Astm stp 857 1985

FATIGUE AT LOW TEMPERATURES A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committees E-9 on Fatigue and E-24 on Fracture Testing Louisville, KY, 10 May 1983 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 857 R I Stephens, The University of Iowa, editor ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-857000-30 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Fatigue at low temperatures (ASTM special technical publication; 857) Papers from the Symposium on Fatigue at Low Temperatures Includes bibliographies and index "ASTM publication code number PCN 04-857000-30." Metals—Fatigue—Congresses Metals at low temperatures—Congresses L Stephens, R L (Ralph Ivan) II American Society for Testing and Materials Committee E-9 on Fatigue III ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing IV Symposium on Fatigue at Low Temperatures (1983; Louisville, Ky.) V Series TA460.F37 1985 620 r63 84-70334 ISBN 0-8031-0411-1 Copyright ® by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1985 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-70334 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Ann Arbor, MI March 1985 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut Foreword The Symposium on Fatigue at Low Temperatures was presented in Louisville, Kentucky, on 10 May 1983 at the ASTM May committee week ASTM Committees E-9 on Fatigue and E-24 on Fracture Testing sponsored the event R L Stephens, The University of Iowa, served as symposium chairman and has also edited this publication The symposium organizing committee and session chairmen were W W Gerberich, The University of Minnesota, D E Pettit, Lockheed-California Company, R L Tobler, National Bureau of Standards, and R L Stephens Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz Related ASTM Publications Fatigue Mechanisms: Advances in Quantitative Measurement of Physical Damage, STP 811 (1983), 04-811000-30 Design of Fatigue and Fracture Resistant Structures, STP 761 (1982), 04-761000-30 Fatigue Mechanisms, STP 675 (1979), 04-675000-30 Properties of Materials for Liquefied Natural Gas Tankage, STP 579 (1975), 04-579000-30 Fatigue and Fracture Toughness—Cryogenic Behavior, STP 556 (1974), 04-556000-30 Fracture Toughness Testing at Cryogenic Temperatures, STP 496 (1971), 04-496000-30 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Helen M Hoersch Helen P Mahy Allan S Kleinberg Susan L Gebremedhin David L Jones Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori Contents Introduction MECHANISMS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES Cryogenic Temperatures Midrange Fatigue Crack Growth Data Correlations for Structural Alloys at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures—R L TOBLER AND YI-WEN CHENG Discussion Cyclic Softening and Hardening of Austenitic Steels at Low Temperatures—K SHIBATA, Y KISHIMOTO, N NAMURA, 28 AND T FUJITA 31 Discussion 46 Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in a Nitrogen-Strengthened High-Manganese Steel at Cryogenic Temperatures—R OGAWA AND J W MORRIS, JR 47 Noncryogenic Temperatures Effect of Low Temperature on Apparent Fatigue Threshold Stress Intensity Factors—K A ESAKLUL, W YU, AND W W GERBERICH 63 Discussion 82 Correlation of the Parameters of Fatigue Crack Growth with Plastic Zone Size and Fracture Micromechanisms in Vacuum and at Low Temperatures—B I VERKIN, N M GRINBERG, AND V A SERDYUK 84 Low-Temperature Fatigue Crack Propagation in a j3-Titanium Alloy— K V JATA, W W GERBERICH, AND C J BEEVERS Discussion 102 120 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of Fatigue Crack Propagation of 25Mn-5Cr-lNi Austenitic Steel at Low Temperatures—TAKEO YOKOBORi, icHiRO MAEKAWA, YUJI TANABE, ZHIHAO JIN, AND SHIN-ICHI NISHIDA 121 Constant-Amplitude Fatigue Behavior of Five Carbon or Low-Alloy Cast Steels at Room Temperature and -45°C—R i STEPHENS, J H CHUNG, S G LEE, H W LEE, A FATEML AND C VACAS-OLEAS 140 SPECTRUM LOADING, STRUCTURES, AND APPLICATIONS Cryogenic Temperatures Fiberglass Epoxy Laminate Fatigue Properties at 300 and 20 K— J M TOTH, JR., W J BAILEY, AND D A BOYCE 163 Computerized Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing at Cryogenic Temperatures: Technique and Results—P K LIAW, W A LOGSDON, AND M H ATTAAR Discussion 173 190 Effect of Warm Prestressing on Fatigue Crack Growth Curves at Low Temperatures—YOSEF KATZ, ARIEH BUSSIBA, AND HAIM MATHIAS Discussion 191 209 Effect of Low Temperature on Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI) for Use in Engine Components— J T RYDER AND W E WITZELL 210 Noncryogenic Temperatures Effect of Temperature on the Fatigue and Fracture Properties of 7475-T761 Aluminum—J M cox, D E PETTIT, AND S L LANGENBECK 241 Low Temperature and Loading Frequency Effects on Crack Growth and Fracture Toughness of 2024 and 7475 Aluminum— P R ABELKIS, M B HARMON, E L HAYMAN, T L MACKAY, AND JOHN ORLANDO 257 Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Mild Steel Weldments at Low Temperatures—Y KITSUNAI Copyright Downloaded/printed University by 274 ASTM by of Washington Variable-Amplitude Fatigue Crack Initiation and Growth of Five Carbon or Low-Alloy Cast Steels at Room and Low Climatic Temperatures—R i STEPHENS, A FATEMI, H W LEE, S G LEE, C VACAS-OLEAS, AND C M WANG 293 SUMMARY Summary 315 Index 321 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of 310 FATIGUE AT LOW TEMPERATURES growth rates primarily occurred below the NDT temperature and in the lower shelf CVN region for the constant amplitude tests [5-^] In this variable-amplitude research, four of the five cast steels behaved in this same manner; however, Mn-Mo exhibited accelerated fatigue crack growth at temperatures above the NDT temperature and in the lower CVN transition region This is just one isolated case of detrimental fatigue crack growth behavior above the NDT temperature Thus it appears reasonable that many steels with operating temperatures below NDT temperatures and lower shelf CVN regions should have fatigue crack initiation and growth resistance equal to or better than at room temperature Additional research is needed to confirm this finding, particularly under variable-amplitude loadings including impact The microscopic SEM fractographic analysis did not really clarify the increases or decreases in macroscopic fatigue crack growth rates at the four different temperatures, since the general microscopic fracture surfaces were all quite similar and ductile at all test temperatures Some exceptions occurred before impending fracture, with the formation of dispersed cleavage facets However, negligible fatigue life exists at that point The selection or comparison of cast steels based on fatigue resistance is an important engineering decision The five cast steels subjected to the T/H spectrum can be compared on the basis of fatigue crack initiation life (Ni), crack growth life (Nt — Ni), or total fatigue life (Nt) at the different temperatures This complete comparison can be made from Table and Figs and From Fig it is seen for both room and low temperatures that 8630 steel has the best fatigue resistance, based on both variable-amplitude fatigue crack initiation life and total life The Mn-Mo steel is ranked second for these conditions It also, however, has the highest monotonic and cyclic yield strength of the five cast steels Crack initiation life for the other three steels were essentially equivalent The ferritic-pearlitic steels, 0030 and 0050A, in general have the lower total fatigue life resistance Crack growth life is shown in Fig 5, where it is seen that the martensitic steels C-Mn, Mn-Mo, and 8630 in general have the greater fatigue crack growth resistance at the various temperatures These rankings are consistent with variable-amplitude results reported previously [2]; however, different loading spectra could produce different rankings Summary and Conclusions Fatigue life for crack initiation, short crack growth from the notch, and long crack growth were significant at all test temperatures except for 0050A steel at the two lowest temperatures Thus total fatigue life predictions of notched components should consider crack initiation, growth of short cracks under the influence of the notch plastic zone, and growth of longer crack lengths away from the notch influence Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au STEPHENS ET AL ON VARIABLE-AMPLITUDE FATIGUE 311 Except for 0050A cast steel, the average total low-temperature fatigue lives were equal to or better than at room temperature The increase in crack initiation life was within a factor of 2.5, as was the increase in total fatigue life to fracture Crack growth life, however, tended to increase as the temperature was lowered and then this trend reversed as the temperature was further lowered This reversal was due to increased crack growth rates and decreased fracture toughness The 0050A steel had a continuous decrease in fatigue crack growth life for all lower temperatures; however, its NDT temperature was at room temperature, which is well above the three low test temperatures The SEM analysis indicated that fatigue crack growth was transcrystalline and ductile with and without observable striations at all temperatures Final fracture region morphology depended upon both material and temperature Final fracture surfaces ranged from 100% ductile dimples to 100% cleavage Thus fatigue crack growth mechanisms were independent of final fracture mechanisms Ductile fatigue mechanisms can exist at temperatures below the NDT temperature and within the lower shelf CVN energy regions It appears that if operating temperatures are above the NDT temperature and lower shelf CVN regions, then fatigue crack initiation life and fatigue crack growth life can be equivalent to or better than at room temperature In general, the three martensitic cast steels (8630, Mn-Mo, and C-Mn) had better fatigue resistance with the variable-amplitude loading spectrum at the four test temperatures than the ferritic-pearlitic 0030 and 0050A cast steels The 0030, C-Mn, Mn-Mo, and 8630 cast steels appear suitable for low climatic temperature conditions (0050A steel is excluded) This can only be stated for the nonwelded condition, since weldments were not considered A ckno wledgmen ts The authors would like to thank the Steel Founders' Society of America, The University of Iowa, and contributing companies who financially sponsored this research References [/] Stephens, R I., Chung, J H., Lee, S G., Lee, H, W., Fatemi, A., and Vacas-Oleas, C , "Constant-Amplitude Fatigue Behavior of Five Carbon or Low Alloy Cast Steels at Room Temperature and —45°C," in Fatigue at Low Temperatures ASTM STP 857, R L Stephens, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1985, p 140 [2] Stephens, R L, Chung, J H., Fatemi, A., Lee, H W., Lee, S G., Vacas-Oleas, C , and Wang, C M., "Constant- and Variable-Amplitude Fatigue Behavior of Five Cast Steels at Room Temperature and —45°C," ASME Journal of Materials and Technology, Vol 106, No 1, Jan 1984, p 25 [3] Stephens, R L, Njus, G O., and Fatemi, A., "Fatigue Crack Growth Under Constant- and Variable-Amplitude Loading of Cast Steel at Room and Low Temperature," in Advances in Fracture Research ICF-5, Vol 4, 1981, Pergamon Press, U.K., p 1807 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author 312 FATIGUE AT LOW TEMPERATURES [4] Wetzel, R M., Ed., Fatigue under Complex Loading, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1977 [5] Gerberich, W W., and Moody, N R., "A Review of Fatigue Fracture Topology Effects on Threshold and Growth Mechanisms," in Fatigue Mechanisms, ASTM STP 675, i T Fong, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1979, p 292 [6] Kawasaki, T., Yokobori, T., Sawaki, Y., Nakanishi, S., and Izumi, H., "Fatigue and Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation in 5.5% Ni Steel at Low Temperature," in Fracture 1977, ICF-4, Vol 3, University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Ont., Canada, June 1977, p 857 [7] Tobler, R L., and Reed, R P "Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Structural Alloys at Cryogenic Temperature," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol 24, K D Timmerhaus, R P Reed, and A F Clark, Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1978, p 82 [8} Stephens, R L, Chung, J H., and Glinka, G., "Low Temperature Fatigue Behavior of Steels—A Review," Paper 790517, SAE Transactions, Vol 88, 1980, p 1892 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author Summary Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 18:19:04 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP857-EB/Mar 1985 Summary The sixteen papers included in this volume describe tests conducted from room temperature to K (—269°C) Twenty specific temperatures investigated are shown in Table in both Kelvin (K) and Celsius (°C) Seven papers dealt with cryogenic temperatures involving liquid nitrogen (77 K), liquid hydrogen (20 K), or liquid helium (4 K); the other nine dealt with noncryogenic low temperatures A wide range of metal alloys was investigated along with one cryogenic fiberglass epoxy laminate The specific metal alloys investigated under fatigue conditions are given in Table In addition, Tobler and Cheng investigated cryogenic fatigue crack growth summary behavior for Region II of the sigmoidai da/dN-AK curve (where a is crack length, A'^is applied cycles, and Kis stress intensity factor) for the following metal alloy families: ferritic nickel steels, austenitic stainless steels, and aluminum, nickel, and titanium base alloys Welds were also considered in several papers Thirteen papers had as their subject fatigue crack growth (FCG) under constant-amplitude loading, four papers discussed spectrum fatigue crack growth behavior, two papers investigated low-cycle strain-controlled fatigue behavior using smooth axial specimens, one paper examined axial stresscontrolled 5-Af (where S is applied stress and TV is cycles to failure) behavior, and one paper studied fatigue crack initiation from a notched keyhole specimen (Some papers discussed several topics.) Thus the predominant subject matter of this volume is fatigue crack growth under constant-amplitude loading conditions The other areas of study, however, also add substantially to the overall understanding of fatigue at low temperatures Constant-amplitude fatigue crack growth tests were carried out with compact type, (CT), center cracked panel (CCP), and bend specimens; the CT specimen was the predominant configuration All cracks were considered as long cracks Specimen thickness varied from about to 25 mm The load ratio {R = Pmin/Pmax) was primarily or 0.1 except for a few tests at R — 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.8 Test frequencies ranged from cycles/h to 100 Hz Compliance methods, using a crack opening displacement (COD) gage, and optical microscopes were the two most common methods of obtaining low-temperature crack length measurements One investigation used the electropotential method; another used a strain gage for monitoring crack growth Low-temperature environments included liquid nitrogen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid helium at cryogenic temperatures Noncryogenic temCopyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright® 1985 University of 315 by ASTM Int'l (all by International AS FM www.astm.org Washington (University rights of reserved); Washington) Wed pursuant Dec to 316 FATIGUE AT LOW TEMPERATURES 1 r- ON ON TT Ov r- T ""7 O f^ m o "T m o r- o ^ "^ T^ 00 oo o