GEOTHERMAL SCALING AND CORROSION Symposia presented at New Orleans, La., 19-20 Feb 1979, and Honolulu, Hawaii, 4-5 April 1979 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 717 L A Casper and T R Pinchback, E G & G Idaho, Inc., Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-717000-27 # AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1980 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-66077 Note The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Baltimore, Md December 1980 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The papers in this volume were presented at two symposia sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals and Subcommittee G01.09 on Corrosion in Natural Waters The symposium on Corrosion in Geothermal Systems was cosponsored by the Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers This symposium was held in New Orleans, La., on 19-20 Feb 1979 The symposium on Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion was cosponsored by the Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society and was held on 4-5 April 1979 in Honolulu, Hawaii Both symposia were cochaired by L A Casper and T R Pinchback, both of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, E G & G Idaho, Inc These men also served as editors of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Corrosion in Natural Environments, STP 558 (1974), $29.75, 04-558000-27 MiCon 78: Optimization of Processing, Properties, and Service Performance Through Microstructural Control, STP 672 (1979), $59.50, 04-672000-28 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Editorial Staff Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Helen P Mahy, Senior Assistant Editor Allan S Kleinberg, Assistant Editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction Chemistiy and Materials in Geothermal Systems—R L MILLER Thermodynamics of Corrosion for Geothermal Systems—D D MACDONALD 10 Material Selection Guidelines for Geothermal Power Systems—An Overview—MARSHALL CONOVER, PETER ELLIS, AND ANNE CURZON 24 Application of Linear Polarization Techniques to the Measurement of Corrosion Rates in Simulated Geothermal Brines—M J DANIELSON 41 Corrosion Protection of Solar-Collector Heat Exchangers and Geothermal Systems by Electrodeposited Organic Films— G H SCHNAPER, V R KOCH, AND S B BRUMMER 57 Preliminary Evaluation of Materials for Fluidized Bed Technology in Geothermal Wells at Raft River, Idaho, and East Mesa, California—w i DIRK, C A ALLEN, AND R E MCATEE 69 Surface Corrosion of Metals in Geothermal Fluids at Broadlands, New Zealand—w R BRAITHWAITE AND K A LICHTI 81 Corrosion in Geothermal Brines of the Salton Sea Known Geothermal 113 Resource Area—s D CRAMER AND I P CARTER Corrosion of Structural Steels in High-Salinity Geothermal Brine— W T LEE AND D KRAMER 142 Degradation of Elastomers in Geothermal Environments—c ARNOLD, JR., K W BIEG, AND J A COQUAT 155 Polymeric and Composite Materials for Use in Systems Utilizing Hot, Flowing Geothermal Brine H I - L E LORENSEN, C M WALKUP, AND C O PRUNED A Copyright by Downloaded/printed University of ASTM by Washington Int'l 164 (all (University rights of reserved); Washington) Sat pursuant Jan to Lice Concrete Polymer Materials as Alternative Materials of Construction for Geothermal Applications—Field Test Evaluations—j j 180 FONTANA AND A N ZELDIN Organosiloxane Polymer Concrete for Geothermal Environments— A N ZELDIN, L E KUKACKA, J J FONTANA, AND N R CARCIELLO 194 Treatment Methods for Geothermal Brines—s L PHILLIPS, A K 207 MATHUR, AND WARREN GARRISON Chemical Logging of Geothermal Wells—R E MCATEE, C A ALLEN, 225 AND L C LEWIS Round-Robin Evaluation of Methods for Analysis of Geothermal Brine—J c WATSON 236 Summary 259 Index 261 Copyright by Downloaded/printed University of ASTM by Washington Int'l (all (University rights of reserved); Washington) Sat pursuant Jan to STP717-EB/Dec 1980 Introduction Geothermal energy is one of many technologies being developed to meet critical needs for heat and power Geothermal sources have been utilized in isolated instances for many years, primarily as a means of providing local heating Recent efforts have been directed toward greatly increasing the electrical generating capacity of geothermal systems and, to a lesser extent, the process and space heat produced Corrosion and in some cases scaling have presented problems in many geothermal systems Dissolved material in geothermal waters can exhibit aggressive corrosion properties or have the tendency to deposit large amounts of mineral scale Either property can seriously shorten the service life of piping in the source well, the process plant, or the reinjection well Scaling and corrosion constitute serious technical barriers to the utilization of geothermal resources Because of the large quantities of water that must be processed to obtain heat, many conventional approaches to these problems, such as the use of inhibitors, are not economically viable These problems can be controlled through innovative applications of materials science and chemistry The papers in this special technical publication should be of interest to all those who deal with materials problems in geothermal systems Such materials problems are approached from several points of view in this collection of papers, including fundamental scientific investigations, field studies of materials in geothermal systems and some new alternative materials, and some aspects of the chemistry of the geothermal fluids This should provide a useful reference for both the scientist/engineer who must deal with specific geothermal systems and those in management/ operations who require an overview of the technology of materials problems The two symposia represented in this book were organized to provide a forum within the materials science and chemistry communities for the presentation and discussion of current research into the problem Appreciation is expressed to the Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers and to the American Chemical Society for their joint cooperation with ASTM in these symposia L A Casper T R Pinchback E G & G Idaho, Inc., Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401; symposium cochairmen and editors Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright® 1980 University of ASTM Int'l by by A S T M International Washington (all rights reserved); Sat Jan www.astm.org (University of Washington) pursuant to L WATSON ON ROUND ROBIN ON BRINE ANALYSIS METHODS 249 Woolsey No flashed brine Concentrations in mg/litre Control Sample Number of Results, n Average, X 1400 PNL Control Value {as prepared) 600 Standard Deviation, o 400 Percentage Coefficient of Variation %CV lOO 95% Confidence Interval about X ± 920 10 2.2 2.0 1.2 57 0.74 12 2.2 0.98 1.6 74 0.91 11 410 450 98 24 58 Acceptable Range of Values 480 to 2300 1.5 to 2.9 1.3to3.1 350 to 470 10 4.1 4.3 3.9 95 2.4 1.7 to 6.5 1.4 0.10 3.1 210 2.1 to 4.5 14 78 90 18 23 12 180 210 68 37 9.4 39 270 350 130 310 19 13 000 13 000 2000 16 900 14 150 160 68 46 36 16 2.0 17 4.6 1.6 1.9 12 3.3 19 120 100 16 21 23 17 96 98 0.70 34 3.8 24 7.1 29 35 200 84 20 34 30 19 110 110 20 18 15 350 340 65 19 0.34 24 2.8 11 3.5 14 9.0 33 1.1 1.1 0.29 27 0.22 0.53 0.46 0.38 71 0,25 19 200 900 200 19 13 38 39 12 18 36 45 11 0.45 0.13 540 31 6.5 8.3 23 3.8 0.47 100 0.28 69 to 87 140 to 220 to 580 12 000 to 14 000 110 to 190 1.7 to 2.3 0fo41 1.8 to 7.4 110 to 130 18 to 25 82 to 110 100 to 120 320 to 380 0.88 to 1.3 0.28 10 0.78 700 til 700 32 to 45 32 to 40 0.17 to 0.73 19 170OO 18000 600 16 150 150 SO 35 25 130 to 180 18 31 190 23 0to41 17 89 35 39 17 72 ID n o 0.00 90 9.0 720 16 000 to 18 000 *Units == turbidity units than for the brine, although the scatter is more pronounced in the brine sample (Table 7) Of the methods used (Table 8), hydride evolution (silver diethyldithiocarbamate colorimetric procedure), AA-graphite furnace analysis, ICP-AES, spark source mass spectroscopy, and atomic absorption determination of arsine gave reliable results The total carbon dioxide analysis values appear to have been calculated with a dilution factor in error, as the results obtained for the control sample are roughly twice the value of the PNL-prepared control sample (as prepared) This error, which probably arose during computation, points out the necessity of good data-handling procedures Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 250 GEOTHERMAL SCALING AND CORROSION TABLE 6—Statistical evaluation of potassium results for Round Robin No 2.' Pt Method 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 AA AA AA AA AA AA AA FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE ICP-AES ES ES ION EXC ION EXC NA 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 AA AA AA AA AA AA AA FE FE FE FE FE FE FE ICP-AES ES ES ION EXC NA Result Lower — 5ff -3a Xbar Upper 3a 5a Potassium Unknown, mg/litre* n * * * * * * * * * * * 10 500 10 000 850 10 270 12 300 10 200 11 000 11 300 8000 10 000 10 800 50 000 RA 50 0 R U 10 400 10 300 500 200 100 11 300 RU 11 200 RA 025 RU Potassium Control 6910, mg/litre" 900 750 000 * 650 920 700 200 200 5000 620 450 25 000 7000 150 400 200 600 150 500 « * « * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "Abbreviations used: AA = Atomic absorption FE = Flame emission ICP-AES = Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy ES = Emission spectroscopy ION EXC = Ion chromatography NA = Neutron activation analysis RU = Raw unacidified, RA = Raw acidified 'Chart of individuals Xbar and 3a limits based on Points to 21 omitting outliers A' = 21; a = 12235.9; %RSD = 90; lower = 23 124.5; upper = 50 290.7; Xbar = 13 583.1 •"Based on Points to 19 omitting outliers A^ = 18; a = 1167.8; %RSD = 19; lower = 2740.6; upper = 9747.2; Xbar = 6243.9 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized WATSON ON ROUND ROBIN ON BRINE ANALYSIS METHODS 251 TABLE 7—Statistical evaluation of arsenic results for Round Robin No 2." Upper Lower Pt Method 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 AAGF AAGF AAGF HEVSP HEVSP ICP-AES ICP-AES ICP-AES ES NA NA SSMS SSMS SSMS AAHEV AAHEV Arsenic Unknown , mg/litre'' 0.04 10.40 0.18 6.40 10.00 5.90 22.00 11.00 3.50 10.50 RA 4.60 RU 7.00 RA 7.00 RU 17.00 10.50 2.60 AAGF AAGF HEVSP ICP-AES ICP-AES SSMS AAHEV AAHEV Arsenic Control 0.098, mg/litre'^ 0.02 0.80 0.30 9.00 0.23 1.00 0.10 0.03 Result —5(7 -3(7 Xbar 3(7 5(7 * * * « * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * "Abbreviations used: AA GF = Atomic absorption, graphite furnace H EV SP = Hydride evolution and spectrophotometric (silver diethyldithiocarbamate) ICP-AES = Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy ES = Emission spectroscopy NA = Neutron activation analysis SSMS = Spark source mass spec AA H EV = Arsine and atomic absorption RA = Raw acidified RU = Raw unacidified *Chart of individuals, Xbar and 3a limits based on Points to 16 omitting outliers A^ = 16; a = 5.789; %RSD = 72; lower = 9.328; upper = 25.406; Xbar = 8.039 ^Based on Points to omitting outliers iV = 8; o = 3.078; %RSD = 214; lower = 7.799; upper = 10.669; Xbar = 1.435 Conclusions For the low-TDS (0.4 percent) brine sample, 17 species showed coefficients of variation greater than 50 percent Of these 17 species, (copper, lead, manganese, rubidium, and zinc) were present in trace concentrations, which might explain the poor quality of the data associated with them Four other Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 252 GEOTHERMAL SCALING AND CORROSION c o o •— u 'C JZ ^ca ^ , t in c 1> E "> l-< 00 c e o O t/j S"? =i& — "u B o •o o "c ii -M B u J= ILl < 4j -G „- §^ < OS < < X — u Wl — c < « _2 "S : E M X z ^ u u a« '-C S ^ c 0 -3 S c ic D.T3 S < •g a o r>^ u = " E ,«-00- CO ea Q O t/5 _3 c 13 < % 1> i.l "3> t 1-C < < Ê IIã 1^ > S < Đ< X oã< ^u Z:5 " ( ô t ; 00 ã3 ^ < X !/5 ô Z I 00 u t; < 00 U < < -) CO < 00 III 15 E = J: li o J5 O H c liPlliH •S II ° 4>^2 g< |l 2" z< < fti c U u « H H z Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sat Jan 23:28:29 EST 2016 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized WATSON ON ROUND ROBIN ON BRINE ANALYSIS METHODS 253 i> on i- 1!^ I U t/5 a, '^ < ^ 9; < < M>oi < ^ z < §§ I «S X to s i s 'f'^ i:-lilis.i -III il sS^-|og^|g < < « < < : z Z z < < < 'o lo ntniiti .2.EQE2e-c|sS S S" " 0^ ãÊE^ g^Đ2 >/,-i ĐS ^ i s-i < E^-dele's I =2 f^ ^«8 |/ ixr^cpUJ i?.w'.iw 2^si< 2lii6 ã2 1> "ô ã2 c ãs ! 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