Linguistic features of english and vietnamese newspaper headlines in voa news

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES IN VOA NEWS (Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ tiêu đề báo tiếng Anh tiếng Việt VOA News) LE THI MAI THU Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr Dang Ngoc Huong Hanoi, 2020 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NEWSPAPER HEADLINES IN VOA NEWS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2020 Le Thi Mai Thu Approved by SUPERVISOR Dr Đang Ngoc Huong Date: 28/11/2020 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of this work, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contribution from many people First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr Dang Ngoc Huong for his useful advice and encouragement while I was working on the thesis I would also like to express my sincere thanks to all my teachers in M.A course at the Faculty of Graduate studies, Hanoi Open University, for their useful lectures, advice and suggestions Finally, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my family for their love, encouragement and support Without this, the completion of this study would be impossible ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Table of contents iii Abstract vi List of abbreviations vii List of tables and figures viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1.Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of Previous Studies 2.2 Theoretical Background 12 2.2.1 Linguistic features 12 2.2.1.1 Nouns 12 2.2.1.2 Verbs 14 2.2.1.3 Deletion in headlines 14 2.2.2 Syntactic features 15 2.2.2.1 Structural headline types 16 2.2.2.2 Sentential headlines 16 iii 2.2.2.3 Non-sentential headlines 19 2.2.2.4 Functional headline types 21 2.2.3 Overview of newspaper headlines 23 2.2.1.1 Online newspapers 23 2.2.1.2 Online newspaper headlines 24 2.2.1.3 Definition of newspaper headlines 24 2.2.1.4 Functions of newspaper headlines 25 2.2.1.5 Types of headlines in terms of functions 28 2.2.1.6 Roles of newspaper headlines 29 2.2.1.7 Language of newspaper headlines 30 2.2.1.8 Language structures of English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines 31 2.2.1.9 General introduction to VOA News 32 2.3 Summary 32 Chapter 3: LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 34 NEWSPAPER HEADLINES 3.1 Lexical features of English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines 34 3.1.1 Parts of speech 34 3.1.1.1 Nouns 35 3.1.1.2 Verbs 36 3.1.2 Deletion in headlines 39 3.1.2.1 Deletion of word “be” 39 3.1.2.2 Deletion of word “say” 39 3.1.3 Headline length 40 3.1.4 Differences between English-Vietnamese newspaper headlines 40 3.1.5 Similarities between English-Vietnamese newspaper headlines 41 3.2 Syntactic features of English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines 41 3.2.1 Structural headline types 41 iv 3.2.1.1 Sentential headlines 42 3.2.1.2 Simple sentence headlines 43 3.2.1.3 Multiple sentence headlines 44 3.2.1.4 Non-sentential headlines 44 3.2.1.5 Non-finite clauses 45 3.2.1.6 Verbless clauses 46 3.2.1.7 Phrases 46 3.2.2 Functional headline types 47 3.2.3 Differences between English-Vietnamese newspaper headlines 48 3.2.4 Similarities between English-Vietnamese newspaper headlines 48 3.3 Implications 49 3.3.1 Implications for journalistic teaching 49 3.3.2 Implications for translation teaching 49 3.4 Summary 50 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 51 4.1 Recapitulation 51 4.2 Concluding remarks 51 4.3 Limitation of the study 53 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 53 References 55 Appendix 60 v ABSTRACT The thesis aims at unravelling salient linguistic features of a non-native variety of English as used in a different text type - that is headline From this point, the thesis addresses the headlines of English and Vietnamese news lexically and syntactically from a contrastive perspective To meet the above aims, this study attempts to compare and contrast news headlines in English and Vietnamese language published in an American news site to figure out the types, the roles of lexical and syntactic features of newspaper headlines The second, some differences and similarities between newspaper headlines of the two languages will be discovered The last portion of the study is intended to analyze the implications of the findings to language teaching and translating The thesis is also hoped to present further insights on how headlines are constructed and provide basis for more studies on the genre In order to accomplish the aims of the research, the qualitative approach will be first used The following is quantitative approach The last one is a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches The study employs three main methods namely data collecting and material analysis research method, descriptive research method, and contrastive method The findings from the study hopefully will benefit not only translators of the two languages but also teachers and researchers who are interested in the issue Criticism and comments are welcome for more profession of the thesis vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A: Adverb C: Complement Eng: English O: Object S: Subject V: Verb Viet: Vietnamese VOA: Voice of America vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1 Types of simple sentences with examples from the corpora 17 Table 3.1 Frequency of different parts of speech in English and 34 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.2 Frequency of nouns in English and Vietnamese corpora 35 Table 3.3 Frequency of tense and aspect in English and Vietnamese 36 corpora Table 3.4 Frequency of active and passive voice in English and 37 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.5 Frequency of dynamic and static verbs in English and 38 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.6 Frequency of verb syllables in English and Vietnamese 38 corpora Table 3.7 Frequency of the verb “be” deletion in English and 39 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.8 Frequency of deletion of the verb “say” in English and 40 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.9 The length of English and Vietnamese corpora 40 Table 3.10 Frequency of structural headline types in the English and 42 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.11 Frequency of sentential headlines in the English and 43 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.12 Frequency of simple headline types in the English and 43 Vietnamese corpora viii Table 3.13 Frequency of multiple headline types in the English and 44 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.14 Frequency of non-sentential headlines in the English and 45 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.15 Frequency of non-finite clauses in the English and 46 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.16 Frequency of phrasal headline types in English and 46 Vietnamese corpora Table 3.17 Frequency of functional headlines in English and Vietnamese 47 corpora ix Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation The study is an attempt to compare and contrast news headlines in English and Vietnamese language published in VOA – an American news website to figure out the types, the roles, the characteristics of lexical and syntactic features of newspaper headlines, and then discover some differences and similarities between newspaper headlines of the two languages The last portion of the study is intended to analyze the implications of the findings to language teaching and translating During the process of carrying out this research, these objectives have been usually paid much attention to with the aim to achieve all Employing descriptive and contrastive research methods, the study has been analyzed and compared each linguistic feature in both English and Vietnamese selected news headlines During the process of analyzing the data, the concrete computational statistics have been done for each characteristic Besides, the comments aiming at comparing the two languages have been also presented From the results with the major findings in the lexical and syntactic features of headlines, some pedagogical implications in teaching journalistic English as well as teaching translation have been given 4.2 Concluding remarks The major findings of the study include the lexical and syntactic differences and similarities between English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines in VOA news As for the former, the two languages used in headlines are different in the use of acronyms and abbreviations, English headlines tend to use them more than Vietnamese ones It is the same with the use of adverbs and prepositions Moreover, frequent omissions of certain words such as articles, verb “be”, 51 "and", "people/person", "pronoun", "that" were major features of English headlines Also, the use of tenses is different In Vietnamese headlines adverbs of time are used to indicate the time of an action, the verb form does not agree with the subject like in English The English and Vietnamese headlines are lexically similar with a dominant use of nouns, active voice and present tense As for the latter, the study discovers that in English headlines, complex headlines are used quite frequently, however, it is opposite in Vietnamese headlines In English headlines, it can be explored various forms of non-finite clauses, in which past participle form after subject, “to infinitive” form after subject, are used with quite a high frequency These forms make headlines shortened and still ensure the tense and aspect meanings (past, future or in progress) In Vietnamese headlines, non-finite clauses can be found more than in English headlines All of these contain verbs at initial position of the clause Some words such as đã, sẽ, etc or adverbs sometimes are supplemented in order to denote time, to add more information or to express the reporters’ attitude Many English headlines appear as verbless clauses, whereas, this type cannot be found in Vietnamese headlines Besides, it can be seen that the frequency of using sentential headlines account for the most in both English and Vietnamese samples The writers of the two languages used a great number of simple sentences with SVOA structure as the most frequent occurrence Despite of accounting for a not-very-high percentage of non-sentential headlines in the corpora, phrases appear as typical of headline language The phrasal headlines found were equal in both English and Vietnamese samples in which nominal ones outnumbered of any other types Statement headlines are the most frequent 52 kind in newspapers because they fulfill one of the functions of headlines which is to inform the reader of what the article is about It can be said that the application of contrastive analysis is really wide, especially in language teaching It is very useful in the sense of comparing two languages which help teachers easily transfer knowledge and help learners acquire it quickly Therefore, this study, to some extent, has contributed to the vivid world of contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese This study which concentrates on the lexical and syntactic characteristics of newspaper headlines will hopefully bring about useful knowledge for those who care about the field particularly the Vietnamese teachers of English 4.3 Limitation of the study This study, whose scope is the headlines taken from VOA – an online newspaper – in a five-day corpus, generally answer the research questions given and achieve the objectives set before However, it has some limitations that should be taken into consideration in further studies First of all, the number of headlines should be more in order to have more sufficient data; second, if the headlines were taken from many different sources, the results could be more significantly influenced Third, the research questions were not answered on the base of cultural differences One more thing, syntactic features of headlines were analyzed and grouped in details, however, it was not explained why these types of groups were formed and due to which situation that these headlines were classified 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research An important implication for foreign language teaching has been drawn out from the results of this study as it can give a source of helpful material to the 53 teachers of English Future researches can shed some light on the features of English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines from some other grammar school perspective such as functional or cognitive grammar To journalists it is possible to pay great attention to the choice of word and structure when writing headlines in order to get their readers To translators, a study on lexical and syntactic features in English and Vietnamese headlines helps to translate headlines without difficulties and misunderstanding even when headlines not accompany with the content of the articles Therefore, a profound understanding of linguistic features in English electronic newspaper headlines will certainly make a great help for translators in their work This thing is very important because it can decide the quality of translating versions is correct or incorrect If translators master distinctive characteristics of headline language, headlines translation will become much smoother and easier The author would like to encourage ones who are interested in the study on headline language, especially in linguistic features of headlines to carry studying under the following aspects:  Cultural influence on newspaper headline  Collocations or idiomatic expressions in newspaper headlines  Ambiguity in English and Vietnamese newspaper headlines 54 REFERENCES In English: Abdulla, M.A & Salih, Y.M., (2012) Linguistic Features of Newspaper Headlines In Journal of Al Anbar University for Language and Literature Issue: 7-year Retrieved from 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Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt, Tập Nhà xuất Giáo dục Diệp Quang Ban (2009) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt, Tập Nhà xuất giáo dục Cao Xuân Hạo (1991) Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội Vũ Quang Hào (2001) Ngơn ngữ báo chí Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Trần Thị Thu Hiền (2012) Đặc điểm tiêu đề văn báo chí Luận văn thạc sỹ Đại học Vinh Trần Thị Thanh Thảo (2009) Đặc điểm tiêu đề văn thể loại tin tức Luận văn thạc sỹ Đại học sư phạm thành phố Hồ Chí Minh 59 APPENDIX LIST OF HEADLINES No English newspaper headlines Date Pentagon: New Photos Offer More Proof Iran Attacked Oil Tankers Last Week 17/6/2019 US Calls Iran Plan to Surpass Uranium Stockpile Limit 'Nuclear Blackmail' 17/6/2019 US Firms: China Tariffs Will Raise Costs, with Few Sourcing Alternatives 17/6/2019 White House Briefings Should Resume, Says Trump’s First Press Secretary 17/6/2019 Trump's Mixed Record in Keeping His Campaign Pledges 17/6/2019 Despite Polls, Trump Claims He Leads 2020 Democratic Contenders 17/6/2019 Virginia 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at 20 Candidates; De Blasio and Bennet In 14/6/2019 37 Turkey to Retaliate Against any US Sanctions Over S-400 Deal 14/6/2019 61 38 Indian Court Orders Release of Journalist 13/6/2019 39 Experts: LinkedIn Spy Used AI-Generated Face to Connect with Targets 13/6/2019 40 India Plans to Set Up Space Station 13/6/2019 41 NY State Bars Religion as an Excuse Against Vaccines 13/6/2019 42 US: Iran Removed Unexploded Mine from Oil Tanker 13/6/2019 43 China Extends Anti-Dumping Duties on Some Steel Products from US, EU 13/6/2019 44 Pence Calls for Repairing Parks with Energy Revenues 13/6/2019 45 US Blames Iran for Attacks on Oil Tankers in Gulf of Oman 13/6/2019 46 Scores of FBI's Foreign Witnesses, Informants Have Gone Missing 13/6/2019 47 US Congressman's Wife Admits to Misusing Campaign Funds 13/6/2019 48 South Carolina Man Who Killed His Five Children Sentenced to Death 13/6/2019 49 Trump Says Neither Iran nor US Ready to Make a Deal 13/6/2019 50 US, Guatemala Close to Deal to Block Central 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TQ 17/6/2019 Ngoại trưởng Pompeo: Mỹ không muốn chiến tranh với Ỉan 17/6/2019 Khoảnh khắc voi tập sở thú Bỉ 17/6/2019 Huawei thừa nhận lệnh cấm Mỹ gây tổn hại nhiều dự kiến 17/6/2019 Chủ tịch TQ thăm Triều Tiên theo lời mời lãnh tụ Kim 17/6/2019 Ấn Độ: hàng chục người chết nắng nóng 17/6/2019 Trung Quốc ‘mạnh mẽ hậu thuẫn’ lãnh đạo Hồng Kông 17/6/2019 10 Thủ lĩnh biểu tình Hồng Kơng tù, kêu gọi lãnh đạo từ chức 17/6/2019 11 Thêm 246 người Việt làm việc bất hợp pháp bị bắt Đài Loan 17/6/2019 12 Iran dọa vi phạm thỏa thuận hạt nhân nước không giúp tránh chế tài Mỹ 17/6/2019 13 Ai Cập: Cựu Tổng thống đột tử lúc bị xét xử 17/6/2019 14 Lãnh đạo Hồng Kơng phạm sai lầm đưa luật dẫn độ 17/6/2019 15 Trump giảm viện trợ Trung Mỹ vấn đề di dân 17/6/2019 16 Tiếp viên Việt bị bắt Đài Loan, khách 60 tuổi xông vào địi cưới 17/6/2019 63 17 Việt Nam thức thơng qua luật cấm xuất cảnh với người nợ thuế 17/6/2019 18 Người biểu tình Hồng Kơng u cầu lãnh đạo từ chức 16/6/2019 19 Doanh nghiệp Zimbabwe chê nội tệ, lấy đô Mỹ 16/6/2019 20 Kim Kardashian đến Nhà Trắng vận động tuyển dụng cựu tù nhân 16/6/2019 21 ‘Trượt tuyết’ nhà máy xử lý chất thải 16/6/2019 22 Sỹ quan biên phòng Long An nổ súng gây thương tích tự sát 16/6/2019 23 Tổng thống Mỹ ‘khoe’ máy bay F-35 với Tổng thống Ba Lan 16/6/2019 24 Ấn Độ áp thuế quan trả đũa lên hàng hóa Mỹ kể từ chủ nhật 16/6/2019 25 Nhà thở Đức Bà Paris tổ chức thánh lễ sau hỏa hoạn 16/6/2019 26 Iran nhắc lại tối hậu thư thỏa thuận hạt nhân căng thẳng với Mỹ 15/6/2019 27 Trump giành thắng lợi tòa án lệnh cấm người chuyển giới tính quân đội 15/6/2091 28 Lãnh đạo Hồng Kơng đình vơ thời hạn dự luật dẫn độ 15/6/2019 29 Dân nghèo Venezuela ăn da mỡ chống đói 15/6/2019 30 TQ nói khơng đâm tàu cá Philippnes bỏ chạy, Duterte im tiếng 15/6/2019 31 Ngôn ngữ - thêm thách thức khâu xử lý di dân 15/6/2019 32 Trump đổi lập trường, nói ‘tất nhiên’ báo cáo việc nước ngồi can thiệp bầu cử 15/6/2019 33 Hồng Kơng biểu tình với chiến thuật mới: khơng có lãnh đạo 15/6/2019 34 Ấn Độ đình cảnh sát hành nhà báo 15/6/2019 35 Mỹ hy vọng đạt thỏa thuận di dân với Guatemala 15/6/2019 36 Mỹ cáo buộc Iran đứng sau vụ công tàu chở dầu 15/6/2019 37 Sập cầu TQ, chưa rõ thương vong 15/6/2019 38 Đi dây mạo hiểm Pháp 15/6/2019 64 39 Rớt máy bay qn Khánh Hịa, phi cơng tử nạn 14/6/2019 40 Tàu chiến Nhật cập cảng Cam Ranh, bắt đầu chuyến thăm thức 14/6/2019 41 Nghi phạm vụ thảm sát Christchurch, New Zealand, không nhận tội 14/6/2019 42 TQ triệu tập nhà ngoại giao Mỹ, phê phán phát biểu Hồng Kông 14/6/2019 43 Ngư dân Philippines phản đối TQ đánh bắt ngao khổng lồ Scarborough 14/6/2019 44 Mỹ cáo buộc Iran công tàu chở dầu, Tehran bác bỏ 14/6/2019 45 Iran nói khơng đáng phúc đáp thông điệp Trump 14/6/2019 46 Phát ngơn viên tịa Bạch Ốc từ chức 14/6/2019 47 Mỹ cáo buộc Triều Tiên mua dầu bất hợp pháp 14/6/2019 48 ILO kêu gọi chấm dứt nạn lao động trẻ em 14/6/2019 49 Huawei đăng ký quyền hệ điều hành riêng họ 14/6/2019 50 Ấn Độ có trạm không gian riêng 14/6/2091 51 Ấn – Trung thảo luận tăng cường quan hệ song phương 14/6/2019 52 Hai tàu chở dầu bị công vịnh Oman 14/6/2019 53 Ukraine: Cháy phòng khám tâm thần, người chết 14/6/2019 54 Nga: ‘sẽ trả đũa Mỹ đưa thêm quân sang Ba Lan’ 14/6/2019 55 Kazakhstan: Người biểu tình chống phủ bị khiêng chỗ khác 13/6/2019 56 Cựu Đệ phu nhân Hàn Quốc qua đời, Triều Tiên chia buồn 13/6/2019 57 Trưởng đặc khu Hồng Kông: ‘sao tơi phản bội Hồng Kơng?’ 13/6/2019 58 Nga: Biểu tình ủng hộ ký giả điều tra, hàng trăm người bị bắt 13/6/2019 59 Mexico bán máy bay Tổng thống, tài trợ nỗ lực chặn di dân 13/6/2019 60 Chuyện tình Paris thời chiến 13/6/2019 65 ... traditional newspaper headlines and online newspaper headlines From this point, it can be said that all features of newspaper headlines are true to online newspaper headlines 2.2.3.3 Definition of newspaper. .. Online newspaper headlines 24 2.2.1.3 Definition of newspaper headlines 24 2.2.1.4 Functions of newspaper headlines 25 2.2.1.5 Types of headlines in terms of functions 28 2.2.1.6 Roles of newspaper. .. focuses on some linguistic features lexically and syntactically found in the newspaper headlines in English and Vietnamese in VOA News 120 newspaper headlines in both English and Vietnamese are