FRACTURE MECHANICS Proceedings of the Twelfth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing of Metals AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Washington University St Louis, Mo., 21-23 May 1979 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 700 P C Paris Washington University symposium chairman 04-700000-30 9> AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-55188 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md July 1980 1980 Foreword This publication, Fracture Mechanics, contains papers presented at the Twelfth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics which was held 21-23 May 1979 at Washington University, St Louis, Missouri The American Society for Testing and Materials' Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing of Metals sponsored the symposium P C Paris, Washington University, presided as symposium chairman Related ASTM Publications Part-Through Crack Fatigue Life Predictions, STP 687 (1979), $26.65, 04-687000-30 Fracture Mechanics Applied to Brittle Materials, STP 678 (1979), $25.00, 04-678000-30 Fracture Mechanics, STP 677 (1979), $60.00, 04-677000-30 Elastic-Plastic Fracture, STP 668 (1979), $58.75, 04-668000-30 Fractography in Failure Analysis, STP 645 (1978), $36.50, 04-645000-30 Flaw Growth and Fracture, STP 631 (1977), $49.75, 04-631000-30 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution ASTM Committee on Publications Editorial Staff Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Helen Mahy, Assistant Editor Contents Introduction Prediction Methods for Fatigue Cracic Growth in Aircraft Material— lAAP SCHIJVE Fractographic Measurements of Cracit-Tip Closure—R M PELLOUX, M FARAL, AND W M MCGEE 35 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Nylon 66 Blends—R W HERTZBERG, M D SKIBO, AND J A MANSON 49 Cyclic Inelastic Deformation Aspects of Fatigue-Crack-Growtb Analysis—B N LEIS AND AKRAM ZAHOOR 65 Effect of Prestressing on Stress-Corrosion Crack Initiation in High-Strength Type 4340 Steel—w o CLARK, JR 97 Tensile Cracks in Creeping Solids—H RIEDEL AND I R RICE 112 Evaluation of C* for the Characterization of Creep-Crack-Growth Behavior in 304 Stainless Steel—ASHOK SAXENA Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics for High-Temperature Fatigue 131 Crack Growth—KUNTIMADDI SADANANDA AND PAUL SHAHINIAN 152 Stress Intensity Factor Due to Parallel Impact Loading of the Faces of a Crack—i s ABOU-SAYED, P BURGERS, AND L B F R E U N D 164 A Critical Examination of a Numerical Fracture Dynamic Code— L HODULAK, A S KOBAYASHI, AND A F EMERY 174 Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Growing Cracks—j R RICE, W J DRUGAN, AND T-L SHAM 189 Discussion 220 Direct Evaluation of J-Resistance Curves from Load Displacement Records—j A JOYCE, HUGO ERNST, AND P C PARIS 222 Estimation of J-Integral Uncertainty—D E CORMAN 237 Effects of Specimen Geometry on the Ji-R Curve for ASTM A533B S t e e l — M G VASSILAROS, J A JOYCE, AND J P GUDAS Measurement of Crack Growth Resistance of A533B Wide Plate Tests—s J GARWOOD 251 271 A Stability Analysis of Circumferential Cracks for Reactor Piping Systems—H TADA, P C PARIS, AND R M GAMBLE The Ubiquitous r; Factor—c E TURNER 296 314 A J-Integral Approach to Development of ij-Factors—p c PARIS, HUGO ERNST, AND C E TURNER 338 Temperature Dependence of the Fracture Toughness and the Cleavage Fracture Strength of a Pressure Vessel Steel— HEIKKI KOTILAINEN 352 Statistical Characterization of Fracture in the Transition Region— I D LANDES AND D H SHAFFER 368 Quasi-Static Steady Crack Growth in Small-Scale Yielding— R H DEAN AND J W HUTCHINSON 383 Fully Plastic Crack Solutions, Estimation Scheme, and Stability Analyses for the Compact Specimen—VIRENDRA KUMAR AND C F SHIH 406 Crack Analysis of Power Hardening Materials Using a Penalty Function and Superposition Method—GENKI YAGAWA, TATSUHIKO AIZAWA, AND YOSHIO ANDO Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Cracked Bodies with Stationary Cracks—s MALL 439 453 Mode I Crack Surface Displacements and Stress Intensity Factors for a Round Compact Specimen Subject to a Couple and Force—BERNARD GROSS 466 On the Equivalence Between Semi-Empirical Fracture Analyses and R-Curves—T W ORANGE 478 A Modification of the COD Concept and Its Tentative Application to the Residual Strength of Center Cracked Panels— K.-H SCHWALBE Development of Some Analytical Fracture Mechanics Models for Pipeline Girth Welds—ROLAND DE WIT AND J H SMITH 500 513 Ductile Fracture Behavior of Wrought Steels—E P COX AND F V LAVSfRENCE, JR 529 Fracture Behavior of A36 Bridge Steels—RICHARD ROBERTS, G V KRISHNA, AND JERAR NISHANIAN 552 Summary 578 Index 000 ROBERTS ET AL ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR T : : * — / Ui e i S'o < - u, S K £ -i/ 2^ - fi a / ti - AW A J /ft A /A u I ã- ô *r*- A / // x 563 - /A ^ o z o v> s O K tU '*^ M -i < K U 1- Qj o r.h o/ =I o ^ O n/ -1 < _ , -10 r^' I TEMPERATURE °F»10'' FIG 8i—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location (1 mil = 0.025 mm °C = (°F - 32)/1.8) C z « > U rs -1 -10 TEMPERATURE ' F ' I O ,-l " FIG 9a—¥^^ and CVN versus temperature—location E(i ksi-Jln = 0.9 MPa'4m, Ift-lb 0.737J, "C = (.°F - 32)/1.8) — 564 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWELFTH CONFERENCE -10 TEMPERATURE ° F « 10"' FIG 9i—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location (I mil = 0.025 mm °C = (°F - 32)/1.8) z « > O ffi -> TEMPERATURE F » 10 FIG 10a—KcandCVNversus temperature—locationF(\ 0.737J °C = ("F - 32)/1.8) ksi^fJn = 0.9MPaVm, Ift-lb • E ROBERTS ET AL ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR FIG 10b—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location (1 mil = 0.025 mm "C = ("F - 32)/1.8) 565 F z « > » -10 TEMPERATURE ° F « 10"' FIG 11a—KcandCVN versus temperature—location G ( I ksi\fJn = 0.9MPayfm, Ift-lb 0.737J "C = {"F - 32)/1.8) = 566 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWELFTH CONFERENCE i * TEMPERATURE F» 10 FIG 116—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location (1 mil = 0.025 mm, °C = {°F - 32)/1.8) z >> > n O -1 -10 TEMPERATURE °F»10" FIG 12a—Kc and CVN versus temperature—location I {I ksisTin = 0.9 MPaVm, 0.737J, °C = CF - 32)/1.8) Ift-lb G ROBERTS ET AL ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR -10 567 TEMPERATURE ° F « I O ' FIG lib—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location (1 mil = 0.025 mm °C = (°F - 32)/1.8) -? > (J -10 TEMPERATURE " F « lO" FIG 13a—Kc and CVN versus temperature—locationJ(\ 0.737 J, "C = {-=F - 32)/1.8) ksi^Tin = 0.9 MPaVm, Ift-lb I 568 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWELFTH CONFERENCE FIG 13b—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location U mil = 0.025 mm, °C = (°F - 32}/1.8) ."I -10 TEMPERATURE °F«IO" FIG 14a—KcandCVNversus temperature—location K {I ksi^in 0.737J °C = (°F - 32)/1.8) = 0.9MPa\fm, Ift-lb J ROBERTS ET AL ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR 569 lil'o a < X -10 'lO '20 TEMPERATURE "f « l6"' FIG 146—Fracture appearance and lateral expansion versus temperature—location U mil = 0.025 mm °C = (°F - 32)/1.8) K NDT Temperature Results The results of the NDT tests are Hsted in Table and are shown in Figs through 14 Kc Results The results of the individual K tests are presented in Table The results were analyzed using the equation for K proposed by Wilson [10] All values reported in Table are for fracture toughness levels that reflect a plasticity correction and were computed with the formula [10] K = {W - where B W P L a' = specimen width (38.1 mm), — specimen depth (76.2 mm), = maximum applied load, = span length (254 mm), = effective crack length PL a')^'^/B (2) 570 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWELFTH CONFERENCE TABLE 4—NDT test data Material -40 +20 -20 x" A X B X C X E +40 +60 NDT, °F X X 0* 0 +35 X X 0 +35 0 o X 0 o + 25 +35 X F X G 0 0 +25 X 0 +35 o 0 0 X o o 0 X 0 o X I X J X K +5 +5 +5 Conversion Factor—"C = (°F - ) / "x indicates break *o indicates no break a = measured crack length, ry = plastic-zone size, and a' = a + ry The plastic zone size, ry, was defined as KV •*' where Oy is yield stress i r V ff„ (3) ROBERTS ET AL ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR 571 TABLE Sa—Slow bend fracture toughness data K, (ksiVin T) Temperature, °F -30 A B C E F G I J K 71.0 81.9 67.4 72.7 76.1 75.6 82.5 75.1 83.1 78.3 75.0 73.2 93.5 86.8 a a 55.1 45.2 54.7 35.5 48.8 76.6 43,0 43,0 -110 -115 -125 74.6 68.1 51.9 45.2 51.1 40.7 55.6 39.5 72.8 57.2 Conversion Factor: °C = (°F - ) / ksiVSnT = 0.9 MPaVin " Iteration scheme for calculating K did not converge Equations and were solved by a simple interaction method {8\ The value of Gy corresponded to the temperature and loading speed of the test conditions This was determined by the following equation [8] Im, in = 25.4 mm) ROBERTS ET AL ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR 577 The use of Eq gives conservative results for the data collected The use of an " H " testing frequency for fracture critical members of A36 material may not prove adequate where detailed knowledge of the fracture properties of each piece are desired References [/] Frank, K H and Galambos, C F., "Application of Fracture Mechanics to Analysis of Bridge Structures," Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Safety and Reliability of Metal Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, Nov 1972, pp 279-306 [2] Barsom, J M., Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol 7, No 3, Sept 1975, pp 605-618 [3] Highway Accident Report, "Collapse of U.S 35 Highway Bridge, Point Pleasant, West Virginia, December 15, 1967," Report NTSB-HAR-71-1, National Transportation Safety Board, 1971 [4] Engineering News Record, 20 Aug 1970 [5] Engineering News Record, Jan 1971 [6] Highway Research Board of the NAS-NRC Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, "The AASHO Road Test," Report 4, Bridge Research, Special Report CID, Publication No 953, 1962 [7] Barsom, J M., "Toughness Criteria for Bridge Steels," Technical Report No for American Iron and Steel Institute Project 168, Feb 1973 [8] Roberts, R., Irwin, G., Krishna, G., and Yen, B., "Fracture Toughness of Bridge Steels— Phase II Report," Report No FHWA-RD-74-59, Sept 1974, prepared for Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C 20590 [9] Madison, R B., "Application of Fracture Mechanics to Bridges," Ph.D dissertation, Lehigh University, 1969 [10] Wilson, W K., Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol 2, No 2, 1970, pp 169-171 [11] Irwin, G R and Roberts, R., "Fracture Toughness of Bridge Steels—Phase I Report," Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report, July 1972 [12] Barsom, J M., Sovak, J F., and Novak, S R., "Fracture Toughness of A36 Steel," Technical Report No for American Iron and Steel Institute Project 168, May 1, 1972 [13] "The Variation of Product Analysis and Tensile Properties—Carbon Steel Plates and Wide Flange Shapes," American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D C , Sept 1974