Astm stp 866 1985

LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS A symposium by ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals Bal Harbour, FL, 14-16 Nov 1983 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 866 Gardner S Haynes and Robert Baboian, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-866000-27 1! 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Laboratory corrosion tests and standards (ASTM special technical publication; 866) Proceedings of the Symposium on Laboratory Corrosion Tests and Standards Includes bibliographies and index "ASTM Publication code number (PCN) 04-866000-27." Corrosion and anti-corrosives—Testing—Congresses Corrosion and anti-corrosives—Testing—Standards—Congresses Haynes Gardners II Baboian, Robert III Symposium on Laboratory Corrosion Tests and Standards (1983: Bal Harbour, FL) IV American Society for Testing and Materials V Series TA462.L15 1985 620.1/1223 85-7375 ISBN 0-8031-0443-X Copyright® by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1985 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-7375 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori sr William Henry Ailor, Jr 15 July 1917 to November 1983 Dedication This volume, recording the activities of the International Symposium on Laboratory Corrosion Tests and Standards and serving as a permanent record of contributions to the field of laboratory corrosion testing, is hereby dedicated as a living memorial to our professional colleague and personal friend Bill Ailor, who passed away on November 1983 Bill received his Bachelor of Science degree in history from the University of Tampa in 1939 and his Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from North Carolina State University in 1948 A Lieutenant Commander in the U.S Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946 andfrom 1952 to 1953, Bill joined the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad as a chemist in 1948 In 1953, he became a research engineer in diesel engineering for North Carolina State University He was an adjunct math instructor for Virginia Commonwealth University from 1959 to 1979, and joined Reynolds Metals Company in 1954 as a research engineer He retired in 1982 The author of 45 papers and editor of four books Bill concentrated his career in atmospheric, marine, and deep sea corrosion, corrosion testing, engine coolant testing, and diesel engineering Bill served as Chairman of Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals from 1966 to 1972 and was active in committee Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized task groups and subcommittees for many years including chairing the ASTM Advisory Committee on Exposure Testing Facilities In addition to his many other honors, he received the ASTM Award of Merit in 1970 Bill will truly he missed, by his many friends and colleagues in Committee G-1 His many contributions to the Committee, however, provide a legacy that will serve its membership for years to come Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Foreword The symposium on Laboratory Corrosion Tests and Standards was presented at Bal Harbour, FL, 14-16 Nov 1983 The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals Gardner S Haynes and Robert Baboian of Texas Instruments, Incorporated presided as chairmen of the symposium and are editors of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author Related ASTM Publications Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals, STP 767 (1982), 04-767000-27 Electrochemical Corrosion Testing, STP 727 (1981), 04-727000-27 Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, STP 713 (1980), 04-713000-27 Stress Corrosion Cracking—The Slow Strain-Rate Technique, STP 665 (1979), 04-665000-27 Intergranular Corrosion of Stainless Alloys, STP 656 (1978), 04-656000-27 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ASTM Editorial Staff Susan L Gebremedhin Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Bill Benzing Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho Contents Introduction DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY TESTS An Engineering View of Laboratory Corrosion Tests— RICHARD S T R E S E D E R Developing an Accelerated Test: Problems and Pitfalls— 14 SARA J KETCHAM, AND EDWARD J JANKOWSKY Discussion 22 Microcomputer Data Aquisition for Corrosion Research— 24 DAVID G TIPTON Discussion 34 Corrosion Test Loop—TE-LIN YAU AND R TERRENCE WEBSTER 36 An Accelerated Simulated Can Corrosion Test for Tinplate— 48 MALCOLM E WARWICK AND WILLIAM B HAMPSHIRE Discussion 64 Laboratory Electrochemical Test Methods—OLIVER W SIEBERT Discussion / I A Method to Avoid Crevice Corrosion in Electrochemical Determination of Pitting Potentials—TERO HAKKARAINEN Discussion 65 89 91 106 Current Versus Voltage Hysteresis: Effect on Electrometric Monitoring of Corrosion—STANLEY T HIROZAWA 108 Electromechanical Impedance Tests for Protective Coatings— 122 FLORIAN MANSFLED AND MARTIN W KENDIG Discussion Copyright Downloaded/printed University 142 by by of 750 mm End view Front View Angle of Ceiling Inclined Type: Gable Type: 12° Minimum (from horizontal) 120° Minimiom (included angle) Automatic thermostat for controlling heater Thermometer Gas inlet Excessive pressure vent Specimen support Door Internal reservoir Heater Air space or water jacket FIG XI Typical Moist SO, Test Chamber The American Societyfor Testing and Materials lakes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection Kith any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and ihe risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their onn responsibiliiy This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend If you feel that your comments have not received a.fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Commiltee on Standards 1916 Race St Philadelphia Pa 19103 588 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Summary Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP866-EB/Jan 1985 Summary The thirty-one (31) papers in this book have been divided into the following three sections: (1) the design and interpretation of laboratory tests, (2) laboratory tests for specific environments, and (3) laboratory tests for specific types of corrosion Since most papers on laboratory corrosion testing address all three subject areas, the papers have been divided according to their principle emphasis An Appendix containing the standards most often referred to in the papers is included The section on Design and Interpretation of Laboratory Tests begins with a paper by Treseder that discussed the problem of engineer-user acceptance of laboratory corrosion tests Examples of test methods for evaluating stress corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion were used to illustrate the problem of making engineering decisions based on laboratory tests The author stressed the need for improved definition of the limits of tests, use of rank ordering, correlation of laboratory data with field experience, and standardization of the tests Development of an accelerated corrosion test for materials for naval aircraft was described by Ketcham and Jankowsky Experiments were conducted with periodic injections of sulfur dioxide gas into a salt fog chamber Results from these tests correlated well with aircraft carrier exposure for most materials, however, the test gave misleading results for some materials It was concluded that a single accelerated test could not be used to evaluate all materials for aircraft service and that it is essential to correlate test results with service exposure Tipton described the use of computers in corrosion research for data acquisition and processing In addition to presenting typical hardware and software considerations, the author described uses for computers in corrosion research such as potential, current, potentiodynamic polarization, current distribution, and fatigue crack growth measurements The topic of corrosion under heat-transfer conditions was covered by Yau and Webster Their test loop consisted of heat exchanging tubes that contained wire specimens that were not subject to heat transfer Their results showed that heat flux does not play an important role in zirconium corrosion Accelerated corrosion tests for coatings on steel were addressed in two papers Warwick and Hampshire described an accelerated test for tinplate and compared it with industrial experience with containers The accelerated test provided a reliable way of reducing the need for pack testing Berke and Friel used the 591 Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright 1985 University of ASTM Int'l (all rights by b y A S TWashington M Internalional www.astm.org (University of reserved); Washington) Sun pursuant Dec 27 to L 592 LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS linear polarization technique as a screening tool for predicting the relative atmospheric corrosion performance of metallic coated steels Relative corrosion rates determined with this technique were found to be in general agreement with long-term marine and industrial exposures Laboratory electrochemical tests were covered in a number of papers Electrical resistance tests, tafel extrapolation, linear polarization, potentiodynamic polarization, corrosion behavior diagrams, and AC impedance were covered in a review paper by Siebert Particular attention was given to scan rate effects and the development and interpretation of corrosion behavior diagrams Hakkarainen described a novel method of determining pit nucleation and repassivation potentials using a multilayered textile tape The author applied this method to stainless steel plates and welds as well as prestressing steel wire Galvanostaircase and potentiostaircase polarization techniques were described by Hirozawa He concluded that the galvanostaircase technique provided more accurate values for the breakdown and protection potentials of aluminum in inhibited solutions and that potentiostaircase polarization gave more accurate values for polarization resistance The corrosion behavior of polybutadiene coatings on bare and conversion coated steel, commercial conversion coatings on aluminum alloys, and anodized aluminum alloys was investigated by Mansfeld and Kendig using electrochemical impedance measurements The authors developed models for the impedance behavior of the coating systems and methods for analysis of experimental impedance diagrams in terms of coating and interface properties and their changes during exposure to corrosive environments The final paper in this section by Suga described improvements to the apparatus for light and water exposure of nonmetallic materials (ASTM Recommended Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus [Fluorescent UVCondensation Type] for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials] [G 53]) These improvements resulted in a more uniform, higher level of irradiance of the test specimens The section on Laboratory Tests for Specific Environments contains papers on tests developed to evaluate the corrosion performance of materials in a specific environment In the paper by Nielsen corrosion testing in potable waters was reviewed The influence of water composition on corrosion and the difficulty of developing a comprehensive test were discussed The paper also includes a review of corrosion problems with the metals and alloys commonly used for construction of potable water systems Francis and Mercer found that dissolution of borosilicate glass in water above 60°C lowers the corrosion rate of steel in distilled water They described a new apparatus to overcome this problem and determined that, above a critical level, oxygen has a passivating effect on steel in potable water while the chloride ion is aggressive Bogar and Peterson compared the actual corrosion rates of mild steel in seawater with those obtained using the linear polarization technique They found good agreement between the rates for up to 60 days however after 120 days the rates differed substantially They also found that the polarization resistance was semilogarithmically related to the scan rate Nye et al cathodically polarized Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a SUMMARY 593 mild steel in once-through and recirculated seawater The films formed in oncethrough seawater polarized the cathodic reactions more effectively than those formed in artificial or recirculated natural seawater The calcareous deposit formed on the mild steel resulted in an 86% reduction of the cathodic current density in once-through seawater at - 1.0 V versus the standard calomel electrode (SCE) A number of papers dealt with corrosion in unique environments Baboian and Haynes described the development of an environmental wear corrosion test for coinage materials The behavior of coins in the test mechanistically and visually duplicated the behavior of coins in circulation Noble steel clad (steel cored) sandwich coins had similar performance to their respective noble monometal coins in the wear tests A test for the corrosiveness of fibrous insulations was described by Crume He concluded that the test provided consistent and reproducible results but suffered the limitation that it required subjective visual ranking of the specimens Rosskopf and Vimelson described a galvanostatic technique for identifying environments that effect the passivity of steel embedded in concrete Results of test using this technique were correlated with observations of concrete structures Dial et al described the corrosion induced deformation behavior of brick masonry wall panels They found that corrosion of embedded steel plates resulted in an expansion behavior of the brick masonry Electrochemical methods for evaluating corrosion inhibitors in strong acid systems were evaluated by Dean et al They found that the correlation between mass loss measurements and electrochemical corrosion rates was poor The return potential corrosion rate from the reverse scan polarization technique did provide a qualitative measure of pitting tendency that agreed with surface examination Mack et al described test methods for weight loss, pitting, crevice corrosion, and environmentally assisted cracking in environments containing hydrogen sulfide A strong emphasis was placed on safety including selection of materials for containment vessels, flow lines, disposal of hydrogen sulfide, and training of personnel The section on Laboratory Tests for Specific Types of Corrosion contains papers on tests for crevice corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and intergranular corrosion Kain and Lee described test techniques utilizing a remote crevice assembly and a compartmentalized cell These techniques allowed the measurement of corrosion potentials, current data, mass loss, and penetration data while having the advantage that neither required the application of external current The relative effects of bulk environment chloride level, dissolved oxygen content, and crevice solution pH on crevice initiation and propogation for a number of stainless steels were evaluated with these techniques Hubbell et al reviewed the four techniques that have been used to determine the protection potential of stainless steels They compared their results using these techniques with longer term potentiostatically derived protection potentials and concluded that the longer term tests produced more conservative results Jain et al described an autoclave assembly containing high magnesium nearly saturated brine and equipment for measuring current and potential variations to monitor the progress of crevice corrosion under hydrothermal conditions The final pH of the crevice Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 594 LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS solution and the decoupled potentials of the cathode and anode were used to provide information about the mechanisms of corrosion Grade - 12 titanium was found to be much less susceptible to crevice corrosion than Grade —2 titanium in some of their experiments A jet-in-slit test that causes oxide film fracture by impulse force in addition to shear stress was developed by Matsumura et al The test was used to evaluate erosion corrosion of brass in sodium chloride solution Comparison of results from this test with those from conventional impingement tests indicated that the jet-in-slit test more closely duplicated erosion corrosion that has been observed in condenser tubes Treseder and Kachik described five test procedures used to rank materials for resistance to general corrosion, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking by the chemical process industry A critical value of a test variable (temperature, concentration, and so forth) was used to rank the corrosion resistance of each alloy Three papers dealt with tests for stress corrosion cracking Whitehead and Baloun used potentiostatic anodic polarization to study pitting resistance of AISl 420 (Unified Numbering System [UNS| 542000) stainless steel in simulated sweet and sour well environments Total alkalinity and chloride concentration had more influence on pitting resistance than hydrogen sulfide in their tests Constant applied potential step stress tests showed that pitting was necessary for cracking to occur Rosborg and Rosengren conducted slow strain rate tests in high purity water using a closed-loop oxygen dosage and electrode potential control system The electrode potential below which intergranular stress corrosion cracking of AISI 304 (UNS 530400) stainless steel did not occur was - 250 mV (standard hydrogen electrode) [SHE] at 2(K)°C Galvez et al studied the stress corrosion cracking behavior of prestressing steels using a slow strain rate test in an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide with small additions of sodium chloride The slow strain rate technique was superior to constant load tests Steels failed because of hydrogen embrittlement at potentials more negative than —0.9 V (SCE) while a second regime of cracking was found at potentials more positive than - V (SCE) An improved intergranular corrosion test for HASTELLOY ® Alloy C276 was described by Manning The new test consistently detected undesirable microstructural problems in mill-produced material that were not detected by the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid ASTM Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Wrouht Nickel-Rich, Chromium-Bearing Alloys (G 28) The former provided a step function increase in corrosion rates on sensitized material while a high and variable uniform corrosion rate in the latter masked the intergranular corrosion rate Schluter and Chivinsky reported the results of a round-robin study of ASTM Recommended Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Stainless Steels (A 262) The test data indicated that the reproducibility of Practice C was excellent for any given surface preparation, however, variations in surface preparation were found to have a significant effect on test results This STP on laboratory corrosion tests and standards presents comprehensive Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author SUMMARY 595 and balanced coverage of the subject In addition to describing new test procedures the authors addressed the limitations of accelerated tests as well as the relevance of many widely used tests Many of the test procedures were correlated with the actual service environment The severity of the environments ranged from relatively benign to extremely corrosive The techniques covered ranged from very basic ones, such as immersion tests, to highly sophisticated ones, such as electrochemical techniques This book truely defines the state of the art in laboratory corrosion testing Gardner S Haynes and Robert Baboian Texas Instruments, Incorporated, Attleboro, MA 02703, symposium cochairmen and coeditors Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP866-EB/Jan 1985 Author Index H Ahn, Tae-Moon, 337-357 B Baboian, Robert, Editor, 1-2, 260274, 591-595 Baloun, Calvin H., 400-414 Berke, Neal S., 143-157 Bogar, Frederic D., 197-206 Breen, John E., 285-296 Caballero, Luis, 428-436 Carrasquillo, Ramon L., 285-296 Chivinsky, Joseph A., 455-464 Crume, Stephen V., 215-227 D Dean, Sheldon W., 228-245 Dial, Stephen A., 285-296 Hakkarainen, Tero, 91-107 Hampshire, W B., 48-64 Hartt, William H., 207-214 Haynes, Gardener S., Editor, 1-2, 260-274, 591-595 Heidersbach, R H., 324-337 Hirozawa, Stanley T., 108-121 Hubbell, M., 324-336 Jain, Himashu, 337-356 Jankowsky, Edward J., 14-21 K Kachik, Edward A., 373-399 Kain, Robert M., 299-323 Kendig, Martin W., 122-142 Ketcham, Sara J., 14-21 E Elices, Manuel, 428-436 Lee, Thad S., 299-323 Francis, Peter E., 184-196 Friel, John J., 143-158 Furuya, Hiroyuki, 358-372 Galvez, V Sanchez, 428-436 M Mack, Robert D., 246-259 Manning, Paul E., 437-454 Mansfield, Florian, 122-142 Matsumura, Masanobu, 358-372 Mercer, Antony D., 184-196 597 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by Copyright" 1985 b y A S T M Internalional www.astin.org University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 598 LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS N Nichols, James, 228-245 Nielsen, Kate, 169-183 Nye, Tracy L., 207-214 O Oka, Yoshinori, 358-372 Okumoto, Satofumi, 358-372 Peterson, Miller H., 197-206 Price, C , 324-336 Rooskopf, Philip, 275-286 Rosborg, Bo, 415-427 Rosengren, Anders, 415-427 Siebert, Oliver W., 65-90 Soo, Peter, 337-357 Smith, Samuel W., 207-215 Steinberg, Beverlee G., 246-259 Suga, Shigeru, 159-168 Tipton, David G., 22-35 Treseder, Richard S., 5-13, 373-399 Vimelson, R Craig, 275-284 W Warwick, Malcolm E., 48-64 Webster, R Terry 36-47 Whitehead, Timothy D., 400-414 Wilhelm, S Mark, 246-259 Woodroof, Robert A., Jr., 228-245 Yau, Te-Lin, 36-47 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductio STP866-EB/Jan 1985 Subject Index B Acid rair1, 287 Aeration, 187 Aluminum, 17, 262 2024, 132 6061, 132 7075, 20, 131, 132 Anodized aluminum,, 135 ASTM standards A 262 , 455-464 B 457 , 139 C 665 , 215 C 764 , 216 D 610 , 129 D 1141, 249 E 399,, 34 E 647:, 34 G 1, :225, 231, 375 G 3, '74, 403 G 5, :255, 328 G 28, 437, 438, 442, 450, 452 G 30, 251, 376 G 31, 67, 78, 250, 375 G 36, 376 G 38, 252 G 39, 252 G 40, 359 G 43, 19 G 46, 375 G 48, 251, 315, 375 G 53, 159, 161 G 59, 198, 233 G 61, 326, 328, 334 Autoclave, 339, 417 Bent beam test, 251 Biofouling, 203 Bode plot, 126-137 Brass, 262 Brazed joints, 177 Brick masonry, 285-296 cracking, 293 Brine, 341 C Cabinet tests Cyclic, 19 Humidity tests, 215-227 Kestemich, 144 Salt spray, 14, 144 Sulfur dioxide, 144 Sulfur dioxide-salt fog, 15 Calcareous deposit, 212 Can corrosion Accelerated test, 48-64 Effects of chromium, 60-61 Effect of lacquer, 57 Pack test, 59 Solder attack, 53 Storage conditions, 57 Cathodic depolarizer, 49, 71 Cathodic protection, 207-214 Cement Calcium chloride content, 277 Clad metal, 260-274 Coatings Alodine 600, 131 599 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 600 UBORATORY CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS Coatings (continued) Chromate conversion, 123 Deterioration of, 159 Epoxy/polyurethane, 20 Inorganic, 17 Lacquer, 48 Undermining, 60 Coinage material, 260-274 Soilage properties, 271-274 Computer program, 28 Concrete, 275-284, 429 Sodium thiocyonate content, 283 Copper and copper alloys, 262 614 yellow brass, 360 Correlation ASCC test, 54 Corrosion ranking, 225 Cyclic sulfur dioxide-salt fog, 21 Electrochemical tests, 144 Environmental wear behavior, 274 FUCA test, 160 Immersion tests, 177 Laboratory tests, 11 Pit ranking, 244 Salt spray tests, 14 Tafel extrapolation, 238 Corrosion behavior diagram, 75-79 Corrosion fatigue, 34, 174 Fatigue crack growth, 34 Creep, 292 Crevice corrosion, 9, 78, 103, 227, 250, 299-323, 324-336, 337357, 376 Area ratio effects, 318 Critical concentration, 10 Critical temperature, Effect of geometry, 10, 313, 354 Effect of pH, 315, 349 Incubation period, 354 Mathematical model, 300 Multiple crevice assembly, 385, % Oxygen concentration effects, 319 Propagation, 303 C-ring test, 251 Cupro-nickel, 262 Current decay curve, 210 D Data acquisition, 24-35 Dealloying Solders, 57 Deformation Corrosion induced, 292 Deicing salts, 275 Dezincification, 176 Double cantilever beams, 251 Electrochemical tests, 65-90, 325 Cell design, 339 Compartmentalized cell, 304 Controlled potential, 72, 210, 406, 416, 431 Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, 77, 95, 110, 228, 328 Electrical resistance, 67 EPR test, 421 Galvanostaircase polarization, 112 Galvanostatic polarization, 254, 276 Impedance, 87, 122-142 Polarization resistance, 71, 113120, 147, 197-206, 233 Effect of scan rate, 201 Potential measurements, 236, 277, 309, 345 Metallic coated steel, 146-151 Nickel-aluminum bronze, 30 Potential step method, 327 Potentiodynamic polarization, 31, 71, 72, 255 Effect of scan rate, 72, 96 Rapid scan technique, 75 Slow scan technique, 73 Potentiostaircase polarization, 113 Potentiostatic polarization, 254, 401 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au INDEX Tape method, 91-107 Tafel region, 69, 154, 199, 233 Environmental wear test, 260-274 Environments Aircraft carrier, 17 Erosion corrosion, 175, 358-372 Effect of velocity, 361 Jet test, 360 Shear stress, 363 Exfoliation tests, 19 Ferric chloride test, 375 Fluid velocity, 82 Ruorescent UV and condensation test, 159 Fretting corrosion, 262 601 Hydrothermal conditions, 338 Hysteresis, 110, 111, 229, 242, 325 I Immersion tests, 66, 374 Electrolyte-volume ratio, 51 Inhibitors, 12, 228-245 Insulation, 215-217 Intergranular corrosion, 437-454 Effect of mill condition, 459 Effect of surface preparation, 455 Stress corrosion cracking, 421 Localized corrosion, 66 Weld metal attack, 41 M Galvanic corrosion, 7, 50, 147 Area ratio effects, 50 Current distribution, 32 Soldered tin, 57 Tin plated steel, 49 Zero resistance ammeters, 32 Galvanized steel, 147, 172 Masonry, 286 Metal pick-up, 179 Microcomputer, 24-35 Mortar, 275-284 Multiple crevice assembly, 302, 329 N Nickel and nickel alloys, 262 Hastelloy C, 437-454 H Heat exchanger, 36-47 Galvanic corrosion, 33 Zirconium, 36 Heat exchanger tubes, 359 Current distribution, 33 Heat transfer Corrosion effects, 36 High temperature Reference electrode, 417 Humidity test Cyclic, 261 Hydrogen embrittlement, 251 Hydrogen induced cracking, 7, 254 Hydrogen sulfide, 246 Pipe Brass, 176 Copper, 173 Galvanized steel, 172 Pitting, 10, 77, 91-107, 172, 250, 324-336, 444 Effect of pH, 98 Pitting potential, 10, 242, 413 Effect of surface pretreatment, 97 Polarization curves 3003 aluminum, 112 Brass, 113, 367 Copper, 112, 114 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductio 602 LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS AND STANDARDS Polarization curves {continued) Nickel-aluminum bronze, 32 Stainless steel 18-2 ferritic, 101 Type 304, 96, 97, 100 Type 316, 319 Type 420, 404-412 Steel, 280, 281 Coated, 155-156 N80, 232 Pore water, 280 Potable water, 170 Pourbaix diagrams, 67-68 Precracked specimen, 253 Prestressed steel (see reinforcing steel) Reinforcing steel, 102, 275-284, 286, 428-436 Repassivation potential, 324 Effect of scan rate, 96 Rotating cylinder, 82 Seawater, 197-206, 207-214, 304 Fouling, 203 Synthetic, 208, 304 Sensitization, 456 Austenitic stainless steel, 416 Slow strain rate tests, 253, 415-425 Solder attack, 177 Can corrosion, 53 Lead dissolution, 56 Solder joints, 178 Sour gas, 7, 249 Specimen preparation, 231, 342, 455464 Stainless steel 17-4, 20 18Cr-2Mo, 100, 307 18Cr-4Ni-2Mo, 308 26Cr-lMo, 308 254 S M O , 308 Type 304, 94, 307, 327, 415, 421, 455 Type 316, 307 Type 317, 308 Type 420, 401 Type 430, 307 Type 904, 306, 317 Steel, 17, 185, 198, 209, 216, 262, 276, 428 A36, 287 N80, 231 1005, 203 1010, 130 Metallic coated, 144 Polybutadiene coated, 125 Pore resistance, 127 Tin plate, 48 Stress corrosion cracking, 6, 84, 251, 376, 415-427, 428 Constant load test, 432 Controlled potential test, 406 Critical stress, 10 Effect of chloride concentration, 407 Effect of hydrogen sulfide, 406 Effect of pH, 407 Intergranular Critical potential for, 421 Modulus measurements, 85 Polarization tests, 86 Slow strain rate test, 84, 433 Step-stress tension test, 404 U-bend specimens, 251, 392 Stress intensity, 253 Stress-strain curves Type 304 stainless steel, 423 Sulfide stress cracking, 7, 251, 400414 Step-stress tension test, 404 Surface preparation, 105, 217, 223 Surface treatment, 128 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reprodu INDEX 603 W Tensile bars, 251 Tin plate Can corrosion, 49 Passivation treatment, 60-62 Titanium Grade 2, 338 Grade 12, 337 Vapor phase corrosion, 44 Velocity effects, 81-83 Wear corrosion, 262 Wear tests, 260-274 Weld metal attack, 41, 100, 450 Zirconium, 36 P60707, 37 Effect of heat flux, 42 Weld metal attack, 41 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:03:15 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions