26 In sum, the history of country’s formation since early years indicated that there was a close linkage between energy, food and water, especially between food and water in agriculture and other soci[.]
26 In sum, the history of country’s formation since early years indicated that there was a close linkage between energy, food and water, especially between food and water in agriculture and other social, cultural activities Water was the most important primary input for food production in Vietnam throughout the history The water-food linkages became more compacted during Chinese dominance, because of the pressure to increase the production output of agriculture to provide back to China 2.3 Evolvement of E-F-W nexus: The Independent Feudal era (939-1887) During the independent feudal era (939 – 1887), the country was renamed as Dai Viet after gaining independence from Chinese dominance by Ngo Quyen 10 (897-944) The first modernized agricultural system and law were established by Ly Thai To 11 (10091225), the founder of the Ly dynasty in the early 11th century In 1076, the law replaced the divisive local lords with a system of administrative officials trained in a civil service institute based on the Chinese model The agricultural development, making law of resolving land disputes, protecting cattle, crop, expanding water irrigation systems were the main focus of economic system that was actively implemented national-wide Along with broadening the residential area throughout the Red River delta, the state attached importance to dikes, canals, and drainage Against this backdrop and the fact that food and agriculture almost exclusively remained as the main stays of the Vietnamese economy through this period, water-food linkages were intensified The agricultural and other socio-economic policies of the Ly dynasty were largely maintained and developed the Tran dynasty The main difficulty confronting the liberty of Dai Viet under the Tran dynasty was the three continuous wars against the Chinese under ruling by the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, that aimed to re-establish Chinese dominance over the Red River delta during 13th century (in 1258, 1285, and 1287-1288) (Neil L Jamieson, Gerald C Hickey, Milton Edgeworth Osborne, et al 2018) Despite the great leader of Tran Hung Dao12 to fight against Chinese invasions, the conflicts also drained the resources of Dai Viet Besides, the primary socio-economic constrains under Tran 10 Ngô Quyền (897-944): the first Vietnamese commander who defeated the Chinese in 939, and made considerable progress for social, cultural, economic and political development (Tran, 2018) 11 Lý Thái Tổ (1009-1225) Trần Hưng Đạo (1228-1300): a great hero of Vietnamese history for driving out the Chinese invaders More details about these historic leaders can be found in Tran (1991) and Le (2014) 12