine Nevertheless, ―medical English‖ is recognized as a concentration of study as part of the English major at some universities in Vietnam Seminars on English medical terminology are an obligatory part of teaching programs in the first academic year at Hai Phong 53 university of medicine and pharmacy Meanwhile, in other colleges, medical students just learn generic English due to a lack of a clear operational definition of ―medical English‖ The problem arises when colleges and universities purport to teach ―medical English‖ to their students in the field of medicine because their curricula can have high variance and instructors have no guidance for ―medical English‖ Under the circumstance, this study examines the specific features of medical English in an effort to clearly delineate medical English for curricular and instructional purposes Specifically, the linguistic features that characterize medical English are explored This exploration relies on corpus linguistic data collected from this study in order to examine four specific lexical and syntactic features of medical English The procedure was executed manually and by hand The findings suggest that medical English can be characterized as a legitimate register of English with the linguistic features of proportional specialized medical vocabulary, nominalization, passivation, and sentence complexity Instructors of English are pedagogically recommended to pay attention to specialized medical terminology and nominalized forms, introduce metaphors and synonyms, and focus on word structure when teaching English to medical students Thus, if medical students can acquire some understanding of the linguistic structure and components that form the basis of common medical terms, they will find the task of acquiring them much easier 54 REFERENCES a) Books Prof Dr Ngo Ngoc Lien (2009) Ear-Nose-Throat Terminology Dictionary Medical Publisher, Ha Noi New Era – Dictionary specialized editing board (2010) EnglishVietnamese Medical Dictionary Medical Publisher, Ho Chi Minh Rossa Brugha, Matko Marlais, Ed Abrahamson (2012) Paediatric Clinical Examination JP Medical Publishers, UK Paediatric club, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy (2018) Sổ tay kỹ khám lâm sàng Nhi khoa, for internal circulation only Hai Phong, first edition R.E Lankamp (1988) A study on the Effect of Terminology on L2 reading Comprehension, should specialist terms in medical texts be avoided? Rodopi, illustrated Renáta Panocová (2017) The Vocabulary of Medical English: A Corpus-based Study Cambridge Scholars Publishing Biber D., Johansson S., Leech G., Conrad S., Finnegan E (1999) The Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Longman, London Mishler E G (1984) The discourse of Medicine Dialectics of Medical Interviews Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood b) Essays in Journals Kirsten Packeiser (2009) The general theory of terminology: A literature review and a critical discussion Denmark 10 Stephen B Johnson, PhD (1999) A Semantic Lexicon for Medical Language Processing Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA, 01 May 1999, Pages 205-218 c) Essays in Handbooks 11 D‘Angelo MC, Humphreys KR, Li T and Young ME (2017) The Impact of Medical Terminology in Self-Triage Decision-Making Front Commun 2:6 doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2017.00006 d) Newspaper Articles viii 12 Nguyen Thuy Nga, PhD (2014) Motivations behind the trend of using English original orthography in a Vietnamese magazine Language and Life magazine, No 12 (230), 2014 13 Franỗoise Salager-Meyer (1990) Metaphors in Medical English Prose: A Comparative Study with French and Spanish Elsevier Ltd, Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 145-159 14 Antoinette M Fage‐Butler, PhD, Associate Professor and Matilde Nisbeth Jensen, PhD (2016) Medical terminology in online patient– patient communication: evidence of high health literacy? Health Expect 2016, Volume 19, Issue 3, Pages 643-653 e) Websites 15 Joseph Constance, MA Common Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) Procedures https://www.news-medical.net/health/Common-Ear-NoseThroat-(ENT)-Procedures.aspx , last visited on 20 December, 2019 16 Otorhinolaryngology (ear, nose and throat surgery, ENT) https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/rolesdoctors/surgery/otorhinolaryngology-ear-nose-and-throat-surgery-ent , last visited on 23 December, 2019 17 Tổng hợp thuật ngữ tiếng Anh chuyên ngành y – Từ viết tắt y học https://viettranslation.com.vn/vi/tin-tuc/tai-lieu-tieng-anh/tong-hopthuat-ngu-tieng-anh-chuyen-nganh-y-tu-viet-tat-y-hoc , last visited on 28 December, 2019 18 Department of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery https://www.augusta.edu/mcg/otolaryngology/education/glossary.php , last visited on January, 2020 19 https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ 20 Dircks J.H., 2005 Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology, http://stedmansoline com/webFiles/Dict-Stedmans28/APP04.pdf , last visited on January, 2020 ix APPENDICES Table Terminologies on painful ear English terminologies on ENT Vietnamese translation a Acute otitis media Acute otitis media Viêm tai Sore ear Đau tai Ear infections Viêm tai Ciliary dyskinesia Rối loạn vận động nhung mao Body Tympanic membrane Màng nhĩ parts Jaw Quai hàm Fever Sốt Diseases Vomiting Signs and Localizing pain Symptoms Off the food Nôn mửa Đau khu trú Bỏ ăn Dizziness Sự chóng mặt b Otitis externa Diseases Otitis externa Viêm ống tai Body Pinna (earlobe) Loa tai parts Ear canal Ống tai Swollen Sưng phồng Red Đỏ Oedematous Phù nề Crusty Mụn nhọt Signs and symptoms c Mastoiditis Mastoiditis Viêm xương chũm Local osteomyelitis Viêm xương chỗ Meningitis Viêm màng não Venous Thrombosis Huyết khối tĩnh mạch Body parts Mastoid Xương chũm Sternomastoid muscle Cơ ức xương đòn Signs and symptoms Inflammation Viêm Tender Mềm, dễ gãy Diseases x d Otitis media with effusion Otitis media with effusion Viêm tai ứ mủ Chronic serous otitis media Viêm tai mạn tính dịch Body Ear drum Màng nhĩ parts Tympanic membranes Màng nhĩ Acute infection Nhiễm trùng cấp tính Diseases Signs and symptoms Table Terminologies on painful ear English terminologies on ENT Vietnamese translation a Tonsillitis Diseases Signs and symptoms Tonsillitis Viêm amidan Aetiology Bệnh cảnh Viral upper respiratory tract infection Nhiễm vi rút đường hô hấp Glandular fever Sốt tuyến Scarlet fever Sốt tinh hồng nhiệt Fever Sốt Sore throat Đau họng Vomiting Nơn ói Lethargy Li bì Exudate Tiết dịch Second tender cervical lymphadenopathy Hạch lympho mềm thứ phát cổ Cough Ho Coryza (Runny nose) Chảy nước mũi Skin rashes Phát ban Red lips and tongue (strawberry tongue) Môi lưỡi đỏ (lưỡi dâu) b Croup Diseases Croup Ho Epiglottitis Viêm nắp quản xi Larynx Thanh quản Body Trachea Khí quản parts Throat Họng Epiglottis Nắp quản Stridor Thở rít Signs and symptoms Table 3.3 Terminologies on epistaxis English terminologies on ENT Vietnamese translation a Mucosal trauma Diseases Body parts Signs and symptoms Epistaxis Chảy máu mũi Nosebleeds Chảy máu mũi Mucosal trauma Tổn thương niêm mạc Rhinitis Viêm mũi Nasal mucosa Niêm mạc mũi Bony bridge Cầu xương Prone Mỏng sung nề b Systemic coagulopathy Diseases Signs and symptoms Systemic coagulopathy Bệnh đông máu hệ thống Blood clotting cascade Máu chảy máu đông Haemophilia Bệnh lý đông máu hệ thống Easy bruising Dễ bầm tím Bone or joint pain Đau xương khớp Coagulopathy Bệnh đông máu c Foreign body in the nose Equipment Probe Đầu dò Suction Máy hút Xoăn mũi Body parts Nasal turbinate xii Table Terminologies on ENT examination English terminologies on ENT Vietnamese translation a Ear examination Cervical lymphadenopathy Hệ thống bạch huyết cổ Occiput Xương chẩm Signs and Crusting Vảy cứng symptoms Ooze Dịch rỉ Pus Mủ Debris Mảnh vụn Body parts b Nose examination Body parts Signs and symptoms Mucosa Niêm mạc Nasal septum Vách ngăn mũi Nasal turbinate Cuốn mũi Trauma Chấn thương Allergic Dị ứng Prominent Lồi lên Boggy Nhầy nhụa Oedematous Phù nề c Throat examination Equipment Diseases Signs and symptoms Wooden tongue depressor Thanh gỗ đè lưỡi Infectious mononucleosis Bệnh tăng bạch cầu đơn nhân nhiễm khuẩn Pharyngitis Viêm họng Vesicular blister Mụn nước nhỏ Petechiae Chấm xuất huyết Foetor (bad breath) Hôi miệng Swab Giả mạc Table 5.1 ENT terminologies classified in terms of morphology No Terminologies Prefix Root Suffix Ot- -itis Otitis (n) xiii Vietnamese translation Viêm tai Mastoiditis (n) Osteomyelitis (n) Meningitis (n) Mastoid- Viêm xương -itis chũm -itis Viêm xương Mening- -itis Viêm màng não Tonsillitis (n) Tonsil- -itis Viêm amiđan Epiglottitis (n) Epiglottis- -itis Rhinitis (n) Rhin- -itis Viêm mũi Pharyngitis (n) Pharyn- -itis Viêm họng Lymphadenopathy (n) 10 Coagulopathy (n) 11 Aetiology (n) 12 Mononucleosis (n) 13 Thrombosis (n) 14 Glandular (adj) 15 Oedematous (adj) 16 Sternomastoid (n) 17 Haemophilia (n) Oste- -mye- Lympha- -aden- Viêm nắp quản -pathy Hạch bạch huyết Coagul- -pathy Bệnh đông máu Aeti- -ology Bệnh cảnh -sis Bệnh tăng bạch cầu đơn nhân Thrombo- -sis Huyết khối Gland- -ular Tuyến Oedema- -ous Phù nề Mono- Nucleo- Stern- -mastoid Haemo- -philia Cơ ức xương địn Bệnh lý đơng máu Table 5.2 ENT terminologies classified in terms of morphology 1st Root Terms Sternomastoid (combining form) 2nd Root Definition Sterno -mastoid Long muscles that connect the sternum, clavicle, and sternum Haemo Haemophilia mastoid mastoid -philia connected something, connected with with an attraction that blood is not considered xiv A medical condition that causes severe loss of blood from even a slight injury because the blood fails to normal clot normally Table List of synonyms on ENT terminologies Synonyms Vietnamese translation A middle ear infection, also called otitis media, occurs when a virus or bacteria cause Otitis media Middle ear infection Definition Viêm tai the area behind the eardrum to become inflamed The external part of the ear in humans and Pinna Ống tai other mammals; the auricle A soft, rounded fleshy part hanging from the Earlobe lower margin of the ear A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to Inflammation Viêm injury or infection The process of infecting or the state of being Infection infected A membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound Ear drum Tympanic membranes Coryza Màng nhĩ vertebrates it forms the eardrum, between the outer and middle ear Catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, caused especially by Chảy nước mũi Runny nose Croup waves In humans and other higher a cold or by hay fever (of a person's nose) producing or discharging mucus Ho Inflammation of the larynx and trachea in xv children, associated with infection and causing breathing difficulties A condition of the respiratory organs Cough causing coughing Epistaxis Chảy máu mũi Nosebleeds Bleeding from the nose Coagulopathy (also called a bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood's Coagulopathy ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired Bệnh lý đông máu A medical condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from Haemophilia even a slight injury The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor, most often factor VIII Foetor Hôi miệng Bad breath A strong, foul smell A condition marked by pain in the throat, typically caused by inflammation due to a Sore throat 10 Viêm họng cold or other virus Inflammation of the pharynx, causing a sore Pharyngitis throat Table List of metaphors on ENT terminologies English terminologies Vietnamese translation Strawberry tongue Lưỡi dâu Bony bridge Cầu xương Nasal turbinate Cuốn mũi xvi ... English terminologies on ENT and their Vietnamese equivalents 36 in terms of morphology 4.2 English terminologies on ENT and their Vietnamese equivalents 39 in terms of lexicology 4.3 English terminologies. .. entitled LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES ON EAR, NOSE, THROAT AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English. ..MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGIES ON EAR, NOSE, THROAT AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (Đặc điểm ngôn