Evaluation of soybean lines in the winter season 2020 in gia lam ha noi

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FALCUTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN LINES IN THE WINTER SEASON 2020 IN GIA LAM – HA NOI Student Pham Thi Ly Class K61KHCTT Student code 611621 Supervisor Dr Vu Thi Thuy Hang Department Plant genetics and Breeding HA NOI – 2021 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this paper is my own work All results and data in this thesis are absolutely honest and have not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes All sources used in this paper were cited in references Hanoi, 4th March 2021 Student i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to people who have been providing me with precious support and advice Firstly, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Vu Thi Thuy Hang, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for her enthusiastic support, helpful advice and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis I would also like to express sincere thanks to the lecturers from the Faculty of Agronomy in general and lecturers in the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding in particular, who taught and created best conditions for students during learning process and research Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family and friends who have always been by my side, give me support and strength to complete this graduation thesis ii TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATION vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 1.2.1 Objectives 1.2.2 Requirements CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Origin, classification and distribution of soybeans 2.1.1 Origin of soybeans 2.1.2 Classification of soybean 2.1.3 Distribution of soybeans 2.2 Soybean production in the world 2.3 Soybean production in Vietnam 2.4 Soybean research and breeding 10 2.4.1 Soybean research and breeding in the world 10 iii 2.4.2 Soybean research and breeding in Vietnam 13 2.5 Botanical characteristics of the soybean plant 16 2.5.1 Root 16 2.5.2 Stem 17 2.5.3 Leave 19 2.5.4 Flower 20 2.5.5 Fruit 21 2.6 Ecological requirements of soybean plants 22 2.6.1 Light requirements 22 2.6.2 Temperature requirement 24 2.6.3 Water requirements 25 2.6.4 Requirements soil and nutrition 26 CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 29 3.1 Plant materials 29 3.2 Experimental design 30 3.3 Cultural practices 30 3.4 Trait measurements 30 3.4.1 Qualitative traits 30 3.4.2 Quantitative trait 32 3.5 Evaluation of disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of soybean lines 34 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 4.1 Phenological characteristics of soybean lines in winter season 2020 35 iv 4.2 Morphological characteristics of soybean lines in the winter season 2020 38 4.3 Pod and seed characteristics of soybean lines in winter season 2020 42 4.4 Vegetative and morphological traits of soybean lines in winter season 2020 46 4.4.1 Plant height, number of leaves and number of nodes at flowering and harvesting stage of soybean lines in winter season 2020 46 4.4.2 Other vegetative and morphological traits of soybean lines in winter season 2020 50 4.5 Yield related traits of soybean lines in winter season 2020 54 4.6 Individual yield, theoretical yield and harvest index of soybean lines in winter season 2020 59 4.7 Evaluation of disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of soybean lines in winter season 2020 61 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 65 REFERENCES 65 v LIST OF ABBREVIATION FAO Food and Agriculture Organization CRPs Coordinated Research Projects TCPs Technical Co-operation Projects IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency AGI Agricultural Genetics Institute VAAS Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Status of soybean production in the world in the period 2010-2020 Table 2.2 Area, yield and production of soybeans of some countries in the period 2015-2020 Table 2.3 Area, yield and production of soybean in Vietnam during 2010-2020 Table 3.1 Soybean lines evaluated in winter season 2020 29 Table 3.2 Qualitative morphological and seed traits observed in soybean 31 Table 3.3 Phenological traits observed in soybean 32 Table 3.4 Morphological and yield related traits observed soybean lines in winter season 2020 33 Table 3.5 Evaluation of disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of soybean lines in winter season 2020 34 Table 4.1 Means for phenological phases of soybean lines in winter season 2020 (days) 35 Table 4.2 Morphological characteristics of soybean lines in winter season 2020 38 Table 4.2 Pod and seed characteristics of soybean lines in winter season 2020 44 Table 4.4 Plant height, number of leaves and number of nodes at the flowering and harvesting stages of soybean lines in winter season 2020 48 Table 4.5.Vegetative and morphological traits of soybean lines in winter season 2020 53 Table 4.6.Yield related traits of soybean lines in winter season 2020 57 Table 4.7 Individual yield, harvest index and theoretical yield of soybean lines in winter season 2020 60 Table 4.8 Disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of soybean lines in winter season 2020 63 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Leaf and flower characteristics of soybean lines evaluated in winter season 2020 42 Figure 4.2 Pod characteristics of some soybean lines 45 Figure 4.3 Seed characteristics of some soybean lines 46 viii ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate soybean lines on morphological and agronomical traits to identify promising soybean lines Plant materials included 29 lines created by mutation and hybridization The experiment design was planted density of 30 plants/ m², sown in rows/bed with the distance of 50 cm for rows and of 15 cm for plants The area of the experimental plots is m² As the result, there are five lines LSB70-23-3, LSB10-12-2-3, and LSB17-22-2-1-3, LSB17-22-2-1-8, LSB70-30-1, LSB62-2-3 selected for evaluated in other seasons such as summer-autumn, autumn-winter The soybean lines had short and medium growth duration, ranging from 75 days to 98 days, except LSB1710-3-14-4, LSB17-22-2-1-8, LSB17-22-2-1-3, LSB17-24-2-6-9 had long growth duration of 102 days All soybean lines were distinguished by the dry pod colours, ranged from light to dark brown The soybean lines differed in growth and development characteristics, of which some lines had higher plant height, number of pods, number of leaves, and number of nodes At the harvesting stage, the plant height of soybean lines ranged from 36.2 - 93.9 cm The 100seed weight of soybean lines varied from 11.9-24.2g LSB10-12-2-3 had the largest seed size with the highest 100-seed weight (24.2 g), followed by LSB104-3 (22.9 g) and LSB17-14-1-9-2 (22.8 g) The individual yield of soybean lines varied from 7.4 to 18 g/plant Theoretical yield of soybean lines ranged from 12.6 – 30.6 quintals/ha LSB70-23-3 had the highest theoretical yield with 30.6 quintals/ha, followed by LSB17-22-2-1-3 (30.1quintals/ha) and LSB10-12-2-3 (29.9 quintals/ha), LSB62-2-3 (28.9 quintals/ha), LSB17-22-2-1-8 (28.7 quintals/ha) In conclution, soybean lines LSB70-23-3, LSB10-12-2-3, and LSB17-22-2-1-3, LSB17-22-2-1-8, LSB70-30-1, LSB62-2-3 selected to evaluate in other seasons such as summer-autumn, autumn-winter ix 17 LSB62-11-5 54.9 97.6 6.6 25.9 56.1 12.6 10.4 18 LSB70-23-3 47.2 96.4 9.7 50.1 40.2 16.5 19 LSB70-30-1 54 97.5 5.5 72.7 21.5 14.5 20 LSB17-10-3-14-4 26.8 98.6 9.3 62.5 28.2 19.2 21 LSB17-12-1-3-3 30.9 98.9 12.6 73.5 13.8 17.2 22 LSB17-14-1-9-2 30.6 97.9 13.0 60 27 22.8 23 LSB17-20-1-15-3 26.7 97.0 11.5 41.1 47.5 18.8 24 LSB17-21-3-12-10 29.9 99.3 12.6 71.4 16.0 16.9 25 LSB17-22-2-1-8 43 96.2 15.8 59.3 24.8 20.8 26 LSB17-22-2-1-3 42.7 99 11.9 62.3 25.7 22.1 27 LSB17-24-2-6-9 36.7 99.5 18 66.3 15.7 21.5 28 LSB17-27-3-16-5 41.5 98.9 12.9 58.5 28.7 17.5 29 LSB17-28-1-17-8 36.1 98.4 17.6 76.2 6.1 22.1 30 DT84 36 79.7 10.3 63.3 26.4 15.1 * Weight of 100 seeds (g) The 100-seed weight is one of the most important traits that control soybean yield and is generally positively correlated with yield (Burris et al., 1973) Moreover, the weight of 100 seeds is the basis for evaluating size of the seeds, which are categorized into groups of small (< 16 g), medium (16 - 19 g) and large size (> 20 g) The weight of 100 seeds is not only the most important productivity components but also an indicator of seed quality in the market 58 The 100-seed weight of soybean lines varied from 11.9-24.2 g while that of control DT84 variety was 15.1 g The seed size of 29 soybean lines was small and medium LSB10-12-2-3 had the largest seed size with the highest 100-seed weight (24.2 g), followed by LSB10-4-3 (22.9 g) and LSB17-14-1-9-2 (22.8 g) LSB23-6-2 was recorded smallest in the 100-seed weight with 11.9 g 4.6 Individual yield, theoretical yield and harvest index of soybean lines in winter season 2020 Beside the quality traits, yield is the important indicator to select potential varieties for the production * Individual yield (g/plant) Individual yield is the basis for determining the theoretical yield and calculated by the seed yield per plant The varieties with the high individual yield should have high theoretical yields and vice versa Experimental results showed that the lines had different individual yields which ranged from 7.4 - 18 g/plant while that of control DT84 variety was 9.1 g/plant LSB33-5-4 had the lowest individual yield with 7.4 g/plant LSB70-233 had the highest individual yield with 18 g/plant, followed by LSB10-12-2-3 (17.6 g/plant) and LSB17-22-2-1-3 (17.7 g/plant) (Table 4.7) * The Harvest Index (HI) Harvest index (HI) is used to quantify the yield of a crop versus the total amount of biomass that has been produced Selection for a high harvest index has been used by plant breeders to improve the seed yield of several crop plants but in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] errors in the estimate of harvest index may occur because of interactions with maturity or seeding date and because 59 harvest index measured at maturity does not include leaf and petiole dry weights The HI of evaluated lines varied from 0.349 to 0.588, LSB32-7-4 had the lowest HI with 0.349 LSB17-20-1-15-3 were the highest of 0.588 for LSB1720-1-15-3, followed by LSB17-10-3-14-4 and control DT84 variety, with the same value 0.561 (Table 4.7) * Theoretical yield (quilta/hercta) Theoretical yield shows the yield potential of each variety Theoretical yield is the basis for building appropriate technical measures to maximize the yield potential of the variety Theoretical yield of soybean lines ranged from 12.6 – 30.6 quintals/ha while that of control DT84 variety was 17.7 quintals/ha LSB70-23-3 was recorded highest in terms of yield with 30.6 quintals/ha, followed by LSB17-222-1-3 and LSB10-12-2-3 with yield 30.1 and 29.9 quintals/ha LSB32-46-3 were the smallest in yield, with 12.6 quintals/ha (Table 4.7) Table 4.7 Individual yield, harvest index and theoretical yield of soybean lines in winter season 2020 Individual yield Lines HSB0059-D1-2 16.3 0.532 27,7 HSB0059-D2-4 8.1 0.521 13,8 LSB10-4-3 10.3 0.56 17,5 LSB10-12-2-3 17.6 0.557 29,9 LSB23-6-2 10.4 0.537 17,6 LSB27-5-5 11.6 0.556 19,7 LSB28-9-2 10 0.520 17,0 LSB28-13-10 9.8 0.463 16,7 (g/plant) HI Theoretical yield No (quintal/ha) 60 Individual yield Lines LSB32-7-4 0.349 13,6 10 LSB32-45-7 11.2 0.493 19,0 11 LSB32-46-3 7.4 0.355 12,6 12 LSB32-50-10 9.4 0.411 16 13 LSB32-54-3 8.1 0.501 13,8 14 LSB33-5-4 7.4 0.430 12,6 15 LSB36-65-2-4 8.4 0.409 14,3 16 LSB62-2-3 17 0.506 28,9 17 LSB62-11-5 15.8 0.539 26,9 18 LSB70-23-3 18 0.516 30,6 19 LSB70-30-1 16.6 0.516 28,2 20 LSB17-10-3-14-4 12 0.561 20,4 21 LSB17-12-1-3-3 12.1 0.534 20,6 22 LSB17-14-1-9-2 14.3 0.509 24,3 23 LSB17-20-1-15-3 11.3 0.588 19,2 24 LSB17-21-3-12-10 9.9 0.546 16,8 25 LSB17-22-2-1-8 16.9 0.550 28,7 26 LSB17-22-2-1-3 17.7 0.549 30,1 27 LSB17-24-2-6-9 16.8 0.505 28,6 28 LSB17-27-3-16-5 16.5 0.549 28,1 29 LSB17-28-1-17-8 15.6 0.560 26,5 30 DT84 9.1 0.561 17.7 (g/plant) HI Theoretical yield No (quintal/ha) 4.7 Evaluation of disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of soybean lines in winter season 2020 * Pest damage Soybeans can be attacked by pests at any stage from seedlings to harvest, but are most attractive to insect pests from flowering onwards The soybean 61 yield is impacted by various kinds of pests such as fungi, bacteria, and insects Indeed, the strategies and input costs for pest management in soybean have changed dramatically with time For example, there has been a 130-fold increase in insecticide use across the North-Central US states since 2001 In regards to insects, soybean has been traditionally attacked by foliagefeeding Lepidopteran and Coleopteran pests such as soybean looper, velvet bean caterpillar, beet armyworm, bean leaf beetle, stem borer, pod borer and soybean leaf miner In winter season 2020 All soybean lines were mainly attacked by pod borer but with different damage Pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) can cause yield loss up to 80% Pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) can cause yield loss up to 80% Among observed lines, all lines have pod borer was in the range of level which means 5% - 25% infected leaf area) while there are three lines affected by rust LSB32-45-7, LSB32-54-3, LSB70-23-3 and control DT84 variety at level (1-5% infected leaf area), lines (LSB28-13-10, LSB33-5-4, LSB17-14-1-9-2, LSB17-21-3-12-10 and LSB17-22-2-1-3) at point 1(