TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN NHAN LUC, SO 1(22) •2011 CHU NGHIA MAC LENIN VA TI/Tl/CiNG HO CHI IVIINH PH ANGGHEN V 6 l VIEC LAM CHO TRIET HOC T R d THANH "CHU NGHIA DUY VAT HOAN BI", THANH "CONG CU NHAN THIJfC[.]
TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN NHAN LUC, SO 1(22) •2011 CHU NGHIA MAC - LENIN VA TI/Tl/CiNG HO CHI IVIINH PH.ANGGHEN V l V I E C LAM CHO T R I E T HOC T R d T H A N H "CHU NGHIA DUY V A T HOAN BI", T H A N H "CONG CU N H A N THIJfC V I OAI" ' OANG Hffu TOAN'*' Y^hAngghen (1820 - 1895) la mot r-^nhvlng vi nhan ma cuoc ddi va sU ngMep -« sang tao ly luan, boat dgng each mang da in dam dau an len toan bg lich su" nhan loai Can - Hien dai Ong da danh ca cuoc ddi ngMen ciiu khoa hgc de cung vdi C.Mac tao nen cude each mang vi dai lich su' to tu'dng trie't hgc nhan loai bang viec xay dUng va phat trien chu ngMa vat bien chdng va chu ngMa vat lich suf, dong thdi gan ke't chdc nang the" gidi quan ciia trie't bgc vdi chu'c nang phUdng phap luan cua nd mot the thd'ng nhat viec xem xet gidi tu" nMen, ddi sd'ng xa hdi va tu" ngUdi, khoa hoc khdng cM "gidi thich the' gidi", ma "cdi tgo the gidi" va vay, lam cho trie't bgc, nhU V.I.Lemn nhan xet, trd "chu nghia vat trie't hgc hoan bi", "cdng cu nhan thii'c vi dai" Ciing vdi C.Mac, Ph.Angghen da cd nhiJng cd'ng Me'n ldn lao viec xay diing va phat trien chu ngMa vat bien chiing va chu ngMa vat lich su" Nhiing tac pham ma dng vie't chung vdi C.Mac ciing nhu nhiJng tac pham cua rieng dng da trd nhiJng tac pham kinh dien, lan dau tien nhieu Man diem, nguyen ly, quy Mat va pham trii cua trie't hgc ma C.Mac va ong xay dung da dugc trinh bay mot each cd he thd'ng Ph.Angghen cdn la ngUdi dau tien da van dung phep Men chdng vat vao viec nhan thu'c nhu'ng quy luat cua tU nMen, Man giai, khai quat nhiJng tUu mdi nha't cua khoa bgc tU nMen va nhd do, da phat Men y ngMa trie't hgc sau PGS.TS.,Vien Triei hoc, Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam Ph.Angghen (1820 - 1895) sac cua chung, dUa nhiJng tien doan tMen tai ve Sli phat trien ciia khoa hgc Mdng lai, dong thdi chiing minh rang chu ngMa vat bien chiing va phep bien chiJng vat la cd sd phhdng phap Man khdng cM ciia cac khoa hgc xa hdi, ma cua ca cac khoa hgc tU nMen va ky thuat Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi cM tap trang ndi ve nhiJng cd'ng Me'n cua dng viec xay dijfng va phat trien chu ngMa vat bien chiing va D A N G HQU T O A N - PH.ANGGHEN VCSl VIEC LAM phep bien chiing vat, lam cho trie't hgc khdng cM trd "chu ngMa vat hoan bi", ma trd "cong cu nhan thu'c vi dai" Ndi ve nhiJng cd'ng Me'n cua Ph.Angghen, tru'dc he't can khang dinh rang, to nhiJng tac pham dau tien - Selinh noi vi He gen (1841), Selinh vd Mac khdi Phi phdn six xam pham mdi nhdt ciia the luc phdn dpng ddi vdi trie't hgc tif (1841 - 1842) va Selinh - nhd trie't hgc Kito, hoac viec cdi bien dgo ly the tuc thdnh dgo ly thdn thdnh (1842), dng da xua't phat to chinh to tudng bien chiing cua Hegen de bao ve mat tie'n bg trie't hgc Hegen khoi sU phe phan eda Ph.Selinh tiJ lap tnidng hflu khuynh Trong cac tac pham nay, dng da khang dinh mot nhiJng cai lam nen "hat nhan hdp ly" trie't hgc Hegen la luan diem coi mgi cai the' gidi deu nam qua trinh bie'n doi khdng ngiJng va, sU phat trien ngi tai cua chung, mgi hinh thai Men ton, ke ca Mnh thai xa hoi, deu nha't dinh bi thay the bang mot Mnh thai mdi, hdp ly tuih hdn TiJ luan diem cua Hegen - cai gi hdp ly deu la Men thUe va mgi cai Men thu'c deu la hdp ly, Ph.Angghen da chdng lai quan mem coi cai hdp ly cM la cai cd the, cai tiem nang ma Ph.Selinh da dUa Theo dng, to Man diem ciia Hegen, can phai nit ke't luan ve tinh hdp ly cua the' gidi va cua triei hgc, ngMa la ve tinh cd quy luat cua Men thu'c va y ngMa ldn lao cua trie't hgc ddi vdi hoat dgng thu'c tign cua ngu'di Phan bac cai ggi la "Khoa hgc thuan toy cua ly tri" va Man diem ve sU tMe'u vang nhiJng mdi hen he cd tinh quy Mat va theo la sii bat liic cua ly tri ngu'di, ctia toan bg hoat dgng cd y thu'c cua ngUdi ndi chung ma Ph.Selinh dUa ra, Ph.Angghen khang dinh: "Ttf tnJdc de'n nay, baft ky trie't hgc nao ciing deu dat cho minh nMem vu Men the' gidi la cai gi hdp ly Tat ca nhiing gi la hdp ly tM tat nMen ciing tat ye'u; tat ca nhiJng gi la tat ye'u deu phai la hoac it phai trd cai Men thu'c Do la cMe'c can di tdi nhiJng ke't qua thiic tiln Vl dai cua nen trie't hgc Men dai"'^' Trong cac tac pham dau tay nay, Ph.Angghen bao ve va phat trien to todng ve tinh thdng '^* C.Mac va Ph.Angghen loan tap, 141, Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi, 1999, tr 268-269 nha't cua the' gidi, ve sU van dgng, phat trien tat ye'u, ngi tai va cd quy luat cua the' gidi Khang dinh tmh tai ye'u la cai thdng tri the' gidi, ke ca tu cua ngu'di, bdi tii chan chinh hoan toan khdng phai la sU toy hen, ma la boat dgng cd y thilc ciia ngu'di, boat dgng xua't phat to sU Men bie't ciia ngu'di ve tinh tat ye'u cua the' gidi, dong thdi khang dinh the' gidi la mot the thdng nhai ngi tai, ong da di de'n ke't Man ve mdi hen he sau sac giiJa to va tdn tai, giiJa ly tri va sU vat Va, kM phe phan viec Ph.Sehnh da tach rdi ly tri khdi kinh ngMem, khdi cam giac, ong da phat trien Man diem ve mdi lien he khang khit ciia chiing, dong thdi nhan manh sU bo sung cho cua chiing va khang dinh chi cd dUa vao kinh nghiem, vao cam giac tM ly tri mdi cd the nhan thilc dUdc tinh tai ye'u ciia mgi cai Men ton Tie'p tuc phe phan nhiJng Man diem ciia Ph.Sehnh ve cac van de dudi anh hudng trie't hgc vat ciia L.Phoidbac, Ph.Angghen da thUc Men bUdc di dau tien de'n viec dat van de mot each vat ve ban chat cua y thu'c, ve quan he giiJa ly tri, tinh than va gidi tuf nMen KM cho rang Ph Selinh da dem Iai cho ly tri mot each giai tMch truii todng, khdng dung kM coi ly tri la mot cai gi cd the ton tai ca ben ngoai the' gidi, "ton tai tien the' gidi, hoan toan tach rdi mgi sU tdn tai khae", Ph.Angghen khang dinh; Ke't Man cua trie't hgc Men dai ma cM cd L.Phoidbac mdi lam cho ngUdi ta nhan thilc dUdc "mot each rat sac sao" la d chd, "ly tri cM cd the tdn tai vdi to each la tinh thin, tinh than tM cM cd the ton tai d ben gidi tU nMen va cung vdi gidi tu" nMen, chu" khong phai ton tai theo each nd hoan toan tach Met vdi toan bg gidi tU nMen"'^' Tie'p tuc cMu anh hUdng quan diem vat cua L.Phoidbac, Tinh cdnh nudc Anh Tomdt Cdclaila "Qud khd vd hien tgi" (1844), Ph.Angghen da dem trie't hgc vat ciia L.Phoidbac dd'i lap vdi quan mem tam triJu tUdng cua T Caclaild ve suf phat trien xa hdi; dong thdi bac bo quan mem phu nhan nang lUc cua ly tri ngu'di viec nhan thilc va giai quye't nhu'ng mau thuin ciia ddi sd'ng xa hoi ma T.Caclaild da dUa Theo Ph.Angghen, cd sd