Đông bắc á trong chính sách hướng đông của ấn độ

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN ĐỖ THANH HÀ ĐÔNG BẮC Á TRONG CHÍNH SÁCH HƯỚNG ĐÔNG CỦA ẤN ĐỘ CHUYÊN NGÀNH: CHÂU Á HỌC MÃ SỐ : 60 31 50 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ CHÂU Á HỌC THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - 2011 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN ĐỖ THANH HÀ ĐÔNG BẮC Á TRONG CHÍNH SÁCH HƯỚNG ĐÔNG CỦA ẤN ĐỘ Chuyên ngành Mã số : Châu Á học : 60 31 50 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Người hướng dẫn khoa học: Tiến só TRẦN NAM TIẾN THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - 2011 MUÏC LUÏC MỤC LỤC DẪN LUẬN Lý chọn ñề tài Mục đích nghiên cứu .5 Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn ñề .6 ðối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu 10 Phương pháp nghiên cứu nguồn tài liệu 10 Bố cục luận văn .11 Chương 1: VỊ THẾ CỦA KHU VỰC ðƠNG BẮC Á TRONG CHÍNH SÁCH HƯỚNG ðƠNG CỦA ẤN ðỘ 1.1 Q trình điều chỉnh sách ñối ngoại Ấn ðộ ñầu thập niên 90 kỷ XX 13 1.1.1 Những nguyên nhân đưa đến điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ ñầu thập niên 90 kỷ XX 13 1.1.2 Những điều chỉnh chủ yếu sách ñối ngoại Ấn ðộ ñầu thập niên 90 kỷ XX 22 1.2 Chính sách hướng ðông Ấn ðộ .25 1.2.1 Vị trí sách hướng ðơng sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ 25 1.2.2 Mục tiêu chủ yếu sách hướng ðơng .26 1.2.3 Các giai ñoạn phát triển sách hướng ðơng 27 1.3 Vị ðông Bắc Á sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ 30 1.3.1 Khái quát khu vực ðông Bắc Á 30 1.3.2 Nhận thức Ấn ðộ tầm quan trọng khu vực ðơng Bắc Á 34 Chương 2: Q TRÌNH TRIỂN KHAI CHÍNH SÁCH HƯỚNG ðƠNG CỦA ẤN ðỘ Ở KHU VỰC ðÔNG BẮC Á TRONG THẬP NIÊN CUỐI CÙNG CỦA THẾ KỶ XX 2.1 Tình hình quốc tế khu vực ðông Bắc Á thập kỷ cuối kỷ XX 40 2.2 Các mục tiêu Ấn ðộ triển khai sách hướng ðơng khu vực ðơng Bắc Á thập niên cuối kỷ XX .44 2.3 Q trình triển khai sách hướng ðông Ấn ðộ với nước khu vực ðông Bắc Á (Trung Quốc, Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc) 48 2.3.1 Với Trung Quốc .48 2.3.2 Với Nhật Bản 61 2.3.3 Với Hàn Quốc 68 Chương 3: QUÁ TRÌNH TRIỂN KHAI CHÍNH SÁCH HƯỚNG ðƠNG CỦA ẤN ðỘ Ở KHU VỰC ðÔNG BẮC Á TỪ ðẦU THẾ KỶ XXI ðẾN NAY 3.1 Tình hình quốc tế khu vực ðơng Bắc Á thập kỷ kỷ XXI 74 3.2 Các mục tiêu Ấn ðộ triển khai sách hướng ðông khu vực ðông Bắc Á thập niên ñầu kỷ XXI .79 3.3 Q trình triển khai sách hướng ðông Ấn ðộ với nước khu vực ðông Bắc Á (Trung Quốc, Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc) 82 3.3.1 Với Trung Quốc .82 3.3.2 Với Nhật Bản 95 3.3.3 Với Hàn Quốc 107 KẾT LUẬN .120 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 125 PHỤ LỤC 140 DẪN LUẬN Lý chọn ñề tài Ấn ðộ thức giành độc lập từ thực dân Anh ngày 15/8/1947 Ngày 26/1/1950, Ấn ðộ tuyên bố thành lập nước Cộng hịa Ngay từ giành độc lập, Ấn ðộ ñã chủ trương phát triển theo ñường ñộc lập dân tộc tự lực tự cường, thực sách đối ngoại hồ bình, hữu nghị hợp tác với nước giới Chính sách ñối ngoại Ấn ðộ thập kỷ ñầu sau giành độc lập dựa vai trị tồn cầu mà trung tâm phong trào Không liên kết lãnh đạo giới thứ ba Chính sách dựa chỗ ñứng Ấn ðộ nước lớn giới, dựa nhà lãnh ñạo Ấn ðộ với chủ nghĩa lý tưởng Sau Chiến tranh lạnh kết thúc, Liên Xô tan rã (1991), xu tăng cường hợp tác liên kết khu vực giữ vai trị chủ đạo sách ñối ngoại hầu hết quốc gia, ñặc biệt nước lớn nhằm thiết lập ảnh hưởng khu vực giới Ấn ðộ nằm số Là nước lớn diện tích lẫn dân số đến tận ñầu năm 90 kỷ XX, Ấn ðộ bị coi nước phát triển Những thay đổi tình hình giới sau Chiến tranh lạnh buộc Ấn ðộ phải có sách cho phát triển Ở châu Á nay, Ấn ðộ ñã ñạt tới mức ñộ cường quốc, đóng vai trị quan trọng cục diện an ninh khu vực châu Á - Thái Bình Dương, với tốc ñộ phát triển kinh tế ñạt 5% năm 90 kỷ XX, số 9% vào năm 2007 Thành tích kinh tế ñáng nể, khả hạt nhân vai trò ngày tăng quan hệ quốc tế, Ấn ðộ ñược xem “cường quốc ñang lên” bước chiếm vai trị khơng nhỏ bàn cờ chiến lược khu vực giới Trên sở ñó, Ấn ðộ ñược xem quốc gia có triển vọng để nước phương Tây, ñặc biệt Mỹ, thúc ñẩy phát triển kinh tế, nâng cao vai trò vị nước khu vực giới, trở thành ñối trọng cân quyền lực châu Á ðể trở thành cường quốc có ảnh hưởng lớn khu vực giới nay, sau Chiến tranh lạnh kết thúc, từ ñầu năm 90 kỷ XX, Ấn ðộ ñã thực ñiều chỉnh lớn lĩnh vực, có sách đối ngoại “Chính sách hướng ðơng” (Look East Policy) với mục ñích hội nhập kinh tế, hợp tác trị với nước khu vực châu Á ñược xem sản phẩm quan trọng ñời bối cảnh Tại châu Á, ðơng Bắc Á khu vực tương ñối rộng lớn Trước Chiến tranh giới thứ hai, hầu khu vực ñều thuộc ñịa nửa thuộc ñịa nước thực dân phương Tây (trừ Nhật Bản) Sau Chiến tranh giới thứ hai kết thúc, tình hình khu vực có nhiều biến đổi mạnh mẽ với ñời chủ thể mới: nước Cộng hoà nhân dân Trung Hoa (1949), nước ðại Hàn dân quốc Cộng hoà Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên sở chia cắt bán ñảo Triều Tiên, lấy vĩ tuyến 38 làm ranh giới vào năm 1948 Trong đó, Trung Quốc nước lớn khu vực châu Á nói chung ðơng Bắc Á nói riêng, với dân số đơng giới Năm 1978, Trung Quốc thực sách cải cách, mở cửa Kết kinh tế phát triển nhanh chóng, đời sống nhân dân ñược nâng cao, mở rộng quan hệ hữu nghị hợp tác với hầu giới, có vai trị quan trọng việc giải tranh chấp quốc tế Chính vậy, vị Trung Quốc ngày ñược nâng cao trường quốc tế Từ cuối năm 80 kỷ XX, Trung Quốc nước có ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ khu vực ðông - Nam Á Nhật Bản sau Chiến tranh giới thứ hai trở thành cường quốc kinh tế thứ hai sau Mỹ, góp phần thúc ñẩy phát triển tổ chức khu vực, trì hồ bình ổn định phát triển quốc gia châu Á – Thái Bình Dương Sau Liên Xơ tan rã, vai trò ảnh hưởng Mỹ khu vực suy giảm Nhật Bản tiến hành tăng cường ảnh hưởng khu vực, trước hết lĩnh vực kinh tế: quan hệ buôn bán với nước ñược mở rộng, viện trợ kinh tế cho nước châu Á tăng nhanh ðiều làm cho vị Nhật Bản tổ chức hợp tác kinh tế - trị, xứng đáng với vai trị nước dẫn ñầu châu Á Hàn Quốc kinh tế phát triển mạnh mẽ khu vực giới Sau chiến tranh Triều Tiên, kinh tế Hàn Quốc tăng trưởng mạnh, từ nước nghèo trở thành nước giàu, nước có tốc độ tăng trưởng kinh tế nhanh giới Trong trình xây dựng phát triển kinh tế, nước khu vực ñã ñạt ñược nhiều thành tựu to lớn: Nhật Bản trở thành cường quốc kinh tế thứ hai sau Mỹ, Trung Quốc có tốc độ tăng trưởng kinh tế nhanh giới, Hàn Quốc trở thành ba rồng châu Á ðã nhiều thập kỷ qua, ñặc biệt thập kỷ gần ñây, thịnh vượng “chao ñảo” kinh tế ðông Bắc Á gắn chặt với biến động tồn cầu hóa, khu vực hóa đối tác lớn Sự thành công kinh tế Hàn Quốc, Nhật Bản, Trung Quốc minh chứng cụ thể tác ñộng tích cực yếu tố Chính phát triển tạo cho khu vực ðơng Bắc Á vai trò vị quan trọng chiến lược nhiều cường quốc giới, có Ấn ðộ Chính sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ ñược triển khai từ ñầu thập niên 90 kỷ XX tập trung nước ASEAN, bước vào ñầu kỷ XXI ñã mở rộng khu vực ðông Bắc Á Vậy khu vực ðông Bắc Á có vai trị vị trí “Chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ? Q trình triển khai “Chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ khu vực ðơng Bắc Á đạt thành tựu gì? Và triển vọng triển khai “Chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ ñối với khu vực nào? Với mong muốn giải vấn ñề nêu trên, chúng tơi chọn đề tài “ðơng Bắc Á “chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ” làm đề tài luận văn Thạc sĩ chuyên ngành châu Á học Trên thực tế, nghiên cứu Ấn ðộ Việt Nam ñã thực từ lâu tập trung lĩnh vực lịch sử, văn hóa, kinh tế, quan hệ Ấn ðộ - Việt Nam Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ Việt Nam có từ đầu kỷ XXI đến nay, nhiên cơng trình, viết có chủ yếu mang tính chất giới thiệu cơng trình chun sâu lĩnh vực Trên sở đó, cơng trình nghiên cứu có nội dung sâu tìm hiểu sách hướng ðơng có ý đóng góp ý nghĩa lý luận thực tiễn cho việc nghiên cứu sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ nói chung sách hướng ðơng nói riêng, đồng thời phục vụ cho cơng tác nghiên cứu, giảng dạy Ấn ðộ nói chung sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ nói riêng Việt Nam Mục đích nghiên cứu Chính sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ nhiều học giả ngồi nước, đặc biệt học giả Ấn ðộ quan tâm nghiên cứu Tuy nhiên, việc nghiên cứu sách hướng ðơng với tư cách phần sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ xem lĩnh vực có tính khoa học thời sự, ñặc biệt ñối với Việt Nam ðông Bắc Á với tư cách ñối tượng sách ñối ngoại nước lớn Nga, Mỹ, EU ñược quan tâm nghiên cứu nhiều khu vực sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ chưa nghiên cứu ñúng mức Trên sở ñó, việc nghiên cứu ñề tài “ðơng Bắc Á sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ” nhằm góp phần làm rõ sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ gì, q trình triển khai, đặc biệt nhấn mạnh đến vị khu vực ðơng Bắc Á sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ Bên cạnh đó, đề tài phục dựng q trình triển khai sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ khu vực ðơng Bắc Á, với thành tựu tác ñộng ñối với quốc gia khu vực thân Ấn ðộ Thông qua thành tựu hạn chế q trình này, đề tài rút đặc điểm triển vọng cho q trình triển khai sách hướng ðông Ấn ðộ khu vực ðông Bắc Á thời gian tới Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề Việc nghiên cứu vai trị vị trí khu vực ðơng Bắc Á sách đối ngoại nói chung “Chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ nói riêng ý nhiều nước Trên sở khảo sát, tiếp cận cơng trình nghiên cứu này, chúng tơi phân lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề thành hai nội dung là: (1) nghiên cứu sách hướng ðơng; (2) nghiên cứu ðông Bắc Á sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ Về nghiên cứu chủ yếu sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ, có số cơng trình Việt Nam giới ñề cập ñến Cuối năm 90 kỉ XX, Trường ðại học Jawaharlal Nehru kết hợp với Viện Nghiên cứu ðông Nam Á Singapore Trung tâm Khoa học Nhân văn Pháp New Delhi ñã xuất hai sách vào năm 2001 2003 tiêu ñề: India and ASEAN: The politics of India’s Look East Policy (Ấn ðộ ASEAN: khía cạnh trị sách hướng ðơng, Frédéric Grare and Amitabh Mattoo, 2001, Manohar-CSH-ISEAS-CSNSP, New Delhi) Beyond the Rhetoric: The Economics of India’s Look East Policy (Hơn tượng trưng: khía cạnh kinh tế Chính sách hướng ðơng, Frédéric Grare and Amitabh Mattoo eds., 2003, Manohar-CSH, New Delhi) Mặc dù tên gọi “chính sách hướng ðơng” xuất tiêu đề hai sách khơng có phần viết nghiên cứu cụ thể sách, chí nội dung xuất hai cơng trình Năm 2000, Trung tâm nghiên cứu Chiến lược Quốc tế Mỹ (CSIS) cơng bố viết India Look East (Ấn ðộ hướng ðông) bàn chiến lược hướng ðông Ấn ðộ sau Ấn ðộ tiến hành vụ thử hạt nhân vào năm 1998 Bài viết tập trung phân tích mục tiêu sách này, cạnh tranh địa chiến lược tự nhiên với Trung Quốc Châu Á; trình hướng tới Nhật Bản, cường quốc tài chính; ñặc biệt hướng tới ðông Nam Á, khu vực châu Á Năm 2003, sách Rediscovering Asia: Evolution of India’s Look East Policy (Khám phá lại Châu Á: tiến triển Chính sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ) tác giả Prakash Nanda ñã ñược Lancer Publishers & Distributors xuất New Delhi Trong cơng trình này, sách hướng ðơng đề cập cơng trình bao gồm thuật ngữ “phía ðơng”, phạm vi hướng ðơng, ngun nhân đưa tới đời sách hướng ðơng ðây xem cơng trình giới thiệu tương đối cụ thể sách hướng ðông Ấn ðộ Năm 2006, nghiên cứu tồn diện sách hướng ðơng Cơ quan phát triển quốc tế Australia xuất tiêu ñề India Look east: Strategies and Impacts (Ấn ðộ hướng ðơng: chiến lược tác động, Dong Zhang, AusAID Woking Paper, September 2006) Dưới góc độ kinh tế, tác giả Dong Zhang phân tích số nội dung liên quan đến tảng đời sách, trả lời câu hỏi CSHð gì, nêu mục tiêu sách, phương thức tiếp cận mục tiêu chiến lược cho hợp tác khu vực Ở Việt Nam, việc nghiên cứu sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ hạn chế Năm 2002, sách Sự điều chỉnh sách Cộng hồ Ấn ðộ từ 1991 ñến 2000 tác giả Trần Thị Lý chủ biên, ñược Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội xuất bản, ñã nêu lên nguyên nhân dẫn ñến ñiều chỉnh sách Ấn ðộ, tác giả có đề cập phần đến sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ đặt tổng thể điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại Ấn ðộ Tiêu biểu có cơng trình Chính sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ tác động tới quan hệ Ấn ðộ - ASEAN, luận văn thạc sĩ tác giả Nguyễn Trường Sơn bảo vệ vào năm 2005 Học viện Quan hệ quốc tế coi nghiên cứu sách hướng ðơng ñáng kể Việt Nam vào thời ñiểm ñó Các vấn đề liên quan đến nội dung sách hướng ðơng đề cập phần luận văn bao gồm nguyên nhân ñời, lĩnh vực triển khai, giai ñoạn phát triển phạm vi triển khai sách hướng ðơng, đặc biệt quan hệ Ấn ðộ ASEAN thơng qua sách hướng ðơng đề cập tồn diện ðáng ý có viết Chính sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ: Các ngun nhân hình thành (Tạp chí Nghiên cứu ðơng Nam Á, số 3, 2005) Một số nội dung “Chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ (Tạp chí Nghiên cứu ðơng Á, số 10, 2009) Thông qua viết trên, tác ñã giới thiệu rõ nét nguyên nhân hình thành, nội dung mục tiêu sách hướng ðơng Ấn ðộ Nhìn chung, chưa có cơng trình nghiên cứu hồn chỉnh sách hướng ðơng với tư cách sách ñối ngoại Về nghiên cứu chủ yếu vị ðơng Bắc Á sách hướng ðông Ấn ðộ, kể từ nửa cuối thập niên 90 kỷ XX, ñặc biệt năm ñầu kỷ XXI, ñã có số nghiên cứu quan hệ số nước ðông Bắc Á với Ấn ðộ, có đề cập đến vị trí quốc gia sách hướng ðông Cuốn sách Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges And Opportunities Foreign Service Institute xuất năm 2007 nhân kỷ niệm 60 năm Ấn ðộ giành độc lập cơng trình tập hợp viết nhiều tác giả, ñề cập ñến nhiều khía cạnh sách ñối ngoại Ấn ðộ mối quan hệ song phương với nước khu vực, vấn ñề lượng hạt nhân giải trừ quân bị…, ñặc biệt “Chính sách hướng ðơng” Ấn ðộ (India’s “Look East” policy), quan hệ Ấn ðộ với Trung Quốc (The long road to achieving an “India-China strategic and cooperrative partnership to peace and develoopment”; India and China: new directions) Nhật Bản (India and Japan) Trường ðại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn TP Hồ Chí Minh với Viện Nghiên cứu châu Á Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Ấn ðộ tổ chức thành cơng Hội thảo khoa học quốc tế “Mối quan hệ Ấn ðộ ðông Nam Á - Cam kết chiến lược hay hội nhập khu vực” vào ngày 15, 16/5/2009 Một số tham luận 154 the Special Representatives, it is also important that the Joint Working Group (JWG) continues its work to seek an early clarification and confirmation of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) Progress made so far on the clarification of the LAC in the India-China border areas was noted It was agreed to complete the process of exchanging maps indicating their respective perceptions of the entire alignment of the LAC on the basis of already agreed parameters, with the objective of arriving at a common understanding of the alignment, as soon as possible The two sides expressed satisfaction at the progress achieved in the implementation of the Agreements of 1993 and 1996 and agreed to fully implement them expeditiously Towards that end, they concluded a Protocol on Modalities for the Implementation of Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas XII The Indian side reiterated that it recognized the Tibet Autonomous Region as part of the territory of the People’s Republic of China and that it did not allow Tibetans to engage in anti-China political activities in India The Indian side recalled that India was among the first countries to recognize that there is one China and its one China policy remains unaltered The Indian side stated it would continue to abide by its one China policy The Chinese side expressed its appreciation for the Indian positions XIII Both sides reviewed with satisfaction the implementation of the memorandum on the border trade through the Nathula Pass between the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China and the Sikkim State of the Republic of India XIV The two sides noted with satisfaction that through friendly consultations an agreement in principle had been reached between the two countries to solve the longpending issue of property originally belonging to Indian Consulate General in Shanghai with the Chinese side agreeing to provide a plot of land in lieu of the premises of the original Consulate General of India XV As two large developing countries, both India and China were aware of each other’s important role in the process of promoting the establishment of a new international political and economic order Both sides share common interests in the maintenance of peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world at large, and share the desire to develop closer and more extensive understanding and cooperation in regional and international affairs The two sides are supportive of democratization of international relations and multilateralism, stand for the establishment of a new international political and 155 economic order that is fair, rational, equal and mutually beneficial, and promote North-South Dialogue and South-South Cooperation The two sides believe that the international community should eliminate poverty, narrow the gap between North and South, and achieve common prosperity through dialogue and cooperation XVI The two sides reiterated the importance of the United Nations in global peace, stability and common development and expressed their determination to continue their efforts, together with the international community, in strengthening the UN system to develop a sound multilateral basis to address global issues Both India and China agree that reform of the United Nations should be comprehensive and multifaceted and should put emphasis on an increase in the representation of developing countries The Indian side reiterated its aspirations for permanent membership of the UN Security Council The Chinese side also reiterated that India is an important developing country and is having an increasingly important influence in the international arena China attaches great importance to the status of India in international affairs It understands and supports India’s aspirations to play an active role in the UN and international affairs The two sides reaffirmed their readiness to conduct close consultations and cooperation in the process of UN reforms XVII The two sides, aware of the threats posed by terrorism to the peace and security of the two countries and the whole world, resolutely condemn terrorism in any form The struggle between the international community and global terrorism is a comprehensive and sustained one, with the ultimate objective of eradication of terrorism in all regions This requires strengthening the global legal framework against terrorism Both sides noted the positive outcome of the meetings held so far of their bilateral dialogue mechanism on counter-terrorism and agreed to further strengthen and consolidate their discussions and cooperation It was agreed to hold the next meeting of the dialogue mechanism on counter-terrorism later this year XVIII Both sides agreed to conduct regular exchange of views on major international and regional issues, strengthen cooperation in the WTO and other international multilateral organizations, and to continue the consultations on other issues of common concern They agreed to work together to preserve stability and growth in the global economy and reduce disparities between developed and developing countries They supported an open, fair, equitable and transparent rule-based multilateral trade system and resolved to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the developing countries XIX Aware of their linked destinies as neighbours and the two largest countries of Asia, both sides agreed that they would, together, contribute to the establishment of an atmosphere of mutual understanding, trust and cooperation in Asia and the world at large, and facilitate efforts to strengthen multilateral coordination mechanisms on security and cooperation 156 XX During the visit, the two sides signed and/or released the following documents i Agreement on Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question ii Report of India-China Joint Study Group on Comprehensive Trade and Economic Cooperation iii Protocol on Modalities for the Implementation of CBMs in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas iv Agreement on Mutual Administrative Assistance and Cooperation in Customs Matters v MOU on the Launch of the India-China Financial Dialogue vi MOU on Civil Aviation vii Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirement for Exporting Grapes from India to China viii Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirement for Exporting Bitter Gourds from India to China ix MOU on Provision of Hydrological Information of the Sutlej /Langqen Zangbo River in Flood Season by China to India x Protocol on India-China Film Cooperation Commission xi MOU on Cooperation between the Indian Council of World Affairs and the Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs xii Memorandum on the Construction of an Indian-style Buddhist Temple on the Western side of the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, China XXI The two sides believed that Premier Wen Jiabao’s highly successful State visit to the Republic of India marked a new level of India-China relationship and opened a new chapter in the friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries Premier Wen Jiabao, on behalf of the Chinese Government and people, expressed his appreciation to the Government and the people of India for their warm hospitality, and invited Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to visit China at a mutually convenient time Prime Minister Manmohan Singh appreciated the invitation and accepted it with pleasure The Indian side also reiterated the invitation to President Hu Jintao to visit India The exact time of the visit will be decided through diplomatic channels 157 Prime Minister of the Republic of India Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China New Delhi April 11, 2005 158 Joint Statement on the Advancement of the Strategic and Global Partnership between Japan and India The Prime Ministers of Japan and India met in Tokyo on 22 October, 2008 for the Japan-India Annual Summit They shared the view that Japan and India, as major countries in Asia that share common values and interests, must advance bilateral cooperation as well as cooperation in regional and multilateral areas with the objective of promoting peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world They reaffirmed the importance of the Strategic and Global Partnership established in 2006 for this purpose and for harnessing the full potential of Japan-India relations The two Prime Ministers reviewed the implementation of the Roadmap for New Dimensions to the Strategic and Global Partnership and expressed satisfaction with the sustained progress that has been made through joint efforts between the two sides They also recognized that there is still immense untapped potential for the further expansion of bilateral relations The two Prime Ministers pledged to continue their efforts to broaden and deepen the relationship on the basis of the shared congruence of interests in order to develop it as an essential pillar for the future architecture of the region The two Prime Ministers welcomed the study on the future course of cooperation in the security field between the two countries and issued the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India drawing on this study They recognized that further cooperation on the basis of the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation will be beneficial to peace and prosperity in Asia and the world They instructed their respective Ministries to develop an Action Plan with specific measures to advance security cooperation based on this Declaration at an early date The two Prime Ministers expressed their satisfaction at the deepening of the Annual Strategic Dialogue between the Foreign Ministers as well as the other policy dialogues at respective levels They also welcomed the steady upgradation of defence exchanges and cooperation and decided to encourage their Defence Ministries to enhance their dialogue and collaboration further based on the Joint Statement of May, 2006 They also welcomed the contribution of established bilateral dialogue mechanisms and urged them to continue their valuable work The two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the growth of bilateral trade which is expected to reach $20 billion by 2010 They welcomed the substantive progress achieved on the Economic Partnership Agreement / Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement and expressed hope that the negotiations would be concluded at the earliest possible time The two Prime Ministers expressed their belief that this EPA / CEPA would be 159 mutually beneficial and would fully harness the true potential of economic partnership The two Prime Ministers expressed happiness over the long lasting investment relationship between the two countries which has grown over a period of time, especially the large presence of Japanese multi-nationals in India This interest has been robust in recent years with Japanese direct investments rising substantially The pipeline of investments already planned was also noted to be impressive In this regard, the two leaders welcomed efforts of JETRO and other organizations to support investment by the Japanese small and medium enterprises to India Further the Prime Ministers expressed the hope that the upward trend would be sustained in the coming years The two Prime Ministers shared the view that the Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) has contributed to India's economic development and has generated goodwill among the Indian people for Japan They shared the view that the Japanese ODA should continue to play an increasing role in India's poverty reduction, economic and social infrastructure development, tackling environmental issues and human resource development The Prime Minister of India expressed his appreciation to the Japanese people for their generous role in India's development The two Prime Ministers were satisfied that the Special Economic Partnership Initiative launched in December 2006 is beginning to give a strong stimulus to bilateral economic and commercial ties and create new opportunities for business The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to the realization of the Western corridor of the Dedicated Freight corridor (DFC) project, as the new flagship project of Japan-India cooperation, with the Japanese ODA Loan utilizing Japan's Special Terms of Economic Partnership (STEP) scheme and confirmed their readiness to jointly initiate the first phase (Rewari-Vadodara sector) of the project In this regard, the Japanese side welcomed India's decision to commission the Western corridor of DFC with electric traction system The assistance will commence through an ODA Loan for Engineering Services and the total volume of the loan for the first phase is currently estimated to be approximately 450 billion yen, based on the provisional project design The two Prime Ministers also expressed their commitment to work together for early finalization of the assistance for the entire Western corridor 10 The two Prime Ministers expressed the view that the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project (DMIC), which is linked to the Western Corridor of DFC Project, has the potential to transform the dynamics of the JapanIndia economic engagement, and decided to pursue this further They welcomed the Memorandum of Understanding signed between Japan Bank 160 for International Cooperation (JBIC) and India Infrastructure Finance Company Ltd (IIFCL) / Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (DMICDC) and confirmed that they would continue to work together closely for the joint establishment of a Project Development Fund Both sides also welcomed the active participation by the Japanese companies in the early bird projects in the DMIC region in the areas of logistics, human resource development, power generation and enclave development Both sides also welcomed the initiative of the DMICDC to take up select projects for early implementation in the Project States alongside the master planning exercise They expressed their desire to further discuss overall cooperation on DMIC in order to spur mutually beneficial business relations that serve the long term interests of both countries 11 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the progress made in bilateral consultations on high technology trade and noted the great potential in this area for collaboration The two Prime Ministers recognized the importance of continuing bilateral consultations to facilitate two way high technology trade while addressing matters relating to respective export control systems 12 The two leaders recalled the Joint Statement on Enhancement of Cooperation on Environmental Protection and Energy Security signed in August 2007 and stressed the need for accelerating bilateral cooperation in these vital areas They welcomed progress achieved under the Japan-India Ministerial-level Energy Dialogue which confirmed the strengthening of cooperation in energy efficiency and conservation sector particularly through cooperation in establishing Regional Energy Efficiency Centres in India, and the development of a comprehensive cooperation in the coal and power sectors They also noted that under this Dialogue the Energy Ministers confirmed that they will exchange views and information on their respective nuclear energy policies They also welcomed progress achieved under the Japan-India Energy Forum held by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) of India, and recognized the importance of promoting cooperation between the two countries' industries in order to expand bilateral energy cooperation on a commercial basis 13 The two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction on the achievement at the Second Meeting of the Japan-India Joint Working Group on Urban Development in June 2008 and reaffirmed their intention to continue to hold the Working Group meetings regularly 14 The two Prime Ministers shared the view that they will enhance cooperation in the field of Information and Communication Technology including the research collaboration and the introduction of wide-band wireless technology 15 The two Prime Ministers welcomed the report submitted to them following the second meeting of the high-level Business Leaders' Forum (BLF) They 161 recognized the crucial role played by business and industry of both countries in intensifying trade, investment and economic relations They urged their concerned officials to speedily examine and implement the BLF's recommendations 16 The two Prime Ministers emphasized the importance of exchanges at the cultural, academic, youth and people-to-people levels They noted with satisfaction the enhanced people-to-people exchange between the two countries under the Aso Programme, including through the Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youth (JENESYS) Programme, and shared their renewed commitment to maintain the upward trend 17 The two Prime Ministers positively appraised the work of the Japan-India Working Group set up to explore possible collaboration in establishing a new Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) with Japanese assistance and welcomed the report submitted to them by the Working Group The two Prime Ministers confirmed their commitment to collaborate in the establishment of a new IIT in Hyderabad that will become a symbol of joint efforts in promoting educational excellence in India, through various contributions from Japan The two Prime Ministers also recognized that such collaboration will require the joint work of the relevant parties of both sides including academic experts to identify the specific areas that can be mutually beneficial 18 The two Prime Ministers acknowledged the need to make all efforts to take forward the collaboration for the development of the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing at Jabalpur in accordance with the Memorandum signed in December 2006 on this subject 19 The two Prime Ministers shared the view that nuclear energy can play an important role as a safe, sustainable and non-polluting source of energy in meeting the rising global energy demands The two Prime Ministers shared the view that international nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation efforts should be reinforced The two Prime Ministers also reiterated the importance of strengthening their efforts towards the shared goal of achieving a world free of nuclear weapons 20 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed their support for the East Asia Summit as an open, inclusive, transparent and Leaders' led forum to promote cooperation on issues of common interest and to deepen regional economic integration towards the progressive realization of an East Asia Community They decided to work jointly and with other countries of the region to promote this objective at the forthcoming East Asia Summit They also welcomed the establishment of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and referred to the report of the study on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA) to be submitted in December this year 21 The two Prime Ministers reaffirmed the importance of maintaining close cooperation between the two countries in various international fora They 162 shared the view that the reform and expansion of the United Nations (UN) Security Council, in both the permanent and non-permanent categories, is central to the process of a comprehensive reform of the United Nations They welcomed the decision of the UN General Assembly to commence intergovernmental negotiations not later than February 28, 2009 They decided to continue their close cooperation to achieve expeditious forward movement towards a genuine reform of the Security Council, so as to make it more representative, credible and effective In this context, they stressed the important role of G-4, bilateral consultations as well as their engagement with the larger UN membership 22 The two Prime Ministers condemned terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, reaffirmed that terrorism constitutes a serious threat to international peace and security, and welcomed efforts undertaken by both countries to combat this menace They underlined their determination to strengthen bilateral cooperation in combating terrorism through the Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism as well as UN mechanisms They reaffirmed their desire for expeditious conclusion of negotiations of the Comprehensive Convention against International Terrorism at the United Nations 23 The two Prime Ministers shared the view that the present world economy is facing uncertainty, including financial difficulties, and that it is important for the two countries to continue discussion for the stability and growth in the region and the world They recognized the need for joint efforts by all consuming and producing countries to mitigate the impact of high and volatile oil prices, which hamper global growth and development They also expressed concerns that global food prices remain at high level, and called for greater collaborative efforts to address the challenge of the global food security They also discussed the current state of the negotiations of the WTO Doha Development Agenda and reaffirmed their will to continue their cooperation towards an early and successful conclusion of the negotiations with a balanced and comprehensive outcome 24 The two Prime Ministers expressed their support for the Bali Action Plan, and reaffirmed their determination for a flexible, fair and effective agreed outcome for now, up to and beyond 2012, in which all countries participate The Japanese side welcomed India's recent announcement of the "National Action Plan on Climate Change," and the Indian side welcomed the various initiatives taken by Japan on this issue The two Prime Ministers shared the view that the actions of all countries should be taken based on national circumstances and various criteria in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities They reaffirmed the desirability for the UNFCCC Parties to adopt in the negotiations a long-term global goal for reducing global emissions and pledged to cooperate closely in this regard toward the COP 15 next year In 163 this regard, they noted the desire of the G8 nations to share with all the parties of the UNFCCC the vision of reducing global emissions by at least 50% by 2050 They also noted that equitable burden sharing for sustainable development should guide the negotiations on a shared vision In order to secure energy efficiency and address climate change, they reaffirmed to promote energy efficiency and conservation by implementing individual, and where possible, sector specific goals and action plans Recognizing that actions in various sectors could be a useful tool for global emission reduction through measures such as improving energy efficiency, they decided to move forward on the practical development of cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions, also in cooperation with other countries, as confirmed in the 3rd meeting of the Japan-India Ministerial-level Energy Dialogue They highlighted the importance of promoting synergy between development and environmental protection, and recognized the need to devote scaled up resources to adaptation measures in developing countries They shared the view that Japan and India must work closely together on Climate Change issues in relevant international fora 25 The Prime Minister of India conveyed his sincere appreciation for the hospitality extended to him and his delegation by the Government of Japan He invited the Prime Minister of Japan to visit New Delhi in 2009 for their next Annual Bilateral Summit, at mutually convenient dates to be decided through diplomatic channels Tokyo, 22 October, 2008 Dr Manmohan Singh Mr Taro Aso Prime Minister of Japan Prime Minister of the Republic of India (Sourse: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan) http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/pmv0810/joint_s.html 164 India–Republic of Korea Joint Statement: Towards A Strategic Partnership H.E Mr Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea (ROK), paid a State Visit to India from 24 to 27 January 2010, at the invitation of H.E Smt Pratibha Devisingh Patil, President of the Republic of India The President of the ROK was accorded a ceremonial welcome at the Rashtrapati Bhawan on 25 January 2010 During the visit, President Lee met President Patil, and also held a summit meeting with Prime Minister of India, Dr Manmohan Singh On 26 January, President Lee will be the Chief Guest at the celebrations to mark the Republic Day of India During the summit meeting, the two leaders discussed ways to develop bilateral relations and exchanged views on regional and international issues They expressed satisfaction on the strong development of India -ROK relations based on the "Longterm Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity" established in October 2004 Both sides welcomed the steady growth in high level exchanges and contacts between the two countries, and the expansion in various areas of bilateral relations including defence, trade, science & technology, information & communication technology, education, and culture Recognizing that the India-ROK partnership is based on the principles of common interest, mutual benefit and shared values, the two leaders agreed that there is immense scope for further enhancing bilateral relations in various areas In this context, they also welcomed the entry into force of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on January 2010 as the bedrock of a new comprehensive partnership between India and the ROK They also recognized that, as both countries are major economies in the region, the partnership has the capacity to promote regional growth, and to contribute to prosperity and economic development of Asia Referring to the common challenges that both countries face in ensuring security against non-conventional threats, the two leaders agreed on the importance of cooperating and consulting with each other in developing regional architecture in the broader Asia-Pacific region Considering that India-ROK Partnership is a factor for peace and stability in Asia as well as between the two countries, the two leaders decided to enhance bilateral relations to a Strategic Partnership They also identified the following elements of the future relationship: Political and Security Cooperation 165 The two leaders agreed to maintain regular contacts, including on the margins of international meetings and conferences Both sides reiterated the importance of the India-ROK Joint Commission co-chaired by the Foreign Ministers of the two countries and acknowledged the necessity of holding the Joint Commission on an annual basis It was agreed that the sixth meeting of the Joint Commission will be held in 2010 The two leaders agreed that the Foreign Policy & Security Dialogue will be raised to the level of Vice Foreign Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT) of the ROK, and Secretary (East), Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) of India It was also agreed that the first meeting of the upgraded dialogue will be held in 2010 10 The two leaders agreed to strengthen dialogue and exchanges in the area of defence through regular high-level military exchanges They also agreed to explore the possibilities of joint venture cooperation in research & development, and manufacture of military equipment including through transfer of technology and co-production It was agreed that the third meeting of the Joint Committee on Defence Logistics and Industry will be held during the first half of 2010 11 The two leaders also agreed on the need for greater cooperation between the navies and coast guards in areas pertaining to the safety and security of international maritime traffic They shared the view that developing long-term cooperative relations in this area will contribute to peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region Economic and Trade Cooperation 12 Both sides shared the view that the CEPA will contribute to enhancing trade and investment flows between the two countries They also reaffirmed their commitment to ensure the smooth implementation of the CEPA It was agreed that the first meeting of the Joint Committee headed by Trade Ministers of the two countries or their representatives will be held in the second half of 2010 to review the status of the implementation of the CEPA 13 The two leaders agreed to set a target of US$ 30 billion for bilateral trade to be achieved by 2014 They also agreed to strengthen cooperation in trade and investment, SMEs, SPS and Standards related measures, trade remedies and IPR issues 14 Both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in the financial sector through bilateral consultations on macroeconomic policy, budget, taxation, finance, and public sector reform 166 15 Noting that the expansion of mutual investment will contribute to the reciprocal economic growth of both countries, the two leaders agreed to enhance cooperation and support at the governmental level to nurture a favourable environment, including through mutual agreement on a revised Double Taxation Avoidance Convention (DTAC) before the end of 2010 The Indian side hoped that investment from the ROK into India will expand, including in the infrastructure and manufacturing sectors In this context, referring to the project to set up a Korean industrial complex and technology zone in the State of Gujarat, the two leaders noted its potential to further accelerate the bilateral trade and investment linkages The two leaders also recognized the need to expedite the implementation of the POSCO project in the State of Orissa The Korean side hoped that Indian investment in the ROK will also expand It was agreed that the fourth meeting of the India-ROK Joint Committee on Investment Promotion will be held in New Delhi in 2010 16 Noting the important role of air transport network in promoting economic, social and cultural exchanges, the two leaders agreed to explore the possibility of enhancing air connectivity between the two countries They also agreed to consider the early conclusion of a mutually beneficial Maritime Shipping Agreement Science and Technology Cooperation 17 The two leaders recognized the importance of strengthening cooperation in the field of science & technology They welcomed the outcome of the Meeting of the Joint Committee on Science & Technology held in Seoul in December 2009 and endorsed the decision of the two sides to consider creating a dedicated fund of US$ 10 million (with a contribution of US$ million by each side) to promote joint research The two leaders also agreed that the two sides may explore the possibility of upgrading the level of the dialogue 18 The two leaders also agreed to strengthen cooperation in the information technology sector including through the expansion of mutual investment and personnel exchanges They also welcomed the decision of the two sides to renew the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Information Technology and Services 19 The two leaders welcomed the signing of the MOU on cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and expressed confidence that the MOU will facilitate strong cooperation between the two countries in this important sector 20 The two leaders shared the view that nuclear energy can play an important role as a safe, sustainable and non-polluting source of energy They agreed to facilitate development of a framework for bilateral civil nuclear cooperation 167 Social and Cultural Cooperation 21 Recognising the need to further strengthen cultural exchanges and people to people contacts between India and the ROK, the two leaders agreed to designate the year 2011 as ‘Year of Korea’ in India and ‘Year of India’ in the ROK 22 The Indian side also welcomed the ROK initiative to open a Korean Cultural Centre in New Delhi in 2011, which will go a long way in further promoting awareness about Korean life and culture in India Cooperation in the International Arena 23 The two leaders recognized the legitimate and long-term interests of both countries in the peace and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region, and the importance of developing an open and inclusive economic regional architecture that is based on the principles of mutual benefit and shared opportunity In this context, they affirmed that both India and the ROK have a significant role to play in such a regional architecture and agreed to maintain regular consultations and close coordination in the EAS, ARF, ACD and ASEM processes 24 Both sides agreed to work for comprehensive United Nations reform, including Security Council expansion, with a view to enhancing its representativeness and, consequently, its effectiveness, authority and efficiency, as well as its capacity to address various challenges facing the international community 25 The two leaders reiterated their commitment to the eradication of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and agreed to enhance cooperation in this area, including through information sharing 26 Both sides also reiterated their common commitment on nuclear disarmament and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery 27 The two leaders valued the G-20 as the premier forum for international economic cooperation and commended its timely and strong policy response in the crisis They welcomed the Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth launched at Pittsburgh and looked forward to its implementation 28 The two leaders welcomed the Copenhagen Accord They reaffirmed their determination to work closely together in the negotiations both under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol towards an Agreed Outcome to be adopted at the 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties 168 29 The following agreement and MOUs were signed during the visit: (i) Agreement on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons (ii) MOU on Cooperation in Information Technology and Services (iii) Programme of Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology for the Period 2010-2012 (iv) MOU for Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 30 The two sides agreed that the State Visit of the President of the Republic of Korea to India has reflected the recent trend in expanding bilateral relations between the two countries and that this visit will provide the impetus for a new vision of friendly and cooperative relations in the years to come 31 On behalf of the Government and the people of the Republic of Korea, President Lee Myung-bak thanked the Government and the people of India for the warm and friendly hospitality accorded to him and his delegation President Lee extended cordial invitations to President Smt Pratibha Devisingh Patil and Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh to visit the Republic of Korea at a mutually convenient time The invitations were accepted with appreciation The timing of these visits will be decided through diplomatic channels New Delhi January 25, 2010 (Sourse: Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses) http://www.idsa.in/resources/documents/India-KoreaJointStatement.25.1.10