Characterize and evaluate pumpkin accessions of vietnam origin in favri trails in winter season 2020 at gia lam ha noi, vietnam

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: CHARACTERIZE AND EVALUATE PUMPKIN ACCESSIONS OF VIETNAM ORIGIN IN FAVRI TRAILS IN WINTER SEASON 2020 AT GIA LAM – HANOI, VIETNAM STUDENT : DO THI LY STUDENT CODE : 611622 CLASS : K61KHCTT SUPERVISOR : DR NGUYEN THI HOA DEPARTMENT : BOTANY Hanoi, 2021 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this paper is my own work All results and data in this thesis are absolutely honest and have not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes All sources used in this paper were cited in references Ha Noi, March 26th , 2021 Student Do Thi Ly i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to people who have been providing me with precious support and advice Firstly, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Thi Hoa, Department of Botany, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for her enthusiastic support, helpful advice, and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis I would also like to express sincere thanks to the lecturers from the Faculty of Agronomy in general and lecturers in the Department of Botany in particular, who taught and created the best conditions for students during the learning process and research Besides, my special thanks go to Mr Hoang Minh Chau working at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute for his technical guidance in the field and in the laboratory Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family and friends who have always been by my side, give me support and strength to complete this graduation thesis ii CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLE vi LIST OF FIGURE vii LIST OF ACRONYMS viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives and requirements 1.2.1 Objectives 1.2.2 Requirements CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Origin, distribution and classification of pumpkins 2.1.1 Origin and distribution of pumpkins 2.2.2 Classification and botanical characteristics of pumpkin 2.3 Growth and development properties of pumpkins 2.3.1 Germination period 2.3.2 Seedling period 2.3.3 Growth period 2.3.4 Flowering and fruiting period 2.3.5 Old age period 2.4 Effects of environmental conditions 2.4.1 Effect of temperature 2.4.2 Effect of light 2.4.3 Effect of water 2.4.4 Effects of soil and nutrients 2.5 Nutritional values of pumpkins iii 2.6 The method of the growing pumpkins 12 2.6.1 Season 12 2.6.2 Sowing seeds 12 2.6.3 Soil 12 2.6.4 Fertilizer 12 2.6.5 Irrigation 13 2.6.6 Pest and disease prevention 13 2.6.7 Harvest 14 2.7 Pumpkin production in the world and in Vietnam 14 2.7.1 Pumpkin production in the world 14 2.7.2 Pumpkin production in Vietnam 17 CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 19 3.1 Research materials 19 3.2 Location and Time of research 20 3.3 Cultural practices 20 3.4 Experimental design 21 3.5 Trait measurements 21 3.6 Evaluate the level of disease 22 3.7 Growth and development indicators 23 3.8 Data analysis 23 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 4.1 Growth and development time of the pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 24 4.1.1 Growth time in nursery stage of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 24 4.1.2 Growth time in the field of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 26 4.2 Seed and fruit characteristics of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 30 4.3 Research results of diseases and pest infestation of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 55 iv 4.4 Yield and yield components of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 58 4.5 Fruit quality of the pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020 60 CHAPER CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 64 5.1 Conclusions 64 5.2 Suggestions 65 REFERENCES 66 APPENDIX 67 v LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1 Pumpkin production in other regions of the world 15 Table 3.1: Pumpkin accessions used for the experiment in winter season 2020 19 Table 3.2: Growth traits of pumpkin accessions in autumn-winter 2020 21 Table 4.1.Growth time in nursery stage of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 24 Table 4.2 Time through stages of growth and development of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 27 Table 4.3 Seed and fruit characteristics of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 30 Table 4.4 Diseases infestation in pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 55 Table 4.5 Yield and yield components of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 58 Table 4.6 Fruit quality of the pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020 61 vi LIST OF FIGURE Figure 4.1 Pod and fruit characteristics of some pumpkin accessions 54 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS FAVRI Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center GSO General Statistic Office of Vietnam viii ABSTRACT This study aimed to select elite pumpkin accessions that are methodically tested in field trials, and disease-resistant high yield accessions are promoted for use in breeding or considered for varietal release The experiment design was arranged in a sequential manner without repeating, each sample planting maximum of 15 plants in the plot The plot size was x 12 m with rows/plot and 12 plants/plot (density: 7.000 plants/ha) The total experiment area was 2.500 m2 A spacing of 4.0 m between rows and 1.0 m between plants was used Results of the evaluation of 60 pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020 showed that: based on the target traits such as growth time, fruit shape, fruit weight, peel color, flesh color, yield improvement, resistance to pests and diseases and fruit quality to advance release and develop working materials By 2020, there will be 286 self-coordinating pumpkins accessions generations I5 Data synthesis through experiments is available in the winter season, the varieties participated in the experiment to select and isolate to create 15 pure pumpkin accessions, of which accessions were highly resistant to powdery mildew disease (BD-4, BD- 8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-23) and 10 pumpkin accessions (BD-2, BD-7, BD-10, BD-14, BD-16, BD-20, BD-24, BD-25, BD27, BD-38) ix Name of accessions 59 60 New Plant Fruit accession Fruit shape Fruit mass (kg) Fruit length (cm) 58I C9 Pear, high 1.2 16.2 8I C1 Pear, high 1.1 16.5 59S C10 Pear, high 1.2 18.8 59I C2 Pear, high 0.9 20.3 59S C6 Pear, high 0.8 20.3 60 S C4 Pear 1.4 13.2 60S C12 Pear 1.2 13.5 60 I C6 Pear 1.4 13.7 Fruit width (cm) Thickness Particle Particle Fruit peel form of cavity cavity the pulp length width (cm) (cm) (cm) Smooth Ridged Rough 9.3 2.5 9.5 2.2 10.1 2.5 9.7 1.6 9.7 1.5 14.4 2.3 13.4 2.1 14.6 2.5 5.0 4.2 4.0 4.0 6.4 5.1 5.5 6.2 6.2 7.0 7.6 8.5 7.5 8.3 7.0 9.4 x x x x Fruit color Main Secondary Brown Cream white Dark yellow Cream white Dark yellow Cream white Dark yellow Cream white Dark yellow Cream white Cream white Cream white Cream white Dark yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow Brown Brown Brown x Brown x Brown x x Fruit flesh color Brown Brown Note: C=plant; Q= fruit 53 Figure 4.1 Pod and fruit characteristics of some pumpkin accessions BD-39 BD-13 BD-60 BD-3 BD-48 BD-23 54 4.3 Research results of diseases and pest infestation of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 Plants belonging to the gourd family are often diseased downy mildew, powdery mildew, gummy stem blight Downy mildew: caused by the fungus Pseudoperonospora cubensis The disease usually appears and lasts from midwinter (November) to mid-March of the following year The disease develops in conditions of high humidity (drizzle, small rain, frost) and relatively low temperature through monitoring results, it does not appear in the experiment Table 4.4 Diseases infestation in pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 No Name of accessions Number of Number of plant/ dead plant/ accessions accessions Virus (point) Powdery mildew (point) Gummy stem blight Evaluate (point) BD-1 14 14 4 High susceptible BD-2 14 2 Low resistance BD-3 14 12 4 High susceptible BD-4 14 0 0 High resistant BD-5 12 3 Susceptible BD-6 15 1 Resistance BD-7 15 1 Resistance BD-8 0 0 High resistant BD-9 15 15 3 High susceptible 10 BD-10 15 1 Resistance 11 BD-11 15 0 0 High resistant 12 BD-12 15 2 Low resistance 13 BD-13 14 14 3 High susceptible 14 BD-14 15 1 Resistance 15 BD-15 1 Resistance 16 BD-16 15 2 Low resistance 17 BD-17 13 2 Low resistance 18 BD-18 16 10 4 High susceptible 19 BD-19 15 3 Susceptible 55 No Name of accessions Number of Number of plant/ dead plant/ accessions accessions Virus (point) Powdery mildew (point) Gummy stem blight Evaluate (point) 20 BD-20 12 1 Resistance 21 BD-21 15 0 0 High resistant 22 BD-22 15 16 4 High susceptible 23 BD-23 15 0 0 High resistant 24 BD-24 15 1 Resistance 25 BD-25 15 1 Resistance 26 BD-26 15 10 3 Susceptible 27 BD-27 15 1 Resistance 28 BD-28 15 2 Low resistance 29 BD-29 15 2 Low resistance 30 BD-30 14 11 4 High susceptible 31 BD-31 15 3 Susceptible 32 BD-32 15 3 Susceptible 33 BD-33 13 13 4 High susceptible 34 BD-34 14 14 4 High susceptible 35 BD-35 12 11 4 High susceptible 36 BD-36 13 10 4 High susceptible 37 BD-37 8 4 High susceptible 38 BD-38 1 Resistance 39 BD-39 2 Low resistance 40 BD-40 4 High susceptible 41 BD-41 3 Susceptible 42 BD-42 4 High susceptible 43 BD-43 13 2 Low resistance 44 BD-44 14 1 Resistance 45 BD-45 13 2 Low resistance 46 BD-46 13 1 Resistance 47 BD-47 13 2 Low resistance 48 BD-48 13 2 Low resistance 49 BD-49 1 Resistance 56 No Name of accessions Number of Number of plant/ dead plant/ accessions accessions Virus (point) Powdery mildew (point) Gummy stem blight Evaluate (point) 50 BD-50 2 Low resistance 51 BD-51 12 1 Resistance 52 BD-52 15 0 0 High resistant 53 BD-53 15 16 4 High susceptible 54 BD-54 15 0 0 High resistant 55 BD-55 15 1 Resistance 56 BD-56 15 1 Resistance 57 BD-57 15 10 3 Susceptible 58 BD-58 15 1 Resistance 59 BD-59 15 2 Low resistance 60 BD-60 15 2 Low resistance The degree of infection gummy stem blight of the experimental pumpkin varieties from the non-infected level with pumpkin accessions such as BD-4, BD-8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-23, BD-52 BD-54; to the average infection (points and 2) had 30 accessions, other pumpkin accessions infected from low resistance to high susceptible (Table 4.4) Powdery mildew: caused by the fungus Erysiphe cichoraceatum De Candolle, which usually occurs at the end of the season in the spring with high humidity and warm weather In the winter season, the varieties participating in the experiment were from non-infected (points 0), infected with an average level (points and 2) to susceptibility (points and 4) In Table 4.3, the assessment for powdery mildew disease has pumpkin accessions with high resistance such as: BD-4, BD-8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-52, BD-54; 13 pumpkin accessions resistant and other pumpkin accessions infected from low resistance to high susceptible (Table 4.4) Most pumpkin accessions were resistant to virus disease, except for only one accession of pumpkin that was slightly infected is BD-39 57 The control variety had a low level of resistance to powdery mildew and gummy stem blight (Table 4.4) 4.4 Yield and yield components of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 Pumpkin is a type of fruit vegetable, so the criteria on the number of fruits per plant as well as fruit weight and the number of fruits per plant are the quantitative trait criteria and closely related to the yield of the variety Table 4.5 Yield and yield components of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 No Name of accessions Number of Number Number Average fruit/ of plant/ of fruit/ fruit accession accession plant mass(kg) Productivity/ accession(kg) BD-1 52 14 4.07 1.17 16.40 BD-2 31 14 2.57 1.19 16.60 BD-3 36 14 2.93 0.85 11.90 BD-4 48 14 3.79 1.20 16.74 BD-5 39 12 3.67 1.22 14.60 BD-6 31 15 2.40 1.44 21.60 BD-7 31 15 2.40 1.40 21.00 BD-8 22 3.00 1.07 9.65 BD-9 34 15 2.60 1.04 15.64 10 BD-10 32 15 2.47 1.33 20.00 11 BD-11 23 15 1.87 1.37 20.57 12 BD-12 17 15 1.47 1.20 18.00 13 BD-13 18 14 1.64 2.83 39.67 14 BD-14 38 15 2.87 2.00 30.00 15 BD-15 30 4.38 1.46 11.64 16 BD-16 45 20 2.50 1.26 25.20 17 BD-17 32 13 2.85 1.00 13.00 18 BD-18 43 16 3.00 0.98 15.73 19 BD-19 38 19 2.26 2.21 42.01 20 BD-20 11 12 1.33 2.60 31.20 58 No Name of accessions Number of Number Number Average fruit/ of plant/ of fruit/ fruit accession accession plant mass(kg) Productivity/ accession(kg) 21 BD-21 25 16 1.88 3.40 54.40 22 BD-22 28 16 2.06 0.90 14.40 23 BD-23 36 16 2.56 0.98 15.68 24 BD-24 34 15 2.60 1.37 20.50 25 BD-25 42 15 3.13 1.10 16.50 26 BD-26 28 15 2.20 0.98 14.63 27 BD-27 20 15 1.67 1.50 22.50 28 BD-28 29 15 2.27 1.58 23.63 29 BD-29 19 15 1.60 4.95 74.25 30 BD-30 30 14 2.50 1.73 24.20 31 BD-31 10 15 1.00 4.10 61.50 32 BD-32 30 16 2.19 1.45 23.20 33 BD-33 16 13 1.62 2.23 29.03 34 BD-34 22 14 1.93 1.67 23.40 35 BD-35 23 12 2.33 2.65 31.80 36 BD-36 14 13 1.46 3.40 44.20 37 BD-37 24 3.63 1.70 13.60 38 BD-38 20 3.57 2.37 16.57 39 BD-39 17 2.44 1.05 9.45 40 BD-40 31 4.00 1.20 10.80 41 BD-41 23 3.11 2.10 18.90 42 BD-42 20 3.57 1.36 9.50 43 BD-43 24 13 2.23 0.83 10.77 44 BD-44 25 14 2.14 0.58 8.05 45 BD-45 22 13 2.08 1.50 19.50 46 BD-46 40 13 3.46 1.09 14.11 47 BD-47 28 13 2.54 1.36 17.62 48 BD-48 17 13 1.69 1.07 13.87 49 BD-49 12 1.89 1.55 13.95 50 BD-50 16 2.63 1.83 14.67 51 BD-51 11 12 1.33 2.60 31.20 59 No Name of accessions Number of Number Number Average fruit/ of plant/ of fruit/ fruit accession accession plant mass(kg) Productivity/ accession(kg) 52 BD-52 25 16 1.88 3.40 54.40 53 BD-53 28 16 2.06 0.90 14.40 54 BD-54 36 16 2.56 0.98 15.68 55 BD-55 34 15 2.60 1.37 20.50 56 BD-56 42 15 3.13 1.10 16.50 57 BD-57 28 15 2.20 0.98 14.63 58 BD-58 20 15 1.67 1.50 22.50 59 BD-59 29 15 2.27 1.58 23.63 60 BD-60 19 15 1.60 4.95 74.25 The productivity of the pumpkins ranges from 8.05 kg to 74.25 kg In which, accessions with the highest productivity are BD-60, BD-27, BD-31, BD-21, BD-52 with the productivity of 74.25 kg respectively; 74.25kg; 61.5kg; 54.4 kg; 54.4kg Only a BD-44 accession has productivity the lowest is 8,05kg The control accession (BD-60) was one of the accessions with the highest yield of 74.25 kg (Table 4.5) The results in Table 4.5 show that the varieties have high fruit numbers per plant, high yield/ plot, showing that these are good growth accessions with high fruiting ability and a good genetic source for the next breed selection 4.5 Fruit quality of the pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020 The quality of the pumpkin accessions determines the ability to meet the needs of the consumer and the market These will be the best conditions for developing varieties for production 60 Table 4.6 Fruit quality of the pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020 No Name of accessions Brix (%) Sensory evaluation Evaluate BD-1 8.1 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-2 8.5 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-3 9.7 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-4 9.6 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-5 9.9 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-6 6.0 Medium Medium BD-7 7.4 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-8 9.3 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good BD-9 7.0 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 10 BD-10 7.3 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 11 BD-11 6.9 Medium Medium 12 BD-12 6.8 Medium Medium 13 BD-13 6.2 Medium Medium 14 BD-14 6.4 Medium Medium 15 BD-15 7.8 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 16 BD-16 7.3 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 17 BD-17 6.8 Medium Medium 18 BD-18 7.9 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 19 BD-19 7.9 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 20 BD-20 7.2 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 21 BD-21 5.8 Medium Medium 22 BD-22 7.2 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 23 BD-23 7.8 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 24 BD-24 8.6 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 25 BD-25 8.4 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 26 BD-26 8.3 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 27 BD-27 6.6 Medium Medium 28 BD-28 7.4 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 29 BD-29 6.5 Medium Medium 30 BD-30 6.4 Medium Good 61 No Name of accessions Brix (%) Sensory evaluation Evaluate 31 BD-31 10.1 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 32 BD-32 6.7 Medium Medium 33 BD-33 14.7 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 34 BD-34 5.7 Medium Medium 35 BD-35 4.6 Not delicious Not good 36 BD-36 6.6 Medium Medium 37 BD-37 7.0 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 38 BD-38 7.1 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 39 BD-39 7.2 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 40 BD-40 6.8 Medium Medium 41 BD-41 7.1 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 42 BD-42 7.8 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 43 BD-43 9.9 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 44 BD-44 8.2 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 45 BD-45 7.0 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 46 BD-46 6.9 Medium Medium 47 BD-47 6.8 Medium Medium 48 BD-48 7.5 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 49 BD-49 7.0 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 50 BD-50 9.8 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 51 BD-51 7.3 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 52 BD-52 6.9 Medium Medium 53 BD-53 6.8 Medium Medium 54 BD-54 6.2 Medium Medium 55 BD-55 6.4 Medium Medium 56 BD-56 7.8 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 57 BD-57 7.3 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 58 BD-58 6.8 Medium Medium 59 BD-59 7.9 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 60 BD-60 7.9 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good 62 Table 4.6 shows that most of the pumpkin varieties have high solubility (Brix degree) and the quality of the test is also very good, they show that they are promising lines to meet the requirements of the market There are 39 pumpkin accessions with solute content higher than 7.0 and have sweet, tasty, and low fiber test quality One line with low test quality is BD-35 The rest of the other lines are of medium quality The control variety also had good fruit quality 63 CHAPER CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions Results of the evaluation of 60 pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020 showed that: The results of the criteria from planting to the first blossoming male flower and the number of days from planting to the first female flowers blooming as well as from blossoming to full maturity of the pumpkin accessions participating in the experiment were also different This shows the diversity of genetic resources Evaluation of fruit characteristics of the lines of the self-coordination pumpkins revealed diversity in fruit shape and color These are the guiding characteristics of the selection and development of pumpkin plants Diseases and pest infestation: There are accessions that are highly resistant to powdery mildew and gummy stem blight such as BD-4, BD-8, BD11, BD-21, BD-52, BD-54; The control variety had a low level of resistance to powdery mildew and gummy stem blight The productivity of the pumpkins ranges from 8.05 kg to 74.25 kg In which, accessions with the highest productivity are BD-60, BD-27, BD-31, BD-21, BD-52 with the productivity of 74.25 kg respectively; 74.25kg; 61.5kg; 54.4 kg; 54.4kg Only a BD-44 accession has productivity the lowest is 8,05kg There are 39 pumpkin accessions with solute content higher than 7.0 and have sweet, tasty, and low fiber test quality The control variety also had good fruit quality Based on the target traits such as growth time, fruit shape, fruit weight, peel color, flesh color, yield improvement, resistance to pests and diseases and fruit quality to advance release and develop working materials By 2020, there will be 286 self-coordinating pumpkins generations I5 64 Data synthesis through experiments is available In the Autumn - Winter season, the varieties participated in the experiment to select and isolate to create 15 pure pumpkin accessions, of which powdery mildew accessions were highly resistant to disease (BD-4, BD- 8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-23) and 10 accessions(BD-2,BD-7,BD-10,BD-14,BD-16,BD-20,BD-24,BD-25,BD 27,BD-38) 5.2 Suggestions Continuing to evaluate and survey the pumpkin accession in this experiment in many subsequent crops, thereby making accurate conclusions about their growth, development as well as their tolerance and productivity From there, there are more bases to identify prospective varieties for pumpkin breeding 65 REFERENCES Vietnamese references Tạ Thu Cúc (2007) Giáo trình rau Nhà xuất Nơng nghiệp, Hà Nội Nguyễn Mạnh Thắng (2010) Nghiên cứu đặc điểm sinh trưởng, suất chất lượng số giống bí đỏ trồng trường Đại học Nơng Lâm Thái Nguyên Phạm Thị Thùy Linh (2015) Đánh giá đặc điểm nơng sinh học tập đồn bí đỏ trồng Gia Lâm – Hà Nội Lê Minh Nguyệt (2019) Nghiên cứu đặc điểm hình thái nơng học nguồn gen bí đỏ địa phương phục vụ cơng tác bảo tồn phát triển nguồn gen Foreign references MASSIMO NEPI and ETTORE PACINI (1993) Pollination, Pollen Viability and Pistil Receptivity and Cucurbita pepo Mark Gaskell (1996) Pumpkin production in Califonia, University of Califonia Temperatures for Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Seed Germination Journal of Agronomy 5(1) pp 95-97 J Brent Loy (2004) Morpho-Physiological Aspects of Productivity and Quality in Squash and Pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.) J.G Buwalda and R.E Freeman (1986) Growth and development of hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima L.) in the field Websites http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/pumpkin https://suckhoedoisong.vn/cay-bi-do-cay-rau-cay-thuoc-n159561.html http://baovinhphuc.com.vn/kinh-te/44512/bi-do -cay-trong-chu-luc-trong-san-xuatvu-dong.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108644 66 APPENDIX SOME PICTURES IN THE FIELD 67