Đối chiếu phương thức cấu tạo từ trong tiếng anh dưới góc độ dạy tiếng

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN TRẦN THANH LINH ĐỐI CHIẾU PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO TỪ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH DƯỚI GÓC ĐỘ DẠY TIẾNG LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ VIỆT NAM HỌC THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH – 2013 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN *** TRẦN THANH LINH ĐỐI CHIẾU PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO TỪ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH DƯỚI GÓC ĐỘ DẠY TIẾNG Chuyên ngành: Việt Nam học Mã số: 603160 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ VIỆT NAM HỌC NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC TS TRẦN THỦY VỊNH THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH – 2013 i MỤC LỤC Trang phụ bìa Trang Mục lục i Danh mục hình vẽ vii DẪN NHẬP Lý chọn đề tài mục đích nghiên cứu Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề Phạm vi đối tượng nghiên cứu Phương pháp nghiên cứu nguồn tài liệu 10 Ý nghĩa khoa học thực tiễn 11 Cấu trúc luận văn 12 Chương 1: CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN 1.1 Khái niệm từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 14 1.1.1 Khái niệm từ tiếng Việt 14 1.1.2 Khái niệm từ tiếng Anh 18 1.2 Đặc điểm từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 21 1.2.1 Đặc điểm từ tiếng Việt 21 1.2.2 Đặc điểm từ tiếng Anh 22 ii 1.3 Đơn vị cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 22 1.3.1 Các quan niệm chủ yếu đơn vị cấu tạo từ 23 1.3.2 Đơn vị cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt 25 1.3.3 Đơn vị cấu tạo từ tiếng Anh 26 1.3.4 Phân loại đơn vị cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 26 1.4 Phân loại từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh mặt cấu tạo 28 1.4.1 Phân loại từ tiếng Việt mặt cấu tạo 28 1.4.2 Phân loại từ tiếng Anh mặt cấu tạo 29 1.5 Phương thức cấu tạo từ 30 1.5.1 Khái niệm phương thức cấu tạo từ 30 1.5.2 Đồng đại lịch đại nghiên cứu phương thức cấu tạo từ 33 Chương 2: PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO TỪ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT 2.1 Phương thức chuyển âm 36 2.1.1 Biến âm ngữ lưu 36 2.1.2 Biến âm lịch sử 38 2.1.3 Biến âm văn hoá 39 2.2 Phương thức chuyển ngữ nghĩa từ vựng 40 2.2.1 Chuyển nghĩa đen 41 2.2.2 Chuyển nghĩa bóng 42 2.3 Phương thức chuyển từ loại 43 2.3.1 Chuyển loại thực từ 43 iii 2.3.2 Chuyển loại hư từ 46 2.4 Phương thức ghép 47 2.4.1 Ghép thực từ 47 2.4.2 Ghép hư từ 54 2.5 Phương thức thành lập từ hoàn toàn 54 2.6 Phương thức láy 56 2.6.1 Láy đôi 56 2.6.2 Láy ba láy tư 63 2.7 Phương thức vay mượn 64 2.7.1 Phiên âm 64 2.7.2 Chuyển tự 66 2.7.3 Giữ nguyên dạng 66 2.7.4 Ghép lai 67 2.7.5 Sao 67 Chương 3: PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH 3.1 Phương thức chuyển âm (sound change) 70 3.1.1 Hiện tượng đồng hoá 70 3.1.2 Hiện tượng phân bố lại 72 3.1.3 Hiện tượng bớt âm 72 3.1.4 Hiện tượng thêm âm 73 3.2 Phương thức chuyển ngữ nghĩa từ vựng (semantic change) 73 iv 3.2.1 Chuyển nghĩa đen 73 3.2.2 Chuyển nghĩa bóng 75 3.3 Phương thức chuyển từ loại (conversion) 76 2.3.1 Chuyển loại thực từ 77 2.3.2 Chuyển loại hư từ 81 3.4 Phương thức ghép (compounding) 82 3.4.1 Ghép thực từ 82 3.4.2 Ghép hư từ 87 3.5 Phương thức thành lập từ hoàn toàn (coinage) 88 3.6 Phương thức phụ tố (affixation) 89 3.6.1 Thêm tiền tố 90 3.6.2 Thêm hậu tố 91 3.7 Phương thức vay mượn (borrowing) 95 2.7.2 Vay mượn trực tiếp 95 2.7.3 Vay mượn chuyển tự 97 Chương 4: THỦ PHÁP DẠY TỪ DỰA VÀO ĐỐI CHIẾU PHƯƠNG THỨC CẤU TẠO TỪ TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH 4.1 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức chuyển âm tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 100 4.1.1 Đối chiếu phương thức chuyển âm tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 100 4.1.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ chuyển âm tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 101 v 4.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức chuyển nghĩa tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 104 4.2.1 Đối chiếu phương thức chuyển nghĩa tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 104 4.2.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ chuyển nghĩa tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 104 4.3 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức chuyển từ loại tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 107 4.3.1 Đối chiếu phương thức chuyển từ loại tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 107 4.3.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ chuyển loại tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 107 4.4 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức ghép tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 111 4.4.1 Đối chiếu phương thức ghép tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 111 4.4.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ ghép tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 111 4.5 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức thành lập từ hoàn toàn tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 117 4.5.1 Đối chiếu phương thức thành lập từ hoàn toàn tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 117 4.5.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ hoàn toàn tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 117 4.6 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức láy tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 119 4.6.1 Đối chiếu phương thức láy tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 119 4.6.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ láy tiếng Việt 119 4.7 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức phụ tố tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 123 vi 4.7.1 Đối chiếu phương thức phụ tố tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 123 4.7.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ phái sinh tiếng Anh 123 4.8 Thủ pháp dạy từ dựa vào đối chiếu phương thức vay mượn tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 127 4.8.1 Đối chiếu phương thức vay mượn tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 127 4.8.2 Thủ pháp dạy từ vay mượn tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 128 KẾT LUẬN 131 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 135 PHỤ LỤC 145 Phụ lục 1: Tỷ lệ từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh khảo sát theo phương thức cấu tạo 145 Phụ lục 2: Đối chiếu tỉ lệ từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh theo phương thức cấu tạo 149 Phụ lục 3: Ngữ liệu tiếng Việt khảo sát 154 Phụ lục 4: Ngữ liệu tiếng Anh khảo sát 175 vii DANH MỤC CÁC HÌNH VẼ STT NỘI DUNG TRANG 01 Hình 1.1 Phân loại từ tố tiếng Việt 27 02 Hình 1.2 Phân loại hình vị tiếng Anh 28 DẪN NHẬP Lý chọn đề tài mục đích nghiên cứu Từ giữ vị trí trung tâm hệ thống ngơn ngữ Trong trình học ngoại ngữ, người học khơng có vốn từ đầy đủ họ khơng thể sử dụng hiệu ngôn ngữ phương tiện giao tiếp tư Ngược lại, người học hiểu thấu đáo cách thức cấu tạo, ý nghĩa cách sử dụng từ khả lựa chọn sử dụng từ xác, giúp họ có nhiều thuận lợi giao tiếp Nói cách khác, vốn từ người học giàu cách diễn đạt tư tưởng, tình cảm rõ ràng, linh động đặc sắc nhiêu Và vậy, từ vựng xem yếu tố quan trọng để phát triển lực ngoại ngữ người học Sự khác biệt loại hình nói chung cách thức cấu tạo từ nói riêng hai ngôn ngữ Việt - Anh lý mà nhiều học viên học tiếng Việt (hoặc tiếng Anh) ngoại ngữ lúng túng dùng từ không phù hợp Từ thực tế việc dạy học tiếng Việt/ tiếng Anh ngoại ngữ, thấy việc nghiên cứu, đối chiếu phương thức cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh cần thiết Việc nghiên cứu, đối chiếu nhằm đề xuất thủ pháp hỗ trợ cho công tác dạy học từ tiếng Việt (hoặc tiếng Anh) cho người ngữ tiếng Anh học tiếng Việt (hoặc ngược lại) Từ lý nêu mà chọn đề tài “Đối chiếu phương thức cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh góc độ dạy tiếng” Về mục đích nghiên cứu, luận văn miêu tả đối chiếu phương thức cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh, đồng thời ứng dụng kết nghiên cứu vào giảng dạy tiếng Việt tiếng Anh ngoại ngữ, cụ thể sau: - Miêu tả xác định đặc điểm phương thức cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt tiếng Anh 182 50 Exam board: English teachers, who received breakdowns of marks yesterday, ahead of today’s results, complained that exam boards had substantially increased grade boundaries, leaving pupils with lower results than expected (cf The Telegraph, GCSE results 2012: row erupts over marking of English exam papers – 23/08/2012) 51 Fable: Stadler said the one she uses means “peach” and comes from a Chinese fable about a utopia found in a peach tree grove (cf Bangor Daily News, National chain sues Brunswick’s Tao restaurant over name – 04/10/2012) 52 Fowl: To hunt pig or fowl, a guest must have a California hunting license (cf Fox News, Red-blooded adventures in red wine country – 01/06/2012) 53 Freedom: Other recent accidents have claimed the lives of young drivers and passengers, including one in Freedom Township and another in Biddeford this month and a crash last November in Carmel that left two Hermon High School students dead (cf Bangor Daily News, Secretary of state emphasizes youth driver safety, hopes for improvements – 30/09/2012) 54 Fridge: Tony “The Fridge” Phonenix-Morrison has run the 13.1-mile circuit with a 40kg fridge strapped to his back on each of the past 29 days as part of a challenge to raise money for the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation cancer charity (cf BBC News, Great North Run 2012: Wilson Kipsang wins annual half marathon 16/09/2012) 55 Friendship: That shared experience decades ago led to a warm friendship, little known to outsiders, that is now rich with political intrigue (cf The New York Times, A Friendship Dating to 1976 Resonates in 2012 – 07/04/2012) 56 Fruit juice: It’s common in New York to see teams of college-age students handing out samples of goods like fruit juice and dog food (cf The New York Times, A Surprise in a Hot Dog Cart – 06/08/2012) 57 Gastric: She had undergone gastric bypass surgery but kept it secret from her family and started eating too much after the operation (cf Mail Online, Obese mother who refused to stop eating after having gastric bypass choked to death on food that couldn't fit into her stomach – 14/06/2012) 183 58 Genus: Pop music megastar Lady Gaga is being honored with the name of a new genus of ferns found in Central and South America, Mexico, Arizona and Texas (cf Duke Online, Nineteen Species of Fern Named for Lady Gaga – 19/10/2012) 59 Girlhood: But it would be fair to say that the Girl Scouts have reflected American girlhood, that they have charted the history of what it has meant to be young and female, especially young and female and industrious and outdoorsy (cf Washington Post, Girl Scouts’ 100th birthday: Charting a century of change in Ameriacan girlhood – 04/03/2012) 60 Glaze: Think of the state, despite its Southern accent and Southern ways, as the paunch hanging over the Midwestern bakery belt, the last calorie-filled province in an enormous swath of territory where the glazed twist, the apple fritter, the chocolate-iced Long John and the vanilla-cream Bismarck hold sway (cf The New York Times, Twists and Turns Along a Kentucky Doughnut Trail – 02/10/2012) 61 Greenish: The beta carotene in carrots, carrot juice and high doses of vitamin C can cause orange-colored urine, and B vitamins and asparagus may turn urine a greenish color (cf The New York Times, A Medical Tell-All Can Be Found in Urine – 02/01/2012) 62 Hand-sewn: But the embrace of domestic goods has also moved beyond scruffy D.J types in Brooklyn who plunk down $275 for a pair of hand-sewn dungarees sewn from Cone denim drom the company’s White Oak plant in North Carolina (cf The New York Times, A Label That Has Regained its Luster – 14/09/2012) 63 Handshake: The queen helped clear the way for the handshake last year when she became the first reigning British monarch to visit Ireland since it gained independence from Britain in 1922 (cf Washington Post, Queen Elizabeth and ex-IRA leader share historic handshake – 27/04/2012) 184 64 Happiness: I've spent the past several years researching and writing about the different strategies we use to pursue happiness in our work (cf CNN News, Why 'follow your passion' is bad advice – 29/08/2012) 65 Helplessly: He then jumped into the $122,000 Bentley, purchased from a Woodbury, L.I., auto dealer, and drove to Arrowhead Stadium , where he shot himself in the head as his head coach, Romeo Crennel, and general manager, Scott Pioli, watched helplessly (cf Daily News, Jovan Belcher leaves grisly car evidence of mayhem that preceded his shocking suicide – 03/12/2012) 66 Hunter-gatherer: Ancient huts at Kharaneh IV join a handful of other Stone Age hunter-gatherer structures excavated in the Middle East (cf The New York Times, Shelters date to Stone Age – 22/02/2012) 67 Identify: A man identified only as John discovered the bone when one of his sons saw what he believed to be a ball while walking in the forest behind their property in 2010, according to Des Moines’ ABC5-WOI (cf Daily News, Iowa family finds prehistoric mammoth femur in their backyard – 05/06/2012) 68 Ignorance: So ex-cheats now lambast a president who cites ignorance as a defence of his organisation (cf The Telegraph, Lance Armstrong cycling crisis: ignorance is no defence, Pat McQuaid – 25/10/2012) 69 Illness: Smog is linked to a number of respiratory illnesses and cause coughing and breathing difficulties (cf CNN News, Smog-eating tiles gobbles up air pollution – 08/05/2012) 70 Import: The Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta has applied for a federal import permit on behalf of a group of marine parks, saying the aquariums need the Arctic Whales for captive breeding efforts, research and education (cf The New York Times, Opposition as Aquarium Seeks Import of Whales – 09/06/2012) 71 Impose: The United States military imposed a curfew on Friday on all of its nearly 50,000 uniformed personnel stationed in Japan, as it tried to respond to public outrage over reports of the rape of a woman on Okinawa by two American sailors (cf The New York Times, U.S Troops in Japan on Curfew Amid Rape Inquiries – 19/10/2012) 185 72 In order to: Loosely put, it must be among the things we as humans need in order to lead healthy, meaningful lives, like freedom from torture or freedom of conscience (cf The New York Times, Internet Access Is Not a Human Right – 04/01/2012) 73 Increase: The frequency of autism spectrum diagnoses has been increasing for decades, but researchers cannot agree on whether the trend is a result of heightened awareness, an expanding definition of the spectrum, an actual increase in incidence or some combination of those factors (cf The New York Times, Rate of Autism Diagnoses Has Climbed, Study Finds – 29/03/2012) 74 Information: “Essentially, it’s a right-down-the-middle kind of thing,” York said “We’re not saying it’s an accident and we’re not saying it was an intentional act There just isn’t enough information to make a call one way or the other.” (cf Bangor Daily News, Investigators unable to find cause of Ellsworth fire that preceded homeowner killing himself – 07/12/2012) 75 Inhuman: The findings of cruel and inhuman treatment are published as an addendum to the special rapporteur’s report to the UN general assemnly on the promotion and protection of human rights (cf The Guardian, Bradley Manning’s treatment was cruel and inhuman, Un torture chief rules - 12/03/2012) 76 Intention: "The UK and Jordan remain committed to ensuring that Abu Qatada must face justice and are pursuing all options with regard to his deportation, and it is my intention to travel back to continue those negotiations shortly," May said (cf CNN News, UK, Jordan hold 'useful' talks over Abu Qatada – 17/02/2012) 77 Jamaican: Still, audience members said they agreed with Jain’s idea that education is “where it all starts.” Rudi-Ann Miller ’16, who is originally from Jamaica, said Jamaican students at her school are tested each year on four major religions and one smaller religion so they learn to understand different groups of people (cf Yale Daily News, Religious leader emphasizes education – 29/10/2012) 78 Journalist: An emergency meeting was called on Wednesday by the National Union of Journalists over what is believed to be the first case of the BBC's 186 current affairs staff being threatened with compulsory job cuts (cf The Guardian, Panorama faces industrial action threat over BBC job losses – 04/01/2012) 79 Lab: An outside review of 17 labs in the same state building that housed the lab at the center of a drug-testing scandal found that they, too, had problems (cf The MetroWest Daily News, Review finds problems at other Mass – 28/12/2012) 80 Language: In an effort to expand its language course offerings, Yale’s Center for Language Study is partnering with Columbia and Cornell to offer videoconference-based classes in eight uncommonly taught languages (cf Yale Daily News, Language classes expand remotely – 05/09/2012) 81 Laser: Researchers in the US have produced the shortest-ever laser pulses: just 67 billionths of a billionth of a second (cf BBC News, Shortest laser pulse lasts just 67 attoseconds – 06/09/2012) 82 Lazybone: “Come on, lazybones, shoe sale today,” he says at one point (cf The New York Times, A Surprise in a Hot Dog Cart – 06/08/2012) 83 Leader: He said he hopes to bring young religious leaders to universities such as Harvard and Yale to train them in management, government, social media and social issues (cf Yale Daily News, Religious leader emphasizes education – 29/10/2012) 84 Magnanimity: The multiple disasters inflicted by Hurricane Sandy call for similar magnanimity (cf The New York Times, Hurricane Sandy’s Rising Costs – 27/10/2012) 85 Maid of honor: In “Bridesmaids,” Annie, the maid of honor, played by Kristen Wiig, and Helen, played by Rose Byrne, get into a tit-for-tat over who’s closer to the bride (cf The New York Times, The Art of the Wedding Toast – 15/06/2012) 86 Meat: "This is shocking, I am just so shocked to see so much of it," said Paul Povey, one of the UK's leading experts in meat hygiene and inspections and a member of the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, who examined 187 the meat for the BBC (cf BBC News, Cane rat meat 'sold to public' in Ridley Road Market – 117/09/2012) 87 Microwave: Yang's defense attorney, Linda Parisi said that it was due to her client's history of seizures - which she has been suffering from for more than six years - that made her put her own baby in the microwave (cf Mail Online, Mother 'burned her baby to death in microwave because she was having a seizure fit' – 23/02/2012) 88 Mismanagement: The funds at issue were recently awarded as a settlement of a lawsuit alleging asset mismanagement that was filed in 2006 by 60 tribes from throughout the United States (cf Bangor Daily News, Passamaquoddy chief says public hearing will precede allocation of $11.4 million settlement – 23/05/2013) 89 Moreover: For many of the developers not working at traditional companies, moreover, “job” is a misnomer (cf The New York Times, As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part Is Making a Living – 17/10/2012) 90 Mother-in-law: But there’s an obstacle that drives the narrative: Her mother-in-law is adamantly opposed (cf The New York Times, Indian Soap Operas, Ruled by Mothers-in-Law – 25/12/2012) 91 Mouse: Swedish 'eye tracking' experts Tobii are to unveil a 'Gaze' eye controller for the Microsoft's new Windows 8, which can control a mouse pointer to around a quarter of an inch accuracy (cf Mail Online, Eyes left! New 'Gaze Control' lets you ditch the mouse and move by looking at a PC screen - you even blink to click – 05/01/2012) 92 Multilateral: In essence, Mr Aquino said, “Our position has always been that a multilateral problem does not lend itself to a solution on a bilateral basis.” (cf The New York Times, China Stalls Move to Quell Asia Disputes Over Territory – 19/10/2012) 93 Must: Sound fiscal policy and balanced budgets are a must (cf The New York Times, A New Vision of Europe – 17/09/2012) 188 94 Paleface: Sixty-one years ago, in a famous essay, Philip Rahv divided American writers into two groups: “palefaces,” like Henry James and T S Eliot, with high brows, oversize superegos and self-conscious, philosophical sensibilities; and “redskins,” like Whitman and Dreiser, with earthier styles and noisier, more polulist outlooks (cf The New York Times, CRITIC’S NOTEBOOK; New Wave of Writer Reinvents Literature – 22/04/2012) 95 Passionate: Just because "follow your passion" is bad advice, however, doesn't mean that you should abandon the goal of feeling passionate about your work (cf CNN News, Why 'follow your passion' is bad advice – 29/08/2012) 96 Patience: Nick Arthers, who was named the head football coach at Old Town High School in July replacing Steve Calande, is preaching patience to his Coyotes (cf Bangor Daily News, New Old Town coach preaches patience, emphasizes defense – 05/09/2012) 97 Performance: It can monitor athletes’ performance to the nearest one thousandth of a second (cf BBC News, London 2012: The importance of Omlympic timekeeping – 03/05/2012) 98 Photosynthesis: This results when water is broken up in the Hill reaction of photosynthesis (cf Earth Times, Photosynthesis, the dream of renewable energy – 28/04/2012) 99 Player-coach: The normally sparse Underhill was packed with observers, both casual and curious Given that Barnet’s new player-coach Edgar Davids had been in place for less than 48 hours, heaven knows what they were expecting to see (cf The Telegraph, Barnet player-coach Edgar Davids pulls in the punters at Underhill but cannot find a way to win three points – 14/08/2012) 100 Postdoctoral: Liana Gamber Thompson, a postdoctoral researcher at University of Southern California-Annenberg, studies media activism, fan communities and participatory politics (cf ABC News, Government Zombie Promos Are Spreading – 07/09/2012) 189 101 Pre-existing: If you study the career paths of people who end up loving their work, you'll find that clearly identified pre-existing passions are rare (cf CNN News, Why 'follow your passion' is bad advice – 29/08/2012) 102 Pregnancy: Reasearch showing that children of women who drank as little as two glasses of wine a week during pregnancy had lower IQs has prompted calls for mothers-to-be to avoid alcohol (cf The Guardian, IQ research prompts warning over drinking alcohol during pregancy – 14/10/2012) 103 Prehistoric: Researchers in Oregon have unveiled a 100-million-year- old hunk of amber containing a prehistoric spider about to devour a wasp caught in its web (cf Daily News, Prehistoric fossil shows 100-million-year-old spider about to feast on wasp trapped in its web – 09/10/2012) 104 Pretty: A producer tells her that’s precisely why they set it up that way, and someone else cracks that this is straight out of an awkward scene in “Pretty Woman,” where Julia Roberts’ character is clearly out of her league in high society (cf Daily News, Snooki & Jwoww’s next steps after sailing off into the sunset on “Jersey Shore” – 08/01/2013) 105 Privacy: The lack of privacy is a violation of human rights procedures, the UN says, and considers unaccepted by the UN special rapporteur (cf The Guardian, Bradley Manning’s treatment was cruel and inhuman, Un torture chief rules - 12/03/2012) 106 Radar: “Sometimes to defend one nation effectively you might need a radar system in a neighboring nation,” she said, adding, “But it’s the cooperation — it’s what they call ‘interoperability’ — that we now need to really roll up our sleeves and get to work on.” (cf The New York Times, U.S and Gulf Allies Pursue a Missile Shield Against Iranian Attack – 08/08/2012) 107 Ready-to-use: Western intelligence agencies observed Syrian units making advanced preparations for the potential use of chemical weapons, including loading trucks with ready-to-use bombs and shells, prompting President Obama last week to warn Syria against using the banned munitions, according to Western 190 and Middle Eastern officials (cf Washington Post, Intelligence on Syrian troops readying chemical weapons for use prompted Obama’s warning – 13/12/2012) 108 Redistribute: They will use their majority to pillage the makers and redistribute to the takers (cf CNN News, Conservatives, don't despair – 13/10/2012) 109 Redskin: Sixty-one years ago, in a famous essay, Philip Rahv divided American writers into two groups: “palefaces,” like Henry James and T S Eliot, with high brows, oversize superegos and self-conscious, philosophical sensibilities; and “redskins,” like Whitman and Dreiser, with earthier styles and noisier, more polulist outlooks (cf The New York Times, CRITIC’S NOTEBOOK; New Wave of Writer Reinvents Literature – 22/04/2012) 110 Redundancy: The decision was made last February and some staff have taken voluntary redundancy (cf The Guardian, Panorama faces industrial action threat over BBC job losses – 04/01/2012) 111 Refusal: The battle over Syria moved to the United Nations on Tuesday with Western powers and much of the Arab world confronting Russia and its allies in the Securities Council over their refusal to condemn the Syrian government for its violent suppression of popular protests (cf The New York Times, At U.N., Pressure Is on Russia for Refusal to Condemn Syria – 31/01/2012) 112 Relevant: Religious figures have a strong political influence that transcends national boundaries, he said, adding that they are often more popular than politicians — when the pope makes an announcement, for example, Catholics around the globe listen Jain said he works closely with the U.N secretary-general, and he gears his plans toward making religion relevant to young people’s lives as part of a larger effort focusing on education (cf Yale Daily News, Religious leader emphasizes education – 29/10/2012) 113 Reminiscent: And yet it seems that beneath the long fringe so reminiscent, according to those royal watchers, of the style favoured by her husband’s late mother, the broad smile concealed a genuine secret (cf The 191 Guardian, Pregnant Kate: after months of gossip and false claims, this time it’s official – 03/12/2012) 114 Researcher: This week, at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in Chicago, researchers presented preliminary results from no fewer than 20 studies on metformin, including some in humans (cf CNN News, Can a dirt-cheap diabetes drug fight cancer? – 06/04/2012) 115 Responsibility: “Power without responsiblility – the prerogative of the harlot through the ages,” complained Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin in 1931 (cf The Guardian, Leveson inquiry: the essential guide – 28/10/2012) 116 Retirement: America is not a society divided between "makers" and "takers." Instead, almost all of us proceed through a life cycle where we sometimes make and sometimes take as we pass from schooling to employment to retirement (cf CNN News, Conservatives, don't despair – 13/10/2012) 117 Safety: Quimby and Gonzalez are the cornerbacks with junior Ian Cribbin being the safety (cf Bangor Daily News, New Old Town coach preaches patience, emphasizes defense – 05/09/2012) 118 Scientific: Hey Mars! We're back! Hope you don't mind if we cruise around in our scientific SUV to grab some historic data and snap some breathtaking images (cf CNN News, Mars rover: Is all this really necessary? – 07/08/2012) 119 Scientist: Scientists want to know what Mars can tell us about our own planet's climate and geology (cf CNN News, Mars rover: Is all this really necessary? – 07/08/2012) 120 Seafood: Whole Foods is not the first supermarket chain to limit the kind of seafood it sells in the name of sustainability (cf The New York Times, A Ban on Some Seafood Has Fishermen Fuming – 21/04/2012) 121 Sharp: “I was worried about being off four or five days how we’d come back,” Fisher said “But I thought we were very sharp, especially the first day back The kids were locked in and focused assignment-wise There were very few 192 missed assignments or techniques Actually, a very good practice Even better than I thought we practiced at home” (cf Florida Online, Florida State Seminoles' opening practice 'very sharp' – 28/12/2012) 122 Sheathe: But it’s increasingly common to find vintage town houses sheathed in glass, aluminum and other relentlessly contemporary materials (cf The New York Times, The Brownstone Revisionists – 09/10/2012) 123 Shortly: Will Mitt Romney follow in the august footsteps of Clinton, Cameron anf Blair to have attended Bliderberg and then shortly become leader? (cf The Guardian, Bilderberg 2012: were Mitt Romney and Bill Gates there? – 05/06/2012) 124 Silence: The chicken farmer whom garden members had invited to speak was silenced by several scolding, finger-wagging women, saying in unison: “You don’t know this neighborhood Shame on you!” (cf The New York Times, Chickens Threaten to Divide Brooklyn Community – 21/10/2012) 125 Simulator: Another could be leveraging federal grants to purchase driving simulators as a way to supplement on-the-road training (cf Bangor Daily News, Secretary of state emphasizes youth driver safety, hopes for improvements – 30/09/2012) 126 Skinhead: Arno Michael is, the former leader of a white power band called Centurion, whose CD “14 Words” has sold 20,000 copies worldwide, recalls being swept away when he heard racist music from the Bristish skinhead group Skrewdriver in the 1900s (cf The New York Times, Music Style Is Called White Supremacist Recruiting Tool - 07/08/2012) 127 Smog: Smog is formed when nitrogen oxide mixes in the air with other chemicals in the presence of sunlight and heat (cf CNN News, Smog-eating tiles gobbles up air pollution – 08/05/2012) 128 Socialism: It could not so, because neither party offers socialism (cf CNN News, Conservatives, don't despair – 13/10/2012) 129 Soldier: Juan Mendez has completed a 14-month investigation into the treatment of Manning since the soldier’s arrest at a US military base in May 193 2010 (cf The Guardian, Bradley Manning’s treatment was cruel and inhuman, Un torture chief rules - 12/03/2012) 130 Spokesman: The Obama campaign quickly fired back, with spokesman Ben LaBolt accusing Romney of launching a "political attack" on a day of tragedy (cf The Telegraph, US consulate attack in Libya: Mitt Romney says US response 'disgraceful' – 12/12/2012) 131 Structural: OBR says government is on course to eliminate structural current deficit by 2016/17 (cf The Guardian, Budget 2012: the key points in summary – 21/03/2012) 132 Survey: The Tour de Cluck, a boomlet in chicken voyeurism, is a 16- mile survey of chicken coops (cf The New York Times, Tour de Cluck Boomlet, a survey of Chicken Coops – 23/07/2012) 133 Sympathy: Japan’s Emperor Akihito delivered his traditional New Year address on Wednesday, reiterating his sympathy for victims of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster (cf Daily Star, Japan’s emperor expresses sympathy for disaster victims – 02/01/2013) 134 Technological: In addition, he said, religion must keep up with technological developments in social media to convey its core messages (cf Yale Daily News, Religious leader emphasizes education – 29/10/2012) 135 Teenager: “It is with great sorrow that I express my condolences to the families and friends of the teenagers who were lost in motor vehicle accidents this past weekend throughout the state of Maine,” the governor said in a statement (cf Bangor Daily News, Secretary of state emphasizes youth driver safety, hopes for improvements – 30/09/2012) 136 Terrorist: He was already convicted in absentia in Jordan of involvement in terrorist conspiracies after seeking asylum in Britain (cf CNN News, UK, Jordan hold 'useful' talks over Abu Qatada – 17/02/2012) 137 Thunder: While there were scattered storms in the surrounding area, no rain was falling when the lightning and thunder jolted everyone in the ballpark 194 in the top of the fourth inning (cf The Daily Beast, Understanding Diana Vreeland, “Empress Of Fashion” – 28/10/2012) 138 Tight-lipped: She is bravely tight-lipped when asked about her husband’s death, and scornful when Rory presses her to share her feelings about some of the social causes he introduced her to (cf The New York Times, Cheerfulness Amid Calamity – 17/10/2012) 139 Transfer: Dill, a native of Mechanicsburg, Pa., who started 33 games at Maryland, capitalized on a rarely used N.C.A.A rule that permits graduate tranfers to be eligible immediately if their previous college did not offer a particular major (cf The New York Times, Transfer Was More Than a Football Move – 29/10/2012) 140 Ultra-conservative: Segregation of the sexes is applied in Saudi Arabia, where Wahabi sharia law and tribal customs combine to create an ultraconservative society that still does not allow women to drive (cf The Guardian, Saudi Arabia plans new city for women workers only – 12/08/2012) 141 Unacceptable: Reuters said it opposed the "wholly unacceptable" practice, as did the Associated Press Web publisher Buzzfeed said it tried to avoid it, and RealClearPolitics said it was discussing the issue with staff (cf The Guardian, Quote approval furore forces US news media to rethink 'unacceptable' practice – 18/07/2012) 142 Uncommon: York said that in such cases in which a fire leaves nothing in its wake but rubble and ashes, a finding of “cause undetermined” is not uncommon (cf Bangor Daily News, Investigators unable to find cause of Ellsworth fire that preceded homeowner killing himself – 07/12/2012) 143 Use: Soldiers at one Syrian base were monitored mixing precursors for chemical weapons and taking other steps to ready the lethal munitions for battlefield use, the officials said It was the first hard evidence that Syria was moving toward possible activation of its vast arsenal of chemical weapons, which includes nerve gas and other poisons (cf Washington Post, Intelligence on Syrian 195 troops readying chemical weapons for use prompted Obama’s warning – 13/12/2012) 144 Useful: Fish oil supplements, widely touted for their ability to improve heart health, may not be as useful in protecting the heart as once thought, according to a new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (cf CNN News, Fish oil's heart benefits may be overstated Health – 12/09/2012) 145 Variable: Efficiency Maine recommended installing a computerized control system, two new water-cooled freezer compressors to cool the ice cream faster and a variable frequency drive for the condenser fan in the plant’s engine room (cf Bangor Daily News, Gifford’s becomes more efficient, expanding after Efficiency Maine grant – 04/09/2012) 146 Veto: Gov Paul LePage on Tuesday vetoed a bill that would provide additional pay to public school teachers who receive special national certification (cf Bangor Daily News, LePage vetoes teacher pay bill, renews criticism of union for backing gay marriage – 29/05/2012) 147 Viewer: Along the way, viewers were treated to some true TV triumphs and failures (The Telegraph, Talking Television: 2012’s hits and misses – 22/12/2012) 148 Violation: “The special rapporteur concludes that imposing seriously punitive conditions of detention on someone who has not been found guilty of any crime is a violation of his right to physical and psychological integrity as well as of his presumption of innocence,” Mendez writes (cf The Guardian, Bradley Manning’s treatment was cruel and inhuman, Un torture chief rules - 12/03/2012) 149 Walk: Since 2010 Elastic City has offered some 50 interactive walks, ranging from “Total Detroit,” a three-day exploration of that city, to “Off Center,” a roving participatory dance tour of Lincoln Center to be repeated several times in late September (cf The New York Times, Socrates on the Beach: An Island Walk – 06/09/2012) 150 Wealthy: He called it a veil of ignorance, because if you’re very wealthy, you might want the wealthy people to have lots of money and the poor to 196 have very little; and if you are very poor, you might want the poor to have more money and the wealthy to have less (cf BBC News, How Americans view wealth and inequality – 20/08/2012) 151 Work: So it is no wonder that she joined the thousands of hourly workers took extreme measures to get to work this week, even, in her case, hiking over the Williamsburg Bridge (cf The New York Times, For Hourly Workers After the Storm, No Work, No Pay – 02/11/2012) 152 Xerox: Even though Xerox has expanded into services like processing credit card applications, it is still best known for office copiers and printers (cf The New York Times, Xerox Scales Back Projections for 2012 – 25/01/2012)