ENGINE COOLANT TESTING: STATE OF THE ART A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Atlanta, Ga., 9-11 April 1979 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 705 W H Ailor Reynolds Metals Company editor List price $32.50 04-705000-12 • AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1980 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-55542 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md May 1980 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication on Engine Coolant Testing: State of the Art contains papers presented at a symposium held 9-11 April 1979 at Atlanta, Georgia The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants W H Ailor, Reynolds Metals Company, served as symposium chairman and editor of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Selection and Use of Engine Coolants and Cooling System Chemicals, STP 120B (1973), $3.00, 04-120200-12 Multicyclinder Test Sequences for Evaluating Engine Oils, STP 315G (1977), 04-315070-12 Single Cylinder Engine Tests for Evaluating the Performance of Crankcase Lubricants, Part I: Caterpillar IG2 Test Method, STP 509A (Part I), 1979, bound, $9.75, 04-509010-12; looseleaf, $12.75, 04-509011-12 Single Cylinder Engine Tests for Evaluating the Performance of Crankcase Lubricants, Part II; Caterpillar IH2 Test Method, STP 509A (Part II), 1979, bound, $9.75,04-509020-12; looseleaf, $12.75,04-509021-12 Single Cylinder Engine Tests for Evaluating the Performance of Crankcase Lubricants, Part III: Caterpillar ID2 Test Method, STP 509A (Part III), 1979, bound, $9.75, 04-509030-12; looseleaf, $12.75, 04-509031-12 LP-Gas Engine Fuels, STP 525 (1973), $4.75, 04-525000-12 Low-Temperature Pumpability Characteristics of Engine Oils in Full-Scale Engines, DS 57 (1975), $16.00, 05-057000-12 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au Editorial Staff Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Ellen J McGlinchey, Senior Assistant Editor Helen Mahy, Assistant Editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduct Contents Introduction Automotive Engine Coolants: A Review of Tlieir Requirements and Methods of Evaluation—L C ROWE Experience of the British Standards Institution in the Field of Engine Coolants—A D MERCER 24 Discussion 38 Automotive Coolants in Europe: Technical Requirements and Testing—PETER BERCHTOLD Discussion 42 51 Laboratory Research in the Development and Testing of Inhibited Coolants in Boiling Heat-Transfer Conditions—A D MERCER Discussion 53 78 Simulated Service Tests for Evaluation of Engine Coolants— ROBERT SCHULMEISTER AND HELMUT SPECKHARDT 81 Discussion 100 Research and Development Efforts in Military Antifreeze Formulations—J H CONLEY AND R G JAMISON 102 Discussion 108 Corrosion Testing of Furnace and Vacuum Brazed Aluminum Radiators—KAZUHIDE NARUKI AND YOSHIHARU HASEGAWA 109 Discussion 131 Use of Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Testing of Antifreezes—E F O'BRIEN, S T HIROZAWA, AND J C WILSON Discussion 133 145 Chemical Properties as a Tool for Maintaining High-Quality Engine Antifreeze Coolants in the Marketplace—T P YATES AND MARYLOU SIANO Discussion 146 154 How Good is the ASTM Simulated Service Corrosion Testing of Engine Coolants?—j v CHOINSKI AND J F MAXWELL 156 Discussion Copyright Downloaded/printed University 165 by by of Detecting Coolant Corrosivity with Electrochemical Sensors— ROBERT BABOIAN AND G S HAYNES 169 Discussion 187 Static Vehicle Corrosion Test Method and Its Significance in Engine Coolant Evaluations for Aluminum Heat Exchangers— K H PARK 190 Discussion 206 Evaluating the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Heat Exchanger Materials—R C DORWARD 208 Discussion 219 Statistical Treatment of Laboratory Data for ASTM D 1384-70 Using Soft Solder—w A MITCHELL Discussion 220 231 Refinement of the Vibratory Cavitation Erosion Test for the Screening of Diesel Cooling System Corrosion Inhibitors— R D HUDGENS, D P CARVER, R D HERCAMP, AND J LAUTERBACK 233 Discussion 266 Electrochemical Corrosion of an Aluminum Alloy in Cavitating Ethylene Glycol Solutions—R L CHANCE Discussion 270 281 Cavitation Corrosion—B D OAKES 284 Discussion 292 Evaluation of a Novel Engine Coolant Based on Ethanediol Developed to Replace AL-3 (NATO S735) as the Automotive Antifreeze Used by the British Army—E W BEALE, 295 307 BRIAN BEDFORD, AND M J SIMS Discussion Cooling System Corrosion in Relation to Design and Materials— E BEYNON, N R COOPER, AND H J HANNIGAN 310 Discussion 325 Testing of Solder for Corrosion by Engine Coolants—R E BEAL 327 Discussion 354 Summary 356 Index 361 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of STP705-EB/May 1980 Introduction A critical component for any internal combustion engine is its coolant system The combination of dissimilar metal components, including cast iron, brass, zinc, aluminum, solders, etc., operating in a liquid system at increasingly higher temperatures creates potentially severe corrosion and heat transfer problems The use of alcohol as an antifreeze for engine coolants has given way to inhibited ethylene glycol solutions in available local supply waters for yearround operation The diversity of inhibitors available for corrosion and erosion protection has further complicated the coolant picture Higher flow rates have introduced cavitation and erosion problems as new concerns During 9-11 April 1979, ASTM Committee D15 on Engine Coolants sponsored an International Symposium on the State of the Art in Engine Coolant Testing The sessions were held at the Sheraton-Biltmore Hotel in Atlanta, Ga The 21 papers presented included both invited papers and offered papers from knowledgeable persons in the automotive and coolant manufacturing fields Authors came from England, West Germany, Japan, Switzerland and, of course, the United States The symposium was designed to present the current thinking of those involved with engine coolant testing and to indicate areas for work to meet new problems The sessions were of special value to newcomers in the field and served as educational lectures At the same time, the continuing efforts towards standardization of test methods were reported by members of ASTM Committee D15 on Engine Coolants, based on more than 30 years of committee efforts The papers and discussion resulting from this symposium make up this Special Technical Publication The book should be very useful to engineers, chemists and others concerned with engine and solar heat exchangers and designers, stylists and others whose work involves heat transfer equipment All Committee D15's test methods may be found in the current Annual Book of ASTM Standards {Part 30) In the 1978 edition there were 21 methods ASTM STP 120B on Selection and Use of Engine Coolants and Cooling System Chemicals (1974) is an updated revision of earlier helpful discussions on engine cooling systems, antifreeze-coolants, installation and service, and cooling system chemicals Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright 1980 University of ASTM b y Aby S l M International Washington Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant to 354 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING Conclusions • A new soldered cup specimen has been developed to evaluate blooming corrosion effects of solder and soldering parameters using the ASTM D 1384 glassware test B A new stressed solder specimen was shown to be sensitive to coolant conditions • Experimental work confirmed the validity of the new specimens by selectively identifying the influences of the chosen test variables • In descending order of importance, antifreeze formula, flux, solder, and processing parameters were found to affect blooming corrosion • Within the 1.0 to 5.0 percent tin range in lead-tin solders, the flux selected and antifreeze used have more influence on blooming corrosion tendencies than the composition of solder • Washing of soldered specimens affects blooming and the results depend upon the particular flux A commercial flux proved difficult to remove by washing and produced blooming as severe as washed zinc ammonium chloride flux • Improved evaluation of solder and coolant interaction is achieved with the new specimens, in conjunction with the ASTM D 1384 glassware test Acknowledgments Permission to publish has graciously been given by D K Miner, Copper Development Association, who sponsored the work The help of H Hannigan and T P Cassin of Union Carbide is acknowledged in evaluating the cup specimen in glassware tests The glassware tests and a data in Tables and were performed and generated at the Union Carbide Consumer Laboratory under the guidance of H Hannigan and T P Cassin Their able assistance in evaluating the new cup specimen is appreciated DISCUSSION B E Spence^ {written discussion)—What is the material composition of the new zinc based solder? What is the compatibility of zinc based solder with after-market repair and radiator repair grade solder? R E.Beal (author's closure)—k new zinc based solder is being developed 'President, Commercial Radiator Co., Albuquerque, N Mex 87102 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized DISCUSSION ON TESTING OF SOLDER 355 that will provide higher strength than existing lead-based solders with significant reductions in weight and some cost relief with respect to presently used higher strength solders The composition of the new solder is subject to patent application at this time Working with the solder has shown it to have good compatibility and bonding capability to both copper and brass and currently used solders, provided of course an appropriate flux is used K H Park^ {written discussion)—What was the coolant concentration for poor, moderate and excellent coolants; 15, 20, or 45 percent? How was this particular concentration selected and on what basis? R E Beal {author's closure)—The coolant concentration used was 50 percent for all three coolants used for the tests A corrosive water with 300 ppm each of chloride, sulphate, and bicarbonate was utilized In all other respects the tests were conducted according to ASTM D 1384 procedures and recommendations J MaxwelP {written discussion)—Are stressed specimens solid solder or coated brass? Where are cups available? How much they cost? What is the cleaning procedure, and weight losses correlate with observed bloom? R E Beal {author's closure)—The stressed specimens used in the program were joints removed from actual radiators and represent the tubeto-header joint Practically, the specimen needs improvement because to impose the desired stresses on the soldered tube-to-header joint generally causes collapse of the radiator tube The brass cup specimens processed with solder and flux were developed in connection with a blooming corrosion investigation The cups are presently not commercially available Weight measurements are made before and after exposure and after removal of corrosion residue to obtain weight gain and weight loss Small differences in corrosion rates can be more easily discerned by visual appearance than weight measurements A photographic record of the cup specimen test is always made ^Senior engineer, Ford Motor Co., Climate Control Division-Product Engineering Office, Dearborn, Mich 48121 ^BASF Wyandotte, Wyandotte, Mich 48183 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP705-EB/May 1980 Summary The paper by Rowe introduced the need for automotive coolant testing and stressed such coolant characteristics as stability, antifreeze properties, heat transfer capabilities and corrosion inhibition The evolution of coolants from plain water to waters having additions of alcohols, salts, oils, glycerols and glycols was discussed Rowe stressed that to meet other engine coolant requirements, small quantities of chemicals are added to the ethylene glycol concentrate including inhibitors to prevent metal corrosion, alkaline substances to provide a buffering action against acids, an antifoam agent to reduce foaming tendencies, a dye to provide identity, and a small amount of water to dissolve certain chemicals and to provide stability It is quite evident that the ethylene glycol coolant concentrate is a carefully formulated product He also provided the following list of engine coolant corrosion tests: (a) laboratory tests-glassware tests, electrochemical tests, simulated service tests, special tests, pump cavitation, high temperature-high pressure, impingement, crevice, aluminum transport; (b) engine tests-engine dynamometer test, no-load engine test; and (c) field service tests-proving ground tests, fleet tests For each of the above tests he discussed the associated problems and shortcomings Beynon et al supplemented the paper by Rowe with a review of coolant testing from the viewpoint of materials and corrosion mechanisms They showed through the use of chemical equations the complicated chemistry involved in corrosion and its inhibition Commonly used inorganic inhibitors are borates, phosphates, nitrates and silicates Organic inhibitors include amines, benzoates, organic phosphates, mercaptans, triazoles and polar type oils All of the inorganic inhibitors normally used in coolant formulations are generally classified as anodic inhibitors Beynon noted that "chromates are known to be excellent anodic inhibitors but should not be used in ethylene glycol base coolants because of incompatibility problems with the base material and some inhibitors which are oxidized by chromate The reactions not only deplete the inhibitor but the redox products may be deleterious to the cooling system." Factors accelerating corrosion in the cooling system include galvanic couples, aeration, exhaust gas leakage, corrosion products, metal stresses, localized hot spots, high coolant operating temperature, poor quality water supplies and certain coolant flow characteristics In summarizing the practical problems involved in passenger car service Beynon quotes several surveys In a radiator service 356 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights Downloaded/printed Copyright 1980 b yby A S TM International www.astm.org University of Washington (University of reserved); Washington) Sat Jan pursuant to License 23:36:03 Ag SUMMARY 357 study conducted during July and August of 1971, almost all cars surveyed had less than the recommended concentrations of antifreeze coolant and 62 percent had less than 10 percent concentration In an updated survey conducted in 1975, the percent of cars requiring service was similar to that noted in previous surveys while moderate to heavy rusting was recorded for 23 percent of one year old cars, 32 percent for two year old cars and 36 percent in the third year of operation With the increasing use of aluminum for radiators, cylinder heads, coolant pumps, coolant outlets, etc., he suggests that years or 30 000 miles is a more realistic service recommendation for the factory-fill coolant, but one year or 15 000 miles is strongly recommended for service refills With the increasing international use of automobiles from many countries and the advent of the so-called "world car," the likely necessity for common standards for coolant testing has arisen Mercer reviewed the development of engine coolants by the British Standards Institution Three basic types of ethanediol (that is, ethylene glycol) coolants are: BS 3150 (Type A) contains triethanolammonium phosphate (TEP) and sodium mercaptobenzothiazole (NaMBT); BS 3151 (Type B) has sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite; and BS 3152 (Type C) is composed of sodium tetraborate Each type is mixed 1:3 with water to give 25 percent ethylene glycol solutions BS 3926 covers the use and maintenance of engine cooling systems A twelve-month life for inhibited antifreezes is recommended The current British viewpoint apparently favors basing standards on performance in specified tests This standard, BS 5117 (issued in 1974) sets four ways of assessment: (1) glassware tests with hot and cold conditions; (2) a recirculating rig test; (3) a static engine test; and (4) a field test Mercer discussed the use of a calibration antifreeze containing 94.9 percent ethylene glycol, 5.0 percent sodium benzoate, 0.5 percent sodium nitrite and 0.1 percent benzotriazole giving reproducible results over a three week test period (DD 53) Berchtold supplied a useful summary of the status of coolant testing in Europe He stressed that high pH and high reserve alkalinity values are no longer considered necessary Performance tests emphasize the glassware corrosion and simulated service tests Final acceptance is based on static engine tests and controlled long-term fleet tests In addition, nearly all European car makers have their own proprietary tests for final acceptance as "factory fills." Berchtold indicated that recent emphasis has been given to cavitation-erosion tests using a 30 percent or more coolant solution Foam tests, compatibility checks, chemical composition and inhibitor restrictions are other considerations Toxicity (for example, N-nitrosamines) is a recent concern In a second paper, Mercer reported results of research on the behavior of coolants in nucleate boiling conditions A new formulation involving sodium sebacate and benzotriazole was discussed and the results compared Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 358 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING to an existing coolant Field tests (as reported by Bedford in this volume) confirm the value of this sebacate-benzotriozole formulation Schulmeister and Speckhardt described work involving corrosion tests and vibratory tests in inhibited waters They showed the difficulty in making useful predictions from short-time laboratory tests as to performance in actual engine service Good laboratory tests not ensure good field tests; however, poor laboratory results correlate with poor field results Conley and Jamison reported that addition of phosphates to army coolants to suppress corrosion of aluminum engine blocks actually induced cavitation corrosion of the aluminum This occurred at the engine operating temperature of 116°C (240°F) Work is continuing to develop a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum that will be effective above 88°C (190°F) and also suppress cavitation corrosion of aluminum Naruki and Hasegawa described corrosion tests involving furnace and vacuum brazed aluminum automobile radiators They reported that silicon diffusion from the braze clad into the core alloy leads to intergranular corrosion into the core They suggested that a AA7072 type cladding improved the corrosion performance Dorward also reported on corrosion testing of aluminum heat exchanger alloys He emphasized the importance of evaluations using metallographic cross-sections and indicated the need for a test method for measuring crevice corrosion of aluminum Electrochemical tests are useful in conjunction with other evaluation procedures A paper by Park gave details of a static vehicle corrosion test method used to evaluate aluminum heat exchangers and other engine cooling components The test involved coolant solution circulating at 88 to 93°C (190 to 200°F) for 100 000 simulated miles at engine speed equivalent to 60 mph at 43°C (110°F) ambient temperature Future work will involve higher concentrations of chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate ions (that is, 200 to 300 ppm) O'Brien et al presented data for two electrochemical techniques used for testing antifreezes They indicated that a galvanic test using bimetallic couples found in automotive cooling systems was a useful and quicker test than the glassware corrosion test Corrosion rates may be established within a 24-h period, but the electrochemical method sometimes can give misleading data The resistance polarization is used for determining the corrosion rate on a freely corroding metal Yates and Siano discussed the efforts of ASTM Subcommittee D15.04 on Chemical Properties to standardize tests for chemical properties of engine coolants Methods now exist for measurement of pH, reserve alkalinity, water in coolant concentrate, ash content and trace chloride ion Choinski and Maxwell gave a paper seeking to evaluate the reproducibility of ASTM's Simulated Service Corrosion Testing of Engine Coolants (D 2570-73) A survey of members of ASTM Committee D15 on Engine Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author SUMMARY 359 Coolants gave a favorable response as to its usefulness for screening and development However, a statistical analysis of interlaboratory data clearly indicated the method is not suitable for qualification of antifreezes due to a lack of reproducibility The repeatability of the test needs improvement also Baboian and Gardner described a new coolant corrosivity sensor that fits into an engine cooling system This electrochemical device can be set to monitor the coolant and indicate when coolant concentration falls to a corrosive level for aluminum or other material Soft solders were statistically compared with 30:70 (tin-lead) solders after tests reported by Mitchell in the glassware corrosion test He found that soft solders corrode faster than 30:70 solders in tests in proprietary antifreezes Soft solders also showed greater variations from mean values than did 30:70 solders Mitchell also indicated that a water-glycol coolant is more aggressive to both solder alloys than is standard ASTM corrosive water Beal also presented data for work using new design specimens of soldered joints A cup-shaped sample permits a better visual evaluation for blooming corrosion and a stressed joint helps in discrimination among solders and coolant variables A new British Army coolant developed for high performance engines was discussed in a paper by Beale et al The sodium sebacate-benzotriazole inhibitor had been reported in the earlier paper by Mercer Beale et al noted that no heat problems are anticipated when hard waters are used The new formulation is compatible with existing service coolants Three papers on cavitation corrosion and erosion corrosion were interesting parts of the program A report by Chance showed that the resistance of aluminum to cavitation damage in various media can be evaluated electrochemically He also stated that the effect of corrosion on cavitation damage can be as high as 75 percent of the total damage (induced by ultrasonics) The metal potential, medium corrosivity, and inhibitor content of the ethylene glycol solution all affect the nature and degree of cavitation damage Oakes reported that propylene glycol and methoxypropanol based coolants consistently provide more cavitation resistance to cast iron than does ethylene glycol based coolants These tests were run at temperatures of 65.6, 82.2, and 93.3°C (150, 180, and 200°F) and at atmospheric and 103 kPa (15-psig) nitrogen (N2) or oxygen (O2) pressure Hudgens et al proposed a modification of the existing ASTM Vibratory Cavitation Erosion Test (G 32-77) for combining the effects of cavitation and corrosion They found better simulation for pitting attack on cast iron diesel cylinder liners and noted good correlation between laboratory engine tests and field experience However, the proposed method would still be treated as a screening test Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 360 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING The symposium on engine coolants and this resulting volume has been organized and planned to present a state-of-the-art documentation Past studies and programs have been reviewed and new insights and techniques reported The volume should prove helpful to new persons in the field and a source of reference for those coping with the day-to-day problems The splendid participation of our international registrants should serve to maximize communications and minimize disruptive problems as we work toward solving common challenges ASTM Committee D15 on Engine Coolants will no doubt continue to help in the solution of these problems W H Ailor Metallurgical Research Div., Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond, Va 23261; editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP705-EB/May 1980 Index Accelerated tests, 12, 235 "Acceptable" antifreeze, 159 Acidic degradation products, 232 Acidic oxidation products, 25 Acidity, 26 Additive depletion, 303, 306 Additive package, 106 Adhesively bonded joints, 37 Adsorption inhibitors, 315 Aeration, 14, 25, 31, 235, 263, 271, 316 Air cooling, Air conditioning evaporator units, 208 Aircraft engines, 25 Alcohols, 6, Grain (ethyl) alcohol, Polyhydroxy alcohols, 7, Alfa-Romeo, 49 Alkali metal salts, 25 Alkaline inhibitors, 10 Alkanolamines, 50 Aluminum alloys, 15, 17, 26, 38, 43 46, 55, 75, 85, 91, 103, 139 159, 173, 271, 294, 297 AA1050, 128 AAUOO, 174, 216 AA3003, 115, 128, 214, 311 AA4004, 128, 216 AA5052, 210, 213 AA6063, 216 AA6951, 214 AA7072-type cladding, 128, 132, 212, 216, 219 Alclad 3004, 210, 213 Cast alloy, , , , , , 221, 272, 298, 311, 332 Aluminum-alloy-copper couples, 55 Aluminum engine block, 103 Aluminum radiators, 109, 130, 190 Aluminum-zinc alloy (zinc diffusion layer), 124 Amines, 170, 315 Ammonia, 79 Anodic inhibitors, 170, 314 Anodic polarization, 15, 69, 171, 272, 279 Anodizing, 322 Antifoam agent, Antifreeze, 6, 25, 296, 311, 316 Aromatic carboxylates, 59 Ash content, 9, 26, 44, 148, 153 ASTM Committee D15 on Engine Coolants, 6, 157 ASTM corrosive water, 196, 212, 249, 286 Atmospheric contamination, 151 B Benzoates, 51, 54, 59, 79, 170, 315 Benzotriazole (BTA), 35, 54, 296 Bicarbonate, 194, 204, 222, 271 361 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by b y A S I M International Copyright 1980 "www.astiTi.org University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 362 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING Bimetallic couples, 15, 60,139 Bloom corrosion, 142, 222, 328 Blow-by gasses, 151 BMW, 44, 49 Boiling point, 7, 9, 22, 44, 148, 311 Boilover, 311, 324 Borates, 54, 170, 179, 192, 199, 315 Borax, 103, 107 Brass, 29, 46, 57, 75, 85, 91, 104, 139, 159, 192, 221, 297, 311, 332 Brass-solder-brass couples, 55, 60 Brazing methods Dip brazing, 109 Furnace brazing, 109, 113, 124 Vacuum brazing, 109, 113, 208 Breakdown potential, 276 British Army, 306 British standards, 25, BS 3150 (Type A), 295 BS 3151 (Type B), 295 BS 3152 (Type C), 295 Buffer-type inhibitors, 60, 315 Calcium and magnesium chlorides, 25 Calibration antifreeze, 35 Candidate antifreeze, 35 Cannister-type conditioner, 106 Carboxylates, 59 Cathodic polarization, 71 Cast iron, 17, 26, 29, 46, 55, 57, 62, 69, 85, 91, 139, 159, 192, 221, 234, 253, 285, 294, 297, 331, 332 Cavitation tests, 13, 18, 21, 240, 246, 270, 272, 293 Cavitation damage, 33, 38, 81, 92 103, 187, 242, 268, 270, 284, 312 Cavitation-erosion, 19, 47, 51, 268, 312 Cavitation of water pump, 19, 47 Chemical composition, 36 Chemical conversion, 130 Chemical and physical tests, 43 Chemical Industry Standards Committee, 26 Chemical properties, 148 Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association (CSMA), 155 Chemical stability, 7, 10 Chloride, 6, 9, 26, 148, 153, 179, 194, 204, 222, 271, 312 Chromate, 235, 244, 293, 315 Chrysler, 44, 49 Cinnamates, 59 Circulating rig tests, 56 Cleaning residue, 151 Coagulations, 84 Coating and Chemical Laboratory (CCL), 103 Cold finger, 30, 36 Cold potentials, 71 Compatibility, 7, 11, 47, 104, 306 Compositional specifications, 36, 149 Concentration cells, 313 Conversion coatings, 322 Coolant compatibility, 39, 49 Coolant corrosivity sensor, 170, 173, 186 Coolant pumps, 311, 318 Coolant testing, 9, 12 Cooling system design, Copper, 26, 29, 54, 57, 62, 75, 85, 90, 104, 111, 139, 159, 174, 192, 216, 221, 298, 328 Copper Development Association, Inc (CDA), 327 Core hole plugs, 320, 326 Corrosion accelerated fatigue, 242, 251 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Corrosion inhibitors, 26, 59, 83, 100, 102, 143, 249, 285, 296, 298 Corrosion test procedures', 11, 19, 45, 111, 143, 149, 191, 209 Corrosion current, 136, 170 Corrosion potential, 272 Corrosion products, 22, 90, 199, 312, 316, 318 Corrosion rates, 134, 221, 276, 326 Corrosion rating G, 35 Corrosive water, 13, 111, 135, 221, 355 Cost, 22 Crevice corrosion, 13, 18, 33, 63, 91, 172, 204, 210, 214, 276, 313 Cummins engines, 235 Cup-shaped specimen, 329, 334 Cylinder blocks, 191, 308, 311 Cylinder head, 43, 297, 308, 311, 318 D Daimler-Benz, 44 Decreasing concentration procedure, 158, 161 Degradation of ethylene glycol, 232 Depletion rate, 15, 200, 318 Depth gage instrument, 210 Deterioration of additives, 151 Deutsche Industrienorm (DIN) standards, 85 Developmental test, 157 Dicarboxylates, 59, 61 Diesel engines, 33, 93, 221, 233, 284 Diethylene glycol, Dilution of coolant concentration, 192 363 Distillation range, 26 Dynamometer tests, 12, 19, 21, 103, 151, 156, 296, 303, 308, 317 E Elastomeric materials, 12, 192, 311 Electrochemical corrosion tests, 13, 15, 134, 138, 209, 272, 278, 313 Electrode potential measurements, 69, 127, 170 Electron probe X-ray microanalyzer (EPMA), 110 Embrittlement failure, 79 Emulsifiable oils, 89, 170, 283 Engine tests, 13, 19, 22 Engine block, 17, 308, 316 Engine crankcase, 103 Erosion, 14, 19, 82, 281 Ethylene glycol (ethanediol), 8, 9, 25, 27, 50, 54, 58, 83, 100, 148, 175, 212, 221, 273, 296, 311 Ethylene glycol-water-mixtures, 62 69, 100, 147, 231, 253, 271, 285 Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), 311 Exhaust gas leakage, 316 Factory-fill coolant, 323 Fatigue resistance, 219, 314 Federal Specification O-I-490, 103 Fiat, 44, 49 Field service tests, 13, 20, 22, 209 Flammability, 7, 11, 22 Flash point, 7, 11 Fleet-field tests, 13, 21, 29, 33, 111, 176, 204, 308, 317, 323 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 364 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING Flux, 115, 328, 334 Foaming tests, 9, 22, 34, 42, 48, 84, 148, 296, 298 Ford Europe, 42, 44, 49 Formic acid content, 298 Freezing point, 7, 9, 22, 44, 102, 110, 148 FVV research work, 52, 82 Galvanically coupled metals, 134, 316, 331 Galvanic effects, 14, 217, 235, 313, 328 Galvanic corrosion test, 15, 138, 147 209, 216 Galvanic plating, 40 Galvanic protection, 125 Gamma Goat, 103 General Motors 6038-M specification, 139, 149, 271 Glassware corrosion tests, 13, 29, 35 41, 45, 82, 85, 104, 150, 156 209, 221, 269, 316, 327 Glycerol, 7, Graphitization, 59 Gray cast iron, 57, 246 Group service tests, 21 H Hard water compatibility, 49, 307 Heater cores, 311 Heat flux rates, 56, 62, 82, 296, 307, 315, 318 Heat-rejecting surfaces, 14, 19, 38, 316, 326 Heat exchangers, 56, 93, 109, 181, 208, 214, 218, 308 Heavy-metal ions, 210 High chloride water, 55, 60, 63 High velcoity fluids, 19, 320 Hot immersion test, 29 Hot potentials, 71 Hot surface corrosion phenomena, 25, 199 "House tests", 42 I Immersion test, 13 Impedance, 188 Impingement, 13, 19, 187, 320 Inhibitors, 8, 25, 28, 50, 53, 60, 69, 170, 221, 285, 314 Inhibitor breakdown, 146, 169 Inhibitor compatibility, 104 Inorganic inhibitors, 10, 315 In situ measurements, 15, 173, 179 Instantaneous corrosion rates, 134 Intake manifolds, 311 Intergranular corrosion, 110, 125, 210, 214, 218 Interlaboratory tests, 17, 87, 157 Isothermal conditions, 54, 59 Laboratory tests, 13, 22 Land General Motor SST 1899-M, 45 Lazaran reference electrode, 137 Lead content, 141, 221 Light alloy engines, 93 Linear polarization technique, 172 Liner pitting, 234, 263 Liquid level sensor, 188 Local action cell corrosion, 134, 312 Localized corrosion, 59, 62, 172 Low-carbon steel, 46, 174 Lubricating oil, Luggin probe, 174 M Maintenance of engine cooling systems, 27, 37 MAN, 44, 49 Mechano-chemical attack, 82 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 103, 107, 154, 192, 303 Metal ions, 25 Metal stresses, 316 Metal-surf ace-to-coolant-volume ratio, 17 Military Specification MIL-A-46153, 103 Military vehicles, 295 Monocarboxylates, 60 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 324 N National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 25 National Physical Laboratory, 25, 59, 166, 296 National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), 25 Needlepoint penetrometer, 212 Nitrites, 50, 54, 79, 170, 315 ^-nitrosamines, 50 No-load engine test, 13, 20 Nucleate boiling conditions, 54, 56, 62, 77, 187, 312, 318, 326 365 pH values, 9, 34, 40, 43, 46, 57, 63 82, 89, 110, 148, 192, 200, 210, 298, 303 Phosphates, 19, 54, 103, 170, 179, 192, 199, 281, 315 Piston slap, 235, 240 Pitting, 36, 59, 85, 91, 110, 124, 172, 210, 212, 234, 276, 316, 318 Polarization measurements, 15, 144, 170, 174, 209, 216 Polymeric materials, 12 Polyethylene, 311 Pool boiling, 56 Potential measurements, 132, 134, 174, 216, 272, 279, 313 Potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves, 144, 174, 216, 272 Premium antifreeze coolant, 147, 153 Propylene glycol, 8, 51, 263, 285 Protective coatings, 322 Proving ground service tests, 13, 21 Quality control, 135, 138 O Odor, 11, 22, 153 Opel, 44 Organic adhesive coatings, 323 Organic carboxylates, 75 Organic compounds, 170, 315 Oxidation of glycol, 46, 151 Passivation, 170, 172, 312 Performance specifications, 28, 34 36, 42, 50, 149 Penetrometer, 210, 212 Petroleum products, 7, Peugeot, 45, 49 R Radiators, 43, 110, 221, 311, 318, 320 Radiator-tube blockage, 8, 47, 318 Ram air effect, 207 Recirculating test rig, 18, 29, 31, 34, 41, 45 Redox products, 315 Reference coolant, 9, 159 Reference electrode, 57, 173 Reinhibitor, 103 Reliability, 37 Renault, 42, 44, 297 Repair of aluminum radiators, 52 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 366 ENGINE COOLANT TESTING Repeatability, 17, 20, 157, 164, 253 Reproducibility, 17, 20, 87, 98, 157, 165, 253 Reserve alkalinity, 9, 34, 43, 46, 106, 148, 151, 192, 200, 298, 308, 315, 326 Resistance polarization measurements, 136, 143 Robaco dynamometer, 207 Rolls-Royce, 26 Rusting, 312, 323 Saab-Scania, 42 Sacrificial anodic cladding, 125, 130 SAE Engine Coolants Committee, 326 Safety requirements, 11 Saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE), 132, 174, 273 Scale (water hardness), 28, 47, 63, 69, 76, 80, 296, 306 Scandinavia, 50 Screening of coolants, 15, 162 Sebacate, 59, 77, 296 Sensing electrode, 170, 173, 179 Service refills, 323 Silicates, 54, 107, 170, 281, 315 Silicon diffusion, 110, 123, 131 Simulated service tests, 13, 17, 42, 45, 82, 87, 92, 138, 151, 156 174, 184, 191, 316 Sodium benzoate, 26, 35, 151 Sodium chloride, 31, 175, 271 Sodium chromate, 244, 254 Sodium mercaptobenzothiazole (NaMBT), 26, 54, 108, 148, 271 Sodium metaborate, 108 Sodium nitrite, 26, 35 Sodium-oleate, 48 Sodium /j-nitrocinnamate, 59 Sodium tetraborate, 26, 151, 271 Sodium tetrasulfate, 31 Solder corrosion, 17, 29, 46, 55, 57, 85, 90, 104, 139, 159, 192, 221, 298, 311, 320, 327 Soluble (or emulsifiable) oils, 54, 81, 83, 89, 92, 97, 189, 254, 282 Solution potential measurements, 209, 216 Specific gravity, 9, 26, 44, 92, 110, 148, 298 Specific heat, 7, 22 Stability, 10 Standard test water, 31, 222 Static corrosion tests, 29, 33, 42, 45 Statistical analysis, 39, 72, 157, 222, 231 Storage tests, 10 Stress corrosion, 79, 218, 221, 331 Stressed solder specimen, 328, 331, 341 Student's t statistic, 36, 224, 229 Sulphate, 26, 194, 204, 222, 271, 312 Swiss Federal Institute for Testing Materials' EMPA, 45 Switzerland, 50 Synergistic interactions, 83 Synthetic test water, 83, 87, 97 Tafel slopes, 137 Test validity, 166 Tin-lead-solder, 46 Three-probe sensor, 183 "Throwing power", 219 Toxicity, 7, 22, 39, 50 Triethanolammonium phosphate (TEP), 26, 54 Triethanolamine, 25, 27 "Truth in labeling" law, 154 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz INDEX Tube-to-header joints, 331 Turbulator, 320 367 Volume-to-flow rate ratio, 82 Volvo, 42, 44, 49 U W Ultrasonic cavitation tests, 42, 52, 275, 285, 291 Ultraviolet light, 107 Unifrom corrosion, 134, 209, 323 U.S Army specification No 4-116, 102 U.S Military Specification MIL-A-46153A, 149 Water-cooled engines, Water content tests, 9, 148, 152 Water-pump cavitation-erosion tests, 40, 42, 47, 51, 278 Weight loss, 15, 35, 86, 92, 104, 134, 156, 179, 210, 218, 222, Vacuum brazing method, 210 Vapor bubbles, 241, 270, 313, 326 Variability, 226 Vibratory cavitation corrosion tests, 82, 85, 92, 243, 254, 269 Volkswagen, 44 Volkswagen ethylene glycol TL-VW 774 specification, 150 275, 278, 290, 296, 303, 327, 334 Wind tunnel test, 192, 198 Wood (methyl) alcohol, Zero resistance ammeter current technique, 145 Zinc chloride flux, 115, 334, 341 Zinc diffusion, 110, 123 Zinc vaporization, 130 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:36:03 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth