Astm stp 868 1985

FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM Sixteenth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics sponsored by ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing Columbus, Ohio, 15-17 August 1983 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 868 M F Kanninen, Southwest Research Institute, and A T Hopper, Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-868000-30 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 # Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics (16th: 1983; Columbus, Ohio) Fracture mechanics (ASTM special technical publication; 868) Includes bibliographies and index "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-868000-30." Fracture mechanics—Congresses I Kanninen, Melvin F II Hopper, A III ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing IV Title V Series TA409.N38 1983 620.1'126 85-8382 ISBN 0-8031-0225-9 Copyright ® by A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y F O R T E S T I N G A N D M A T E R I A L S 1985 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-8382 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, MD August 1985 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize George E Pellissier 1915-1982 Dedication George E Pellissier contributed significantly to the success of ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing He was a member of the committee from 1966 until his death on 25 June 1982, and was the first chairman of Subcommittee on Fracture Testing (now E24.01 on Fracture Mechanics Test Methods) George received bachelor's (1936) and master's (1938) degrees in chemistry from Cornell and a bachelor's degree (1941) in metallurgical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon The completion of his thesis for a doctor's degree was precluded by World War 11 Early in his career he worked for Inco, Columbia University, Union Carbide, and Carnegie Illinois Steel Corporation in such diverse areas as powder metallurgy, nondestructive testing, corrosion, and mechanical metallurgy He was considered a pioneer in the fields of electron microscopy and spectrographic analysis of molten steel George then went to the U.S Steel Research Laboratory, where he held the posts of Research Associate, Di- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho vision Chief, Manager of Advanced Applied Research, and Senior Research Consultant He was involved in the areas of chemical, crystal, and microstructural analyses; defect detection; oxidation and chemisorption; and toughness and failure mechanisms of high-strength steels He originated the concept of dual-mechanism strengthening of alloy steels; developed a noncontact thickness gage for thin sheet and coatings; and helped develop a new class of low-carbon, weldable, high-strength/high-toughness alloy plate steels From 1968 to 1982 George worked for E F Fullam, RRC International, and Mechanical Technology, where he used his extensive experience to provide internal and external consulting services on a broad range of metallurgical problems George was a charter member of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, a Fellow of the American Society for Metals and the American Institute of Chemists, a member of various ASTM committees (including E-2 on Emission Spectroscopy, E-4 on Metallography, and E-24 on Fracture Testing), a member of The Electrochemical Society and Sigma Xi, and a licensed professional engineer in Pennsylvania He published 26 technical papers Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The Sixteenth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics was held at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, on 15-17 August 1983 ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing was the sponsor M F Kanninen Southwest Research Institute, and A T Hopper, Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, served as symposium chairmen and have edited this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Methods for Assessing the Structural Reliability of Brittle Materials, STP 844 (1984), 04-844000-30 Damage Tolerance of Metallic Structures: Analysis Methods and Applications, STP 842 (1984), 04-842000-30 Fracture Mechanics: Fifteenth Symposium, STP 833 (1984), 04-833000-30 Fractography of Ceramic and Metal Failures, STP 827 (1984), 04-827000-30 Environment-Sensitive Fracture: Evaluation and Comparison of Test Methods, STP 821 (1984), 04-821000-30 Fracture Mechanics: Fourteenth Symposium—Volume I: Theory and Analysis, STP 791 (1983), 04-791001-30 Fracture Mechanics: Fourteenth Symposium—Volume II: Testing and Applications, STP 791 (1983), 04-791002-30 Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium—Volume I: Inelastic Crack Analysis, STP 803 (1983), 04-803001-30 Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium—Volume II: Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications, STP 803 (1983), 04-803002-30 Fracture Mechanics (Thirteenth Conference), STP 743 (1981), 04-743000-30 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ASTM Editorial Staff Allan S Kleinberg Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Bill Benzing Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction LINEAR ELASTIC ANALYSES Stress Intensity Factors for a System of Cracks in an Infinite Strip— M B, CIVELEK Wide-Range Displacement Expressions for Standard Fracture Mechanics Specimens—j A KAPP, G S LEGER, AND B, GROSS 27 Evaluation of Analytical Solutions for Corner Cracks at Holes— J B MECKEL AND J L RUDD 45 Stress Distribution at the Tip of Cracks Originating from a Circular Hole under Biaxial Loads—M K OLADIMEJI 65 Wide-Range Weight Functions for the Strip with a Single Edge Crack—T.w ORANGE 95 Analysis of an Externally Radially Cracked Ring Segment Subject to Three-Point Radial Loading—B GROSS, J E SRAWLEY, AND J L SHANNON, JR 106 TTie Dugdale Model for Compact Specimen—s MALL AND J C NEWMAN, JR 113 TEMPERATURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Internal Hydrogen Degradation of Fatigue Hiresholds in HSLA Steel—K A ESAKLUL AND W W GERBERICH 131 Effect of Hydrogen on Crack Initiation and Growth in 18Mn-4Cr Steel—Y.-j KIM, B MUKHERJEE, AND D W CARPENTER 149 A Model for Creep/Fatigue Interactions in Alloy 718— T NICHOLAS, T WEERASOORIYA, AND N E ASHBAUGH Copyright Downloaded/printed University by ASTM Int'l 167 (all rights rese by of Washington (University of Washington) 660 FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM through-thickness cracked ring segments subjected to three-point radial loading Finally, via a boundary collocation analysis procedure, Mall and Newman have provided a variety of practically useful relations for a compact specimen using the linear elastic Dugdale model to provide a plastic zone correction Temperature and Environmental Effects The common theme in the second category was the acceleration in cracking rates caused by combinations of high temperatures, environmental influences, and cyclic loading The treatments, which were empirical and semiempirical, were largely focused on specific materials and therefore not provide a general theory Nevertheless, these papers contain useful background data to support the theoretical analysis that are yet to come Esaklul and Gerberich showed that, for fatigue of high-strength, low alloy (HSLA) steel, the presence of internal hydrogen gives rise to higher crack propagation rates and lower threshold stress intensities In contrast, Kim et al found that a hydrogen environment does not significantly influence the crack growth rate; however, they found that it does tend to reduce the crack initiation life Finally, Nicholas et al, using triangular waves shapes with hold times at maximum load, obtained data for Inconel 718 that show that the loading portion of a load cycle is the major contributor to time-dependent fatigue crack growth behavior Elastoplastic Analyses It is possible to obtain estimates of crack-tip plastic zone effects, and thereby extend the applicability of linear elastic analyses, via a Dugdale or a dislocation pile-up model Ultimately, however, such approaches must be replaced by more rigorous treatments Approaches that directly incorporate elastoplastic constitute behavior fulfilling this need were provided in this third category of papers Both closed-form and numerical solutions were presented Rhee has proposed a critical load assessment method for analyzing stable crack growth and instability through the use of / versus load relations derived from a flawed structure His approach eliminates the need to differentiate / for fracture instability estimates Aizawa and Yagawa used a finite element analysis model to deduce the eigenmodes of the HRR singularity, thereby providing estimates of several nonlinear fracture parameters for single-edge-cracked panels and compact tension specimens Elastoplastic finite element analyses were also conducted by Wellman et al on three-point bend specimens as a precursor to a study of flawed pressure vessels Their results provide useful quantitative conclusions on the use of the CTOD criterion for such purposes Macdonald used finite element analyses to quantify the fracture toughness improvement in two carbon steels due to normaliza- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 661 tion Kikuchi et al, from three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element analyses for side-grooved compact tension specimens, have provided extensive numerical results for this geometry Elastoplastic Experiments The most widely used procedure for characterizing stable crack growth and fracture instability in elastoplastic conditions is the /-integral Thus experimentation for fracture behavior in this regime is largely based upon the elucidation of this property At the same time, basic questions still exist as to the uniqueness of/-resistance curves and, consequently, the applicability of measurements made on standard test specimens to structural components The fourth group of papers in this volume focused on these basic issues Kapp determined /-resistance curves for several different materials using three different measurement techniques and found that the results obtained with each technique gave remarkably similar results Balladon et a/examined the influence of cyclic and monotonic strain hardening in 316L stainless steel and found that the initiation fracture toughness is decreased by each although the /-resistance curve is affected somewhat differently The problem of measuring the resistance curves for thin pressure tube material was addressed by Davies and Stearns Finally, Salzbrenner et al determined the fracture toughness of ferritic, spheroidal graphite, ductile cast iron using a / based approach Fatigue Crack Growth The basic problem areas in fatigue are those involving very short cracks, ductile material behavior, and/or nonuniform load spectra The complicating feature in each such instance is the invalidity of the similitude criterion that ordinarily enables fatigue crack growth data generated in the laboratory to be used in structural applications Among the analysis procedures that have been introduced to cope with the absence of similitude are the crack closure concept and the /-integral as a crack tip characterizing parameter This fifth group of papers focused on the use of such approaches As an alternative to the stress intensity factor, Broek has proposed the crack tip plastic strain range aS a similitude crack growth parameter Sehitoglu presented a systematic experimental study of crack closure in 1070 steel He found that crack closure occurs during a significant portion of a fatigue cycle and that his analytical predictions of the opening level were in good agreement with experimental results Jolles used a cyclic / t o characterize fatigue crack growth in A533B steel and, by accounting for crack closure, was able to achieve good agreement for fatigue crack growth rates in a wide range of loading conditions Finally, Yoder et al reported on a study of fatigue crack growth in Ti-6A1-4V alloy that showed that single-notched compact Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 662 FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM specimen testing can provide very efficient determination of the resistance to both fatigue crack initiation and propagation Dynamic Fracture Mechanics Current research in dynamic fracture mechanics centers on the effects of elastoplastic material behavior for crack growth initiation under high loading rates and for rapid (dynamic) crack propagation and arrest The basic issue is the identification of the proper crack tip characterizing parameter for these conditions Hence the work reported in this sixth category involves elastoplastic-dynamic and viscoplastic-dynamic analyses coupled with experimentation Hoffet al presented a new analytical technique to enable the HRR singularity solutions to be used to characterize the crack tip deformation fields for a dynamically loaded, strain rate sensitive, material The effects of crack tip plasticity in rapid crack propagation were treated through the use of a Dugdale model, modified by dynamic photoelasticity results, by Lee and Kobayashi A combination of blast-loaded experiments and elastic-thermoplastic finite element analyses on welded specimens was performed by Barnes et al that indicates the necessity to take direct account of the weld-induced deformation Finally, Lin andHoagland reported a series of crack arrest tests on a high-strength aluminum alloy which, owing to the small rate sensitivity and the absence of unbroken ligaments in this material, showed that the elastic fracture mechanics parameters behave differently than those of medium-strength steel Basic Considerations and Applications The remaining papers addressed an individual outstanding issue or a particular problem area Sato et al, in a study of the fracture mechanisms in short fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, identified the sequence of events leading to fracture in those materials In addition to reviewing the restrictions of the method, Smith and Epstein provided the results of an experimental optical study of the three-dimensional aspects of subcritical flaw growth A linespring model was described by Miyoshi et al for determining the stress intensity factors for arbitrarily shaped surface cracks in plates and shells Solecki and Swedlow presented a three-dimensional finite element analysis of a centercracked plate Underwood and Scavullo described the failure of a long rod penetrator and concluded that the failure of both uranium and tungsten penetrators is controlled by the plane strain fracture toughness Knorovsky, after gathering data showing the inadequacy of a linear relation for the effect of strain rate on the ductile/brittle transition as a function of yield strength for bridge steels, proposed an alternative analysis in terms of fracture mechanics testing The burst pressures of internally pressurized vessels, manufactured from steels with varying yield strengths, were successfully predicted Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 663 by Sciammarella using a /-resistance curve approach Aurich et al performed elastic-plastic three-dimensional finite element computations on surface cracks in pressure vessels Finally, Willoughby and Garwood assessed the general applicability of the CTOD design curve method and the R6 and other elastoplastic predictive procedures by experimentation on a pipeline steel Various degrees of conservatism were found for each procedure M F Kanninen Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas; symposium chairman and editor A T Hopper Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio; symposium chairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP868-EB/Aug 1985 Author Index H Ahmad, J., 451 Aizawa, T., 197 Ashbaugh, N E., 167 Atluri, S N., 251 Aurich, D., 617 Hahn, G T., 409 Heckel, J B., 45 Heritier, J., 293 Hoagland, R G., 467 Hoff, R., 409 B Balladon, P., 293 Barnes, C R., 451 Bradley, W L., 328 Brocks, W., 617 Broek, D., 347 Jarbouri, C , 293 Jolles, M., 381 K Kamigaito, O., 493 Kanninen, M F , 451 Kapp, J A., 27, 281 Kikuchi, M., 251 Kim, Y J., 149 Knorovsky, G A., 569 Kobayashi, A S., 431 Kurauchi, T., 493 Carpenter, D W., 149 Civelek, M B., Cooley, L A., 392 Crooker, T W., 392 D Davies, P H., 308 Dodds, R H., 214 Lee, O S., 431 Leger, G S., 27 Lin, C., 467 Lutz, T J., 328 E Epstein, J S., 504 Esaklul, K A., 131 M Garwood, S J., 632 Gerberich, W W., 131 Gross, B., 27, 106 MacDonald, B D., 238 Mall, S., 113 Miyamoto, H., 251 665 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 www.astm.org Copyright 1985 b y AS I M International Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 666 FRACTURE MECHANICS; SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM Miyoshi, T., 521 Mukherjee, B., 149 N Newman, J C , Jr., 113 Nicholas,!., 167 Noak, H D., 617 Sehitoglu, H., 361 Shannon, J L., Jr., 106 Shiratori, M., 521 Smith, C W., 504 Solecki, J S., 535 Srawley, J E., 106 Steams, C P., 308 Swedlow, J L., 535 O Oladimeji, M K., 65 Orange, T W., 95 Rhee, H C , 183 Rolfe, S T., 214 Rubin, C A., 409 Rudd, J L., 45 Salzbrenner, R J., 328 Sato, N., 493 Sato, S., 493 Scavullo, M A., 554 Sciamarella, C A., 597 Tanabe, O., 521 Van Den Avyle, J A., 328 Veith, H., 617 W Weerasooriya, T., 167 Wellman, G W., 214 Willoughby, A A., 632 Yagawa, G., 197 Yoder, G R., 392 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz STP868-EB/Aug 1985 Subject Index E 208: 579 E 399: 27, 107, 214, 239, 253, 310, 566, 579 E 647: 387 E 813: 294, 319, 328 Axial flaws in steel pipelines, 632 in zirconium pressure tubes, 308 ADINA computer program, 619 Aircraft structures fatigue cracks in fastener holes, 45 Alloys aluminum, 45, 281, 467 iron, 328 nickel-base, 167 steel, 214, 238, 281, 381, 467 HSLA, 131 HY-80, 45, 578 manganese aluminum, 597 manganese chromium, 149, 597 manganese silicon, 597 titanium, 281, 392 tungsten, 554 uranium, 554 Aluminum alloys 6061-T651, 281 7075-T651, 45, 467 7075-T7351, 281 Angle, crack opening, 453 ANSYS finite element code, 242 Arc-shaped tension specimen, 27, 106 Arrest, crack (see also Propagation, crack) in aluminum alloy, 467 B Beam specimen, 239 Bending specimen (see also Three-point bend specimen) 27, 102, 197 British Standard BS 5762(1979): 214 Burst pressures experimental versus theoretical values, table, 612 nuclear reactor vessels, 597 CANABC computer program, 356 Cathodic charging, 135 Central Electricity Generating Board R6 analysis stress prediction in pipelines initiation loading, table, 644 maximum loading, table, 644 Charpy transition tests in carbon steel, 238 in pipelines, table, 635 in pressure vessels, 598 Charpy V-notch specimens, 281, 582 ASTM Standard E 23: 582 table, 476 in welded HY-80 steel, 451 ASTM Standards A 289: 150 D 638: 494 E 23: 579 667 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 668 FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM Clip gage displacement (see Displacement, crack opening) Closure, crack, 350, 361, 381 COD (see Displacement, crack opening) Compact tension specimens boundary collation analysis, 113 displacement of crack opening zirconium pressure tube, 308 elastoplastic analysis, 251 equations for displacement, 27 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren analysis, 197, 409 HY-80 steel, 579 Inconel 718, 168 Conic section edge crack shape approximation, 95 Corrosion in generator end rings, 149 in HSLA steel, 131 Crack axial, 183, 308, 632 beam specimen, 238 center, 239 ductile tearing, 238 hole comer, 45, 65 nozzle comer, 45, 65 rapid tearing, 431 rectangular, 521 ring segment, 106, 149 semi-elliptical, 521, 617 single edge on panel, 197 single edge on strip, 95 small type, 347, 361 stationary, 409 straight, 535 surface, 521 triangular, 521 twin, 521 Crack advancement {see Propagation, crack) Crack front in aluminum alloys, 474 profile, 535 straight versus curved, 251, 544 and stress distribution, 251, 617 Crack initiation (see Initiation, crack) Crack interaction, 521 Crack length as function of crack opening displacement arc tension specimens, table, 42 compact tension specimens, table, 41 Crack opening displacement (see Displacement, crack opening) Critical load assessment method, 183 CTOA (see Angle, crack opening) CTOD (see Displacement, crack opening) D Disk-shaped tension specimen, 27 Displacement, crack opening in aluminum alloys, 467 in bending specimens, 33, 197 load-line displacement, table, 37 in cast iron alloy, 328 in compact specimens, 113, 197,251, 308 table, 38 constant amplitude loading, table, 388 in disk-shaped tension specimen, table, 38 in ductile steel pipelines, 632 equations for standard specimens, 27 as function of crack length arc tension specimens, table, 42 compact tension specimens, table, 41 initiation loading, table, 640 maximum loading, table, 640 in pressure vessels, 214, 308, 597, 617 table, 600 in ring segments, 106 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize SUBJECT INDEX in side-grooved specimens, table, 268 single edge on panel, 197 single edge on strip, 95 in steels, 214, 361, 381, 409, 431, 617 three-point bend specimens, 27, 214 load-line displacement, table, 37 in zirconium pressure tubes, 308 Ductile/brittle transition steel, 569 Ductile tearing, 238 Dugdale model, 113, 361, 431 E Elastoplastic fracture analysis of aluminum, 281 of cast iron alloys, 328 of pipelines, 632 of pressure vessels, 214, 597, 617 of projectiles, 554 of steels, 281, 293, 381, 409, 431, 451,632 three-dimensional specimens, 251 of titanium alloy, 281 of zirconium, 308 Electric generators rotor end rings, 149 Electron microscope, 328, 367, 493 Energy release rate, 535, 617 Equations Barson-Rolfe-Novak, 246 boundary collocation, 106, 113 Bowie, 75 Budansky and Hutchinson, 365 Buekner, 95 Castigilliano, 28 Clark, 262 crack length as function of displacement standard specimens, 27 displacement as function of crack length standard specimens, 27 Eigenfunction, 197 Gauss-Chebyscher, Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren, 409, 617 eigenmodes, 197 Keer and Freedman, 97 Kiefner, 648 Liu, 45 Neuber's rule, 352 Newman and Raju, 45, 75 Paris, 28, 46, 606, 651 Park, 551 Rice, 86, 95, 382, 412 Shah, 45 Stallybrass, 97 Walker, 48 Westergaard, 67 Explosions effect on welded steel, 451 669 204, Fastener hole, 45 Fatigue crack propagation, 27, 45, 131, 347, 361, 381 ASTM Standard E 399; 27 ASTM Standard E 647: 387 ASTM Standard E 813: 387 and cyclic J relation, 381 and creep interaction nickel superalloy, 167 in side-grooved compact tension specimens, 251 and surface roughness, 392 Finite element analysis bending specimen model, 197 compact tension model, 197, 409 table, 420 line spring model, 521 projectile model, 554 three-dimensional model, 238, 251, 535, 617 three-point bend model, 214, 451 Flaw growth {see Propagation, crack) Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 670 FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM Fractography of steel, illus., 136, 140, 141 Fracture {see Crack) Fracture toughness {see Resistance, crack) Frozen stress analysis, 504 G Glass fiber as plastic reinforcement, 493 H Hoop stress in pressure vessels, 612 Hot rolling austenitic steel plate, 293 HSLA steel, 133 Hydrogen in 18Mn-4Cr steel, 149 and steel mechanical properties, table, 137 Hysteresis loop, 385 I Inclusion in smooth steel plate, 376 Inconel 718 {see Nickel-base superalloy) Infinite strip, Initiation, crack {see also Resistance, crack) in electric generator end rings, 149 in HY-80 steel, 451, 569 in pressure vessels, 274 in steel end rings hydrogen environment, table, 158 Instability point, crack, 183 Iron alloys GGG-4 (nodular), 328 S-45 (ductile), 328 Isochromatics, 65, 431 steel, illus., 441, 443, 444 y-Aa curves, 308 J-R curves aluminum alloys, 281 austenitic stainless steel, table, 300 center-cracked panel, 183 pressure vessel, 183 steel, A723, 281 titanium alloy, 281 7-integrals aluminum alloys, 281 table, 289 biaxial load, table, 92 cast iron alloy, 328 critical load assessment method, 183 ductile materials, 197 net versus effective thickness, 251 pressure vessel tests, 214, 597, 617 steels, 281, 409 effect of fatigue cycling, 381 table, 289 titanium alloys, 281 table, 289 zirconium pressure tube, 308 K Kiefner analyses stress predictions, pipelines, table, 648 Launch simulation tests tungsten alloy, 554 uranium alloy, 554 LEFM {see Linear elastic analysis) Ligament activity in aluminum alloys, 467 in pressure vessels, 617 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUBJECT INDEX Linear elastic analysis ASTM Standard E 399 specimens, 27 bending specimen, 27 boundary collocation method, 106, 113 in edge-cracked strip, 95 in infinite strip, in plate with through crack, 535 theory development, 7, 27, 45, 65, 95 in thick shell/plate, 521 Line spring model, 521 Literature review ductile/brittle transition of steel, 569 stress intensity factor analysis comer cracks at holes, 45 Load-drop method {see also Unloading) aluminum alloys, 281 steel alloys, 281 titanium alloys, 281 Loading biaxial, 65, 89 blast, 451 concentrated force, 113 constant amplitude, 45, 381, 392 table, 387 cyclic, 113, 167, 293, 361 dynamic, 409, 431, 451 inertialess, 409 instability point determination, 183 maximum in pipelines, 632 monotonic, 113, 472 pin-type, 113, 310 projectile launch simulation, illus., 560 and small crack behavior, illus., 370 three-point radial, 106 triangular waveform, 170 uniform pressure, 24, 113 unsymmetric triangular waveform, 170 671 Long-rod penetrator, 554 Lug root stress, 554 M Microcracks in thermoplastics, illus., 498, 499 Microstructure heat-treated steel, illus., 305 heat-treated steel, table, 579 iron alloy, illus., 332, 338, 339 titanium alloy, 402 Widmansttatten, 398 Moire interferometry, 504 N Nickel-base superalloy, 167 Nil ductility temperature specimen, 569 test, 598 Nonlinear fractures, 597 Nuclear reactors, 183, 308, 597 O Optical analysis techniques Cranz-Schardin camera, 436 electron microscopy, 493 interferometry, 504 Oxygen, interstitial in titanium alloys, 392 Paris tearing instability analysis in pipelines, 651 Pearlite cast iron alloys, 328 Penalty function, 197 Photoelasticity, 431, 504 Pipelines, 521 API 5LX, 56, 632 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 672 FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM Plastic deformation, 113, 347, 386 Plastic hinge formation, 233 Plastics glass fiber reinforced, 493 polyamide, 66, 493 polymeric material, 504 polymethyl methacrylate, 45 tensile properties ASTM Standard D 638: 494 Plastic zones, 214, 349, 409, 431 Polariscope, 436 POLO-FINITE structural mechanics system, 219 Power-hardening material, 197 Power law analysis of pressure vessels, 617 of stationary cracks, 409 Pressure vessels, 183, 214, 308, 521, 597, 617 K values, table, 605 Profile, crack front {see Crack front) Projectile, cannon-launched, 554 Propagation, crack (see also Fatigue crack propagation) in blunt- and sharp-notched plates, 361 in center-cracked panel, 183 crack-shape predictions for aluminum, table, 60 for polymethyl methacrylate, table, 59 in generator end rings, 149, 167 in nickel-base superalloys, 167 in nuclear reactor pressure vessels, 183 in polymeric materials, 45,493, 504 in side-grooved compact tension specimens, 251 in steel, 281, 409 austenitic, 293 HY-80, 451, 578 hydrogenated, 131 polycarbonate, 431 stainless, 293 in three-dimensional specimen, 251 R Radius, notch root, 392 Residual stress, 247, 434, 451 Resistance, crack aluminum, titanium, and steel alloys, table, 291 ASTM Standard E 813: 328 in austenitic stainless steel, 293 in ductile steel pipeline, 632 in HY-80 steel plates, 451 in iron alloys, 328 table, 343 in normahzed/as-rolled steel, 238 in titanium alloys, 392 in zirconium pressure tubes, 308 Ring segment external cracking, 106 hydrogen-assisted cracking, 149 SEM {see Electron microscope) Similitude parameters, 347 Slip {see Plastic deformation) Steel A36: 238 A131: 214 A508: 214 A516: 214, 238 A517: 214 A533: 214, 381,467 A723: 281 AISI 1018: 467 AISI 4340: 453 austenitic stainless, 293 in bridges, 569 high-carbon, 361 HSLA, 131 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori SUBJECT INDEX hydrogenated, 131, 149 HY-80 alloy, 451, 578 manganese aluminum alloys, 597 manganese chromium alloys, 149, 597 manganese silicon alloys, 597 microstructure of, 579 pipeline, 632 polycarbonate, 431 1020: 361 1070: 361 welded, 451, 597 Strain hardening of austenitic stainless steel, 293 Strain-rate effects {see Loading) Stress {see Loading; Residual stress; Stress intensity factor analysis) Stress intensity factor analysis correlations of four solutions aluminum, table, 57, 61 poly methyl methacrylate, table, 59, 61 edge-cracked strip, 95 HSLA steel, 131 inappropriate use of, 347 infinite strip, nondimensionalized biaxial loading of hole crack, table, 71, 76, 77 normal/shear components, 17 plates, 361, 551 polymeric materials, 504 polymethyl methacrylate, 45 pressure vessel tests, 597, 617 projectiles, 554 ring segment, 106 standard specimens, 27 thick shells, 521 titanium alloys, 392 uranium projectile, table, 557 Stress ratios 7075-T651 aluminum, table, 51 Strip yield model {see Dugdale model) 673 Surface roughness crack initiation titanium alloys, 392 Tearing instability theory crack propagation, table, 193, 195 Temperature lowered effect on cast iron, 328 effect on nickel alloy, 167 effect on pipelines, 635 effect on steel, 113, 569 effect on steel, table, 143, 241 effect on uranium alloy, table, 558 elevated effect on polymeric material, 504 effect on pressure vessels, 597 effect on steel, table, 293, 580, 584 Tensile tests ductile cast iron alloys, 328 tungsten alloy, table, 565 Three-dimensional fractures finite element analysis, 535 Three-point bend specimens, 37, 214, 453 initiation/maximum loading, table, 636 K values, table, 605 /{-curve data, 636 radial loading, 106 Thermoplastic composite {see Plastics) Titanium alloys Ti-6A1-4V, 281, 392 Tubular products, 106 Tungsten alloys, 554 Tunneling effects and crack propagation, 251 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 674 FRACTURE MECHANICS: SIXTEENTH SYMPOSIUM W u Unloading {see also Loading) compliance method, 281, 308 and crack behavior, 167, 349 table, 316 Uranium alloys, 554 Weight function {see Loading) Weldments HY-80 steel, 451 Vertex {see Crack front) Zirconium, 308 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:21:29 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize