Astm stp 841 1985

NEW CONCEPTS FOR COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and IVIaterials and Steel Structures Painting Council Lake Buena Vista, Fla., 26 January 1983 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 841 D M Berger, Gilbert/Commonwealth, and R F Wint, Hercules Incorporated, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-841000-14 181b 1916 Race Street Ptiiladelpho, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author Copyright © by American Society for Testing and Materials 1984 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 83-82647 ISBN 0-8031-0236-4 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md (b) First Printing, July 19*4 Second Printing, October 1985 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author Foreword The Symposium on New Concepts for Coating Protection of Steel Structures was held in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, on 26 January 1983 Sponsors were ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and the Steel Structures Painting Council D M Berger, Gilbert/Commonwealth, and R F Wint, Hercules Incorporated, served as symposium chairmen and have edited this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Related ASTM Publications Permanence of Organic Coatings, STP 781 (1982), 04-781000-14 Selection and Use of Wear Tests for Coatings, STP 769 (1982), 04-769000-29 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to Publications 13:59:14 License EST 2015 Agreement No ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M Hoersch Helen P Mahy Allan S Kleinberg Susan L Gebremedhin Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Contents Introduction KEYNOTE ADDRESS Evolution of Steel Protection; A Personal View—s L LOPATA SURFACE TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS Quantitative Evaluation of Blistering and Corrosion in Organic Coating Systems—M E MCKNIGHT AND J W MARTIN 13 Blast Cleaning with Zinc-Coated Abrasives—K W LOWREY 21 Detrimental Materials at the Steel/Paint Interface— W C JOHNSON 28 Effects of Rotary Peening Surface-Conditioning Products on Structural Steel—J j CLAUS 44 APPLIED COATING SYSTEMS AND SAFETY PRACTICES Zinc-Plus-Paint System for Corrosion Protection of a Steel Bridge— M M L W I N 53 Spray-Applied Fluoroelastomers for Protection of Carbon Steel Structures in Flue Gas Desulfurization Service— C A MCCLAIN AND T DOLAN 63 Perspectives on 100% Solid Spray-Applied Polyurethane Elastomers—s i OECHSLE HI 71 Precision Reactivation of Antifouling Paints—i PORETZ 79 Minimum Film Thickness for Protection of Hot-RoUed Steel: Results after 23 Years of Exposure at Kure Beach, North Carolina— M MORCILLO Copyright Downloaded/printed University 95 by by of Paint Research Institute Paint Corrosion Inhibitor Research— C M HENDRY ASTM Safety Alert System—s 113 118 IOHN OECHSLE SUMMARY Summary 127 Index 133 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of STP841-EB/JUI 1984 Introduction The Symposium on New Concepts for Coating Protection of Steel Structures was sponsored by ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) ASTM Subcommittee D-01.46 on Industrial Protective Painting directly relates to the work of SSPC This meeting, held in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, represented the first time SSPC met anywhere other than in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania The meeting also represented the first time Committee D-1 met in joint session with SSPC The success of the meeting was attributed to the fact that one could attend Committee D-1 meetings in the beginning of the week, the joint symposium on Wednesday, and the SSPC meeting later in the week Over 180 members attended the ASTM meetings and over 220 attended the SSPC meetings This joint venture is of particular value when air travel and other expenses are considered, because it allowed the individual members to attend both meetings under one travel expense It is expected that future symposia and joint meetings will be held by these two organizations Owing to the presence of SSPC, representatives of 15 other organizations were present This symposium was the first sponsored by SSPC The selection of Stan Lopata as keynote speaker set the tone of the subject Protection of Steel Structures Mr Lopata, Chairman of the Board, Carboline Company, St Louis, Missouri, inventor of alkyl silicate inorganic zinc-rich primers, has contributed significantly to the technology of protection of steel structures Sidney B Levinson, Chairman of ASTM Committee D-1, and John D Keane, Director of the Steel Structures Painting Council, welcomed the attendees The speakers were introduced by Dean Berger and Rufus Wint, who served as symposium chairmen and who have edited this publication The Summary at the end of this volume reviews the presented papers and highlights the important issues raised by the speakers D M Berger Gilbert/Commonwealth, Reading, Pennsylvania; symposium chairman and editor R F Wint Hercules Inc., Wilmington, Delaware; symposium chairman and editor Copyright by Copyright' 1984 b y Downloaded/printed University of ASTM by Washington AS FM International Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant t 120 COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES Health Index warns a slight hazard In this case, irritation or minor reversible injury is possible At the bottom of the Blue Health Index Field is "zero," which indicates a minimal hazard Materials in this category present no significantriskto health However, remembering that there are no perfectly safe or perfectly harmless materials, it is necessary that all exposures to these materials be kept to a minimum Good housekeeping practices will assure this Red Flammability Index Our second index, the Red Flammability Index, describes how easily a material can be ignited under normal site circumstances Operations in our field require a wide range of flammable material Many of our solvents and thinners are so volatile that they will rapidly give off flammable vapors, even at room temperature Gases and vapors can travel a great distance from their source They will collect in tanks, basements, and rooms where air movement is stagnant, and they can flash from a static electricity spark that is undetected by the human eye A Red Flammability Index of indicates a severe hazard Such materials will completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and at room temperatures that are below normal, and they will bum rapidly Materials with Flammability Index are serious hazards These materials can be ignited under almost all temperature conditions likely to be encountered The difference between materials having different Flammability Index numbers is in their ability to ignite and bum Both threes and fours are extremely flammable and must be handled with caution Materials having a Red Flammibility Index of are moderate hazards Before these materials will bum, they must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures This means that Index materials are relatively safe at room temperatures, but they become more dangerous as their temperature rises Next we have Flammability Index Materials in this slight hazard category must be preheated before ignition can occur Index liquid only gives off flammable vapors when it is heated directly Under normal site conditions, this material would not be a fire hazard Minimal hazards in the Red Flammability Field will be indicated by an Index Zero Yellow Reactivity Index The Yellow Reactivity Index is based on a material's ability to release energy, either by itself or in combination with other materials When assigning these Reactivity Index numbers, consideration is given to fire exposure along with conditions of shock and pressure Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized OECHSLE ON ASTM SAFETY ALERT SYSTEM 121 Safety Alert Pictorial Chart IffiAOMTY PERSONAL PROTECTION s*/jj 1/ ^ *%^ CopyrigM ^ AiMrioaR SooMy lor TtMJng and Malvrlill, 1M4 Arm ma R>M SUMI, nmMiipMi M tnoi III-M»UM TILIX riMn-tosr PCN: n-ttnnu (D UIT) FIG 1—Sample ASTM Safety Alert chart Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author 122 COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES As in the other fields, Index represents the most severe hazard in this Yellow Reactivity Field These Index materials are capable of exploding under normal site conditions Benzoyl peroxide is a good example of an Index material in this field, and should be handled only with extreme caution Serious hazards are designated by Reactivity Index These materials are also capable of detonation or explosive reaction, but require a strong initiating source such as heat, pressure, or shock Index materials may also react explosively when they come into contact with water Next we have Reactivity Index A moderate hazard is normally unstable and will easily undergo chemical change Reactivity Index materials may react violently with water, but are not as likely to explode as materials of Index and Index Yellow Reactivity Index means that there is a slight hazard Slight reactivity hazards are those materials that are stable under normal site conditions When Index materials are exposed to extreme heat and pressure, however, they can become unstable Index materials may also react with water, but not violently Reactivity Index Zero indicates that a material is normally stable, even under fire conditions These are minimal hazards and will not react with water Personal Protective Equipment The white area at the bottom of the label identifies, with a series of pictorial stickers, the specific personal protective equipment required for entry into the work area Summaiy One can see that each wammg label of the Safety Alert System contains a lot of important information It may seem as though there is too much information, but the system actually works quite easily The advantages of the ASTM Safety Alert System will extend to personnel of other trades These persons will become aware of the area hazards involved in the painting and coating trades A poster has been designed (available as an ASTM adjunct) that contains all the information the employee will need to read any label These posters should be on display throughout the site, in such areas as meeting rooms, locker rooms, cafeterias, bulletin boards, raw material warehouses, near each supervisor's desk, and in the Safety Office Wherever you are likely to see a label, there should be a poster nearby to answer any questions about what that label means to you The poster is intended to serve as a reminder It contains an actual label, and all the related information necessary for quick reference Under the Hazard Index Heading, each of the index numbers is listed with a definition of the degree of hazard represented by each number The poster Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz OECHSLE ON ASTM SAFETY ALERT SYSTEM 123 shows each of the Personal Protection symbols representing protective equipment that might be necessary to provide employee protection The pictures and the bold print on this poster can be read easily from a distance The use of the ASTM Safety Alert System should greatly improve the safety awareness of the coating companies and the journeyman painters by quantifying the degree of hazard in any work area and pictorially indicating the type of personal safety equipment required for worker health and safety As with any new program, there are bound to be questions as it gets underway Questions will arise from time to time that cannot be answered by the poster In such cases, these questions should be directed to a supervisor or the Safety Department Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Summai^ Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP841-EB/JUI 1984 Summary The papers in this volume are divided into two groups: (1) Surface Technology Concepts and (2) Applied Coating Systems and Safety Practices Three papers presented at the symposium but not submitted for publication are summarized in their appropriate categories The authors of these papers were A A Hochrein, A P Thiruvengadam, J T Clarkson, and Sheldon Lefkowitz The keynote address was presented by S L Lopata, who reviewed the past 45 years of coating developments for protection of steel surfaces High performance coatings have been developed to replace alkyds and oil-based systems Vinyls, chlorinated rubber, epoxy, polyurethanes, and ethyl silicate binders have provided the formulator with new polymers Better surface preparation has significantly contributed to steel durability and corrosion resistance Products have also been developed to be applied over previously painted steel which has started to rust Such products are effective where blast cleaning cannot be used Inhibitive pigments, chemical treatments, selection of polymers, and the significance of thorough testing are important factors in providing systems for lasting protection Currently, water-based, high solids, and especially pigmented systems are being developed to meet OSHA regulations Customed systems recommended by survey teams provide the best available technology for the environment The following sections summarize the papers from each of the groups Surface Technology Concepts Infrared thermography used to detect corrosion below the coated surface of clear films is discussed by McKnight and Martin Deteriorated areas appear as gray levels on the cathode after digitizing the TV monitor Digitization of the analog signal provides image enhancement, identification of degraded areas, and quantitative analysis The technique also provides computer storage of data and a graphic display Corrosion mechanisms and kinetics of degradation can also be studied Analysis of the digital thermographs can take many directions Anticipated procedures include determining rates of corrosion as a function of such variables as exposure conditions, coating type, substrate preparation, thickness of coating, and dynamic pattern analysis Portable systems are not available for field use Lowrey reports on blast cleaning with zinc-coated abrasives A high molecular weight epoxy resin is used to coat an expendable abrasive The abrasive 127 Copyright by Copyright® 1984 Downloaded/printed University of ASTM by Washington b y A S T M International Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant to 128 COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES selected had less than 2.5% pass through an 18-mesh sieve After careful selection of solvent and resin, zinc dust is added to the coated abrasive surface Care is taken to prevent agglomeration Blast-cleaning techniques are available whereby regular abrasive is used followed by the zinc-coated abrasive to allow maximum economy Surfaces cleaned with zinc-coated abrasives are free of rust 48 h after blast cleaning Surfaces below seawater remain clean up to h In semirural areas the surface remains free of rust for one week after blast cleaning Tests were run with various paints to determine the adhesion of the primer No differences could be found between substrates cleaned with standard abrasive and substrates cleaned with zinc-coated abrasive It is expected that zinc-coated abrasives will effectively be used where weather conditions prevent good surface-cleaning practices Materials often found on surfaces to be coated include rust, grease or oil, moisture, mill scale, and chemical contaminants Johnson identifies these contaminants and examines the abrasives used to remove them from the surface Contaminant salts were found in various abrasives These salts were measured according to their ohms resistivity after processing in distilled water Some abrasives contained more than 50 ppm of chloride and produced 2000 to 3500 Q resistivity Most abrasives were above 20 000 resistivity Ferrous ions and soluble salts have been identified using specially prepared wetted paper Merckoquant potassium ferricyanide will turn blue in the presence of ferrous ions A Saltesmo test uses silver chromate which turns white to form silver chloride These tests are being evaluated by ASTM and National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) task groups The effects of rotary peening and surface-conditioning products on structural steel are described by Clam Portable power tool systems using threedimensional nonwoven surface conditioning products and an impacting peening flap wheel are effective in cleaning steel surfaces before painting Auger and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analyses of surfaces cleaned with various treatments are studied The amount of carbon remaining on the steel surface is reduced Only trace quantities of silicon, sulfur, and chlorine are found on the rotary-peened surface, while silicon, aluminum, and sodium are found on the sand-blasted surface Blast cleaning produced a work-hardened surface of miles in depth Peening produced a to mils deep workhardened surface Surface cleanliness measurements indicate that power tool techniques provide a purer ferrous surface, a surface suitable for painting Hochrein and Thiruvengadam in a paper not submitted for publication, note that new steel surfaces and those previously painted can be cleaned using a controlled cavitation erosion system Laboratory experiments involve the use of high pressure water blast Several factors have been evaluated: nozzle design, pressure, horsepower, distance, intensity, accessibility, paintability, removal rates, and profiling rates The advantage of this system is that abrasive sand is not required; therefore environmental contamination is greatly reduced The difficulty in attaining surface cleanliness has been a problem because the proCopyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 129 cess is slow, the steel is not easily cleaned, and profile height is difficult to attain The cleaning rates obtained for complete paint removal at 68 948 kPa (10 000 psi) nozzle pressure with the optimum nozzles ranged from about 0.56 m^/h (6 ft^/h) for three-coat epoxy to about 2.32 m^/h (25 ft^/h) for a threecoat oil-alkyd system Prototype units are being developed Applied Coating Systems and Safety Practices The Hood Canal Floating Bridge across Puget Sound in Washington was built in 1983 with welded plate girders and welded floor beams of ASTM A588 steel A hot-dip galvanized zinc coating of 1.07 kg/m^ (3.5 oz/ft^) was specified Zinc dust-zinc oxide primer meeting Federal Specification TT-P-641 Type and a gray phenolic finish coat meeting State Standard Formula C-9-71 were chosen These coatings were applied at mils each coat, one coat of primer, one coat of finish Sweep blasting was necessary to remove residues caused by double-end dipping large beams Some warpage and distortion were experienced Temporary stiffeners were requued during dipping The author concludes that while the initial cost for the zinc-plus-paint system is higher than for a three-coat paint system, the long-term advantages and cost savings are substantial McClain and Dolan consider spray-applied fluoroelastomers for protection of carbon steel structures in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) service Fluoroelastomers require the use of rubber technology wherein the dispersions are usually made in sophisticated equipment before solvating in ketone solvents for easy spray applications Fluoroelastomers have a proven record of high performance within the confines of FGD systems These coatings have withstood high temperatures, acid conditions, and temperature changes, and provide fire resistance, abrasion resistance, and a high level of impermeability They appear to be unaffected by sulfur dioxide, chloride, and other ingredients found in FGD systems S J Oechsle III provides perspectives on 100% solid spray-applied polyurethane elastomers These elastomers offer a feasible alternative to rubber where high chemical resistance, flexibility, abrasion resistance, and hardness are required They also have the advantage of superior durability Plural component spray equipment is used to apply 100% solid polyurethane products at 20 to 40 mils per pass on vertical surfaces, and 25.4-mm (l-m.)-thick coatings have been employed in high abrasive areas These coatings require special expertise; only experienced personnel should apply polyurethane elastomers Owing to short tack-free times, equipment coated with these systems can be put back in service rapidly Thick elastomeric films can bridge cracks in cementitious substrates and offer rapid high-build systems with low labor costs The special equipment required to properly proportion the elastomer components has led to excessive costs, however, particularly when specially trained applicators are required Several applications have resulted in early Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori 130 COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES failute owing to lack of experience with the products involved These lining materials are often used for rail hopper cars, cargo holds, abrasive slurry handling, sewage sludge handling, bottom ash in coal-fired power plants, and exterior pipeline coatings Precision reactivation of antifouling paints is reviewed by Poretz A smooth bottom is required to minimize a ship's frictional resistance as it moves through water This provides lower fuel consumption and lower operational costs If the ship can maintain a smooth bottom, the ship's speed and range will also be more efficient By using reactivatable antifouling coatings, a five-year operational life can be expected Reactivation of the antifouling coating is done every 12 to 15 months underwater while the ship is in port The rejuvenated hull coating can be expected to provide operational service for 12 to 15 months, provided the ship is continuously operational and does not remain in port for long time periods A true reactivation procedure has been developed for use with a specific coating which provides controlled, predicted, and reproducible results As the toxicant leaches out, a uniform skeletal surface layer changes in color from red to greenish-gray This material is soft, while the remaining film is hard This soft exudant can easily be removed by specially designed brushes When the gray is removed, the fresh hard underlayer of red antifoulant reappears; thus the coating is rejuvenated There are three brushing machines used to remove this outer layer only: the scamp, Brushcart, and Trellclean Morcillo discusses panel exposure tests (after 23 years' exposure) in the marine environment of Kure Beach, North Carolina The tests dealt with minimum film thicknesses for protection of hot-rolled steel Six different degrees of surface preparation, sk different types of paint, primer film thicknesses of to mils, and top coat thicknesses of to 10 mils provided excellent data A rust grade rating of per SSPC-Vis was used as the criterion of removing panels from test in the severe marine environment Only a few panels have been removed; most remain exposed after 23 years Minimum dry film thickness of the combined primer and finish coat is between and mils These systems will last to 10 years Longevity depends more upon quality of the paint, the generic type, rather than the degree of surface preparation Vinyl systems of less than mils failed from lack of adequate surface preparation Their service life per mil of film thickness was high, extending to 2.5 times more than oilbased systems Numerous data have been developed, but no conclusive results can be given since more than 80% of the panels remain on test, even those with poor surface preparation The Paint Research Institute and others are sponsoring research, reviewed in the paper by Hendry, to identify the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by ionic species It has been found that the four major classes of inhibitors are oxidizing inhibitors, organic compounds, metallic cations, and nonoxidizing inorganic salts Several mechanisms are currently being investigated (1) The efficiency of a coated metal to serve as a cathode will be determined by electrical measurements (2) Cyclic dissolution and precipitation of the inhibitor will be Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 131 studied as the coating is wetted with water then dried (3) Auger microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) will be used to determine the chemical nature of the various inhibitors such as benzoate borate silicate and chromate ions The active component of the extract from litharge (PbO) will also be examined (4) Characterization of metal oxide as it changes during exposure life will be studied by ellipsometry, emission Mossbauer spectroscopy, and Raman microprobe analysis The results of these investigations will be published by Dr Henry Leidheiser in 1984 The ASTM Safety Alert System (SAS) is described by S John Oechsle It alerts employees on a multiemployee construction site to the degree of hazard in the work area This system is designed to provide painters and laborers with a method of identifying each type of hazard and the degree of severity present Three categories are considered: health, flammability, and reactivity Each hazard is quantified on a scale of zero to four, or none to severe A placard is posted at each work area to show the rating in each category (A sample chart is shown in the paper.) The placard will also show the safety equipment required for personnel to wear prior to entering the area Suggestions have been made for workmen to take courses "on sites" regarding the hazards involved A worker who successfully complete the course may then wear a sticker on his hardhat indicating that he is knowledgable of these hazards Workers without these stickers may requu« help See ASTM Practice D 4257 for further SAS information and details on obtainmg placards and stickers Clarkson, in a paper not submitted for publication, reviewed the effects on worker productivity and safety of painted structural steel Unpainted steel provides enough friction so that the construction worker has good footing Painted surfaces, on the other hand, particularly those that have been shop primed and top-coated, offer a more slippery surface, and thus are more hazardous to walk on Polyurethanes and high gloss coatings in particular are dangerous This condition slows down productivity and creates a very undesirable safety hazard Nearly 50% of construction fatalities are caused by falls by workmen Workers would prefer to not have any paint on structural steel If paint is required, they would like the industry to develop a nonskid surface or a surface equal to the friction coefficient of unpainted steel Coated surfaces in the Three Mile Island nuclear plant two years later were studied two years after the accident Lefkowitz, in a paper not submitted for publication, presented interesting information Coated surfaces within containment were shown in pictures taken during the first six entries A TV camera was used to show the condition of the reactor core and rod assembly Considerable damage was noted to this area In general, the coatings have held up very well Drums were caved in, a telephone was melted, nylon rope was melted, but the only paint damage was caused by a hydrogen bum which concentrated on the dome area Although the coatuig burned, it was selfextinguishing and the fire did not contmue Decontamination of these surfaces has been difficult, since only water is being used in order not to upset the Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 132 COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES chemistry of the circulating water lines Further information and photographs are available in Report GEND 006 prepared by EG&G Idaho for the U.S Department of Energy D M Berger Gilbert/Commonwealth, Reading, Pennsylvania; symposium chainnan and editor R F Wint Hercules Inc Wilmington, Delaware; symposium chairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize STP841-EB/JUI 1984 Index Abrasion resistance, 72, 73, 75, 76, Claus, J L., 44-50 Clean Air Act, 63 100 Coastal environments {see also MaAbrasives, zinc-coated, 21-27 rine environments), 27, 96, 98 Accelerated testing, 6, 13, 14, 19, Coating defects, 14 115, 116 Acid dew point {see also Dew point), Coatings Acid-resistant, 67 Acrylic, 27 Acid rain, 31 Aliphatic urethane, Acid-resistant components, Alkyd, 6, 9, 14, 33, 35, 36, 100, Acid-resistant masonry, 64, 66 103, 105, 111 Adhesion, 23, 72 Barium, 36 Anion detection methods, 35, 36 Chlorinated rubber, 9, 27, 97,100, ASTM Committee D-1, 36 ASTM standards 102, 105 Chromate, 28, 113, 114 A 123, 55, 60 Epoxy, 7, 8, 23, 25, 27, 64, 97, A 385, 57 100, 102, 105 A 572, 45 Fluoroelastomer, 63-70 A 588, 53, 55, 59 Galvanized zinc, 7, 36, 54, 55, 57D 610, 99 60 D1125, 36 Metallized zinc, 54, 55 D 2092, 60 Oil-based, 6, 100, 102, 103, 105, D 4257, 118 111 Auger electron spectroscopy, 44, 46, Phenolic, 98, 100, 102, 111 48, 116 Polyurethane elastomer, 71-78 B Red lead, 6, 23, 25, 28, 36, 113 Silicon, Berger, D M., 1, 127-132 Vinyl, 6, 27, 65, 98, 100, 102, 103, Blast cleaning {see also Sandblast105, 111 ing), 21-31, 35, 44, 45, 48, Water-based, 96, 103 Zinc, 7, 21-27, 53-62 Blisters, 7, 14, 40 Coating/substrate interface, 14, 30, British Ship Research Association, 116, 117 81 133 Copyright by Copyright 1984 Downloaded/printed University of ASTM Int'l (all rights www.astm.org by Washington (University of reserved); Sun Dec 27 b y AS FM International Washington) pursuant to Licen 134 COATING PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES Coating thickness, 6-8, 55, 58, 69, 72, 73, 96, 97, 99-103, 105, 111 Conductivity tests {see also Electrochemical tests), 35, 36 Contamination Chemical, 31, 32 Grease, 29-30, 39, 58 Iron oxide, 37, 38 Moisture (see also Moisture effects), 30, 31, 39 Corrosion inhibition, theoretical models, 114, 115 Corrosion scale (see also Mill scale), 37,38 Crack bridging, 74 Cross-linking, 8, 9, 68 D Delamination, 8, 9, 58, 68, 116 Dew point (see also Acid dew point), 30, 31, 39, 64 Dolan, T , 63-70 E Economic analysis, 56, 57, 81, 82 Electrochemical effects, 32, 40, 41 Electrochemical tests (see also Conductivity tests), 116,117 Emission Mossbauer spectroscopy, 117 Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 96 Flammability, 68, 72 Fossil fuels, 63, 64, 67 H Hand cleaning, 8, 28, 38, 40, 96,103 Health and safety, 25, 118-123 Hendry, C M., 113-117 I Image enhancement, 16-18 Infrared thermography, 14-19 Ion sputtering, 46, 48 Johnson, W C , 28-43 Long-term tests, 8, 9, 25, 95-112 Lopata, S L., 5-9 Lowrey, K W., 21-27 Lwin, M M., 53-62 M Martin, J W., 13-20 Marine environments (see also Coastal environments), 22, 25, 54, 76, 79-93 McClain, C A., 63-70 McKnight, M E., 13-20 Mill Scale (see also Corrosion scale), 7, 23, 37, 38, 58, 96, 97, 103 Moisture effects (see also Contamination, moisture), 7, 8, 31, 33, 55, 100, 116 Morcillo, M., 95-112 N National Occupational Hygiene Service (U.K.), 25 National Safety Council, 118 Nondestructive evaluation, 18 Norwegian Ship Research Institute, 81, 83, 92 O Oechsle, S John, 118-123 Oechsle, Sixtus J Ill, 71-78 Offshore structures (see Marine environments) Osmotic pressure, 39, 40 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX Paint Research Institute, 114 pH, 32, 33, 35, 42 Poretz, I., 79-94 Portable power tools, 44 Quantitative measurement niques, 13, 14-17, 19 tech- R Raman microprobe analysis, 117 Reactivation of coatings, 79-93 Reliability analysis, 15 Repainting, 105, 111 Rotary peening, 45, 46, 48-50 Rust, 6, 9, 21, 27, 37-39, 97, 99, 100 Salt spray tests, 23, 116 Sandblasting (see also Blast cleaning), 6-8 Scanning electron microscopy, 32, 33,35 Screening tests, 35, 36, 113, 115 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, 45, 46, 48, 116 Service life, 13,14,54, 56, 58,59, 81, 91, 100, 101, 103, 105, 111 Spatial resolution, 14 Standards {see also ASTM standards) American Bureau of Shipping, 81 American Concrete Institute, 64 American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 25 American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association, 57 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 64 135 American Welding Society, 60 British Standards Institution, 102 National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 36, 56 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 113, 119 Steel Structures Painting Council, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 45, 99 U.S Coast Guard, 81 Steel Structures Painting Council (see also Standards), 21, 32, 39, 96, 100, 114 Surface preparation, 7, 14, 27, 28, 30, 35, 44-46, 55, 72, 100, 103, 111 Thermal shock, 66 Thin-film coatings, 72, 73 Titanium dioxide processing, Toxic dusts, 28 U U.S Environmental Agency, 63 Protection Vibration resistance, 68, 100 W Waste treatment, 76 Weathering steel, 53, 54 Wint, R E, 1, 127-132 Work hardening, 45, 48-50 X-ray diffraction testing, 37 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 116 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 13:59:14 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized