Astm stp 1161 1993

STP 1161 Leak Detection for Underground Storage Tanks Phtlip B Durgin and Thomas M Young, edztors ASTM Pubhcanon Code Number (PCN) 04-011610-65 ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Leak detectlon for underground storage tanks / Philzp B Durgln and Thomas M Young, editors (STP i161) "ASTM publlcatlon code number (PCN) 04-011610-65" Papers presented at the symposium of the same name, held in New Orleans, LA on 29 Jan 1992 Includes bibliographical references and indexes ISBN 0-8031-1858-9 I Petroleum products Underground storage Congresses Leak detectors Congresses I Durgin, Ph111p B II Young, Thomas M 1962III Series ASTM speclal technlcal publlcatlon , 1161 TP692 5.L397 1993 665 5'42'0287 dc20 93-14690 CIP Copyright 1993 A M E R I C A N SOCIETY F O R TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, m whole or In part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the A M E R I C A N SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2 50 per copy, plus $0 50 per page IS paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress S t , Salem, MA 01970, (508) 744-3350 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1858-9/93 $2 50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper pubhshed In this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the techmcal editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed m Phdadelphla, PA March 1993 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This pubhcatlon, Leak Detection for Underground Storage Tanks, contains papers presented at the symposium of the same name, held in New Orleans, LA on 29 Jan 1992 The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E-50 on Environmental Assessment Philip B Durgm of Veeder-Root m Simsbury, CT and Thomas Young of A n n Arbor, MI presided as symposium co-chairmen and are editors of the resulting publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions Contents Overview P B DURGIN Vll INTERNAL MONITORING Volumetric Leak Detection A Systems P e r s p e c t i v e - - w F ROGERS Error Sources in Automatic Tank Gauging Systems D w FLEISCHER Leak Detection Methods for Airport Hydrant Systems J D FLORA, JR W D GLAUZ, AND G J 17 , 30 HENNON Location of Leaks in Pressurized Petroleum Pipelines by Means of Passive-Acoustic Sensing Methods E G ECKERT, J W MARESCA, J R , R W H I L L G E R , AND J J 53 YEZZI EXTERNAL MONITORING Analysis of UST Leak Vapor Diffusion and Liquid Build-Up R P SCHREIBER 73 A N D M S ROSENBERG Evaluation of Metal Oxide Semiconductor and Polymer Adsorption Gas Sensors as Applied to Underground Storage Tank Leak Detection M A PORTNOFF, R GRACE~ A M GUZMAN, AND J HIBNER Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors-An Overview A E GREY AND J K PARTIN 90 105 Field Results of Hydrocarbon Vapor Monitoring to Detect Leaking T a n k s - P B DURGIN AND R W MICHELSON 115 New Vapor Method Detects and Locates Leaks from Pipehnes M v MARTIN 123 Pipeline Leak Detection Using Volatile T r a c e r s - - G M THOMPSON AND R D GOLDING 131 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS HOW Well Do Leak Detection Methods Work?: Preliminary Results from the EPA Test Procedures T M YOUNG 139 Evaluation of Pipeline Leak Detection S y s t e m s - - w D GLAUZ, J D FLORA, AND G J HENNON 151 Expedited Enforcement of UST Regulations in New Mexlco s A SUTTON-MENDOZA 162 Impact of Standards and Certification on Environmental Impairment Liabihty Insurance P r o g r a m s - - w p GULLEDGE 167 SITE AND RISK E V A L U A T I O N Characteristics of Non-Petroleum Underground Storage T a n k s - - a w HILEGER, J W STARR, M P MA~ARTHUR, A N D J W MARESCA, JR 175 Risk Assessment to an Integrated Planning Model for UST Programs K w FERGUSON 189 Use of On-Site Vapor Analysis in UST Site Assessments: A Summary of Results at 635 Sites R D G O E D I N G A N D T A W I C H M A N 197 Screening Methodology for Selecting Clean-Up Technologies at Leaking Underground Storage Tank S i t e s - - c -v FAN AND A N TAFURI 211 Author Index 229 Subject Index 231 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Overview The e n v l r o n m e n t a l decade of the 1980's b r o u g h t w l t h it a steady g r o w t h in the n u m b e r and scope of e n v l r o n m e n t a l r e g u l a t i o n s M u c h of the c o n c e r n was d l r e c t e d at the c o n t a m l n a t l o n of g r o u n d w a t e r supplles by o r g a n l c chemicals A newly-emerged, w l d e s p r e a d c o n c e r n was p r o t e c t l o n of g r o u n d w a t e r supplles from u n d e r g r o u n d storage tanks (UST) that leaked fuel The p u b l l c r e a l l z e d that the p r o b l e m m~ght be as close as their corner gas s t a t l o n or even the h e a t z n g - o l l tank b u r l e d in thelr backyard The p o t e n t l a l c a r c z n o g e n z c e f f e c t s of g a s o l l n e c o m p o n e n t s (partlcularly benzene), that p a r t l a l l y d l s s o l v e ~n g r o u n d water, h e l g h t e n e d the p u b l ~ c ' s a n x l e t y As a result, there were demands for owners and o p e r a t o r s of u n d e r g r o u n d storage tanks to conduct leak tests, p r o v i d e a s s u r a n c e s that their subsurface tanks and p i p e l ~ n e s were t~ght, and clean up s~tes that h a d become c o n t a m l n a t e d by fuels EPA drafted r e g u l a t i o n s in response to these demands and they b e c a m e e f f e c t i v e ~n D e c e m b e r 1988 A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of research, dlscusslon, and d e c l s l o n - m a k l n g was d e v o t e d to leak d e t e c t z o n issues in d e v e l o p l n g the federal U S T regulations These, t o g e t h e r w l t h n e w l y - d e v e l o p e d state regulatlons, have c o n t i n u e d to generate strong interest in the p r z v a t e sector from o w n e r / o p e r a t o r s who are b e l n g r e g u l a t e d as well as from v e n d o r s of leak d e t e c t i o n e q u l p m e n t and services R e p r e s e n t a t l v e s f r o m these and other c o n s t i t u e n c i e s o l n e d t o g e t h e r to p a r t l c l p a t e in an A S T M s u b c o m m i t t e e d e a l i n g w ~ t h leak d e t e c t l o n for u n d e r g r o u n d storage tanks They formed task groups that dealt wlth leak d e t e c t l o n m e t h o d s outslde as well as inslde an u n d e r g r o u n d storage tank Together, they d e v e l o p e d an A S T M gulde and p r a c t l c e d e a l l n g w~th these issues The sub3ect of UST leak d e t e c t l o n is i n t e r d l s c l p l z n a r y and, as such, has a t t r a c t e d special~sts from a v a r l e t y of d ~ s c l p l z n e s These include e n v l r o n m e n t a l englneerlng, chemlstry, electronlcs, g r o u n d w a t e r geology, m e c h a n ~ c a l / e l e c t r l c a l eng~neerlng, r e g u l a t o r y management, etc M a n y of these w o r k e r s have c o m p l e t e d r e s e a r c h and r e p o r t e d on it at c o n f e r e n c e s or in p u b l l c a t l o n s s p o n s o r e d by thelr own p a r t z c u l a r speclalty However, until this A S T M c o n f e r e n c e there had b e e n no c o n f e r e n c e that f o c u s e d s~mply on UST leak d e t e c t l o n A p r l m a r y goal of the A S T M S y m p o s l u m on Leak D e t e c t l o n for U n d e r g r o u n d Storage Tanks, h e l d in New O r l e a n s in J a n u a r y of 1992, was to b r i n g t o g e t h e r UST l e a k - d e t e c t l o n speclallsts for p a r t l c l p a t z o n in a forum that w o u l d generate a p u b l l c a t l o n where readers could have zmportant UST r e s e a r c h under one cover The p a p e r s p r o v l d e a state-ofthe-art r e v l e w to m a n y leak d e t e c t l o n issues In some cases, the p a p e r s report on r e s e a r c h that was c o n d u c t e d two or three years ago but has never b e e n a d e q u a t e l y d l r e c t e d to the U S T l e a k - d e t e c t l o n audlence In other cases, the p a p e r s report on the latest UST r e s e a r c h M u c h of the leak d e t e c t l o n r e s e a r c h has b e e n s p o n s o r e d by the U S E P A A l t h o u g h the amount of l e a k - d e t e c t l o n research, c o n d u c t e d by i n d u s t r y and government, has e x p a n d e d d r a m a t l c a l l y slnce the release of EPA's regulatzons, concluslve answers to some research q u e s t z o n s remain eluslve The p a p e r s zn thls volume represent the most u p - t o - d a t e r e v l e w VII CopyrightbyASTMInt'l(allrightsreserved);SunDec2714:40:07EST2015 Downloaded/printedby UniversityofWashington(UniversityofWashington)pursuanttoLicenseAgreement.Nofurtherreproductionsauthorized VIII LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS of thls r e s e a r c h a n d h a v e b e e n p e e r r e v i e w e d to z n s u r e that u n s u p p o r t e d s t a t e m e n t s c o n f l i c t i n g w l t h the c o n s e n s u s of o p ~ n z o n a m o n g leakdetectlon experts were omltted N e v e r t h e l e s s , l e g l t l m a t e d i f f e r e n c e s of o p i n i o n a b o u t l e a k - d e t e c t i o n m e t h o d s p e r s i s t ~n t h o s e a r e a s l a c k i n g definltlve research results T h e e d i t o r s h a v e c h o s e n to ~ n c l u d e s u c h c o n f l ~ c t ~ n g o p l n i o n s so that r e a d e r s m a y r e a c h t h e i r o w n ~ n f o r m e d c o n c l u s i o n s on t h e s e i s s u e s T h e p h a s e d - l n a p p r o a c h of the U S T r e g u l a t z o n s g u a r a n t e e that o w n e r s a n d o p e r a t o r s of U S T s y s t e m s will c o n t l n u e to n e e d a n s w e r s on h o w to deal w i t h the r e g u l a t l o n s at least u n t l l 1998 M a n y s l m p l y w111 w a n t to k n o w the r e g u l a t o r y r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d l e a k d e t e c t i o n e q u l p m e n t on the market However, for o t h e r s thls v o l u m e is i n t e n d e d to p r o v l d e an obDectlve, i n - d e p t h v l e w of s e v e r a l U S T i s s u e s Regulators and vendors s h o u l d a l s o h a v e an i n t e r e s t zn thls v o l u m e E P A d e v e l o p e d the U S T r e g u l a t l o n s w z t h an eye t o w a r d s a l l o w i n g a n d p r o m o t l n g f u t u r e z m p r o v e m e n t s in l e a k - d e t e c t i o n e q u l p m e n t a n d procedures C o n f e r e n c e s a n d v o l u m e s s u c h as thls h e l p to c o m m u n l c a t e the i s s u e s a n d act as a c a t a l y s t for f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of U S T leakdetection technology The S y m p o s l u m was d l v l d e d into f o u r s e s s l o n s that were entitled I I n t e r n a l M o n l t o r l n g , II E x t e r n a l M o n i t o r i n g , III Risk, R e l z a b ~ l l t y , & Regulatlon, a n d I V S i t e E v a l u a t i o n T h e r e was a l s o a k e y n o t e s p e e c h b y D a v i d Z1egele, D i r e c t o r of E P A ' s O f f l c e of Underground Storage Tanks The t~tle of hls s p e e c h w a s " S p e e d l n g U p U S T Site A s s e s s m e n t a n d R e m e d l a t i o n : E P A ' s View" He a d d r e s s e d the i n c r e a s z n g n u m b e r of c o n f i r m e d U S T r e l e a s e s (170,000) a n d h o w E P A is t r y i n g to s t r e a m l l n e the r e g u l a t o r y p r o c e s s a n d get c l e a n u p s s t a r t e d e a r l y w l t h new, i n n o v a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s W h ~ l e h l s p a p e r is n o t in this v o l u m e a f e w a d d i t i o n a l papers, not p r e s e n t e d at the Symposlum, are p u b l i s h e d here Internal Monitoring T h e b o o k o p e n s w l t h a d l s c u s s l o n of s t a t l s t l c a l i n v e n t o r y r e c o n c l l l a t l o n (SIR) b y W a r r e n R o g e r s T h l s a p p r o a c h to U S T l e a k d e t e c t i o n d e s e r v e s close a t t e n t l o n b e c a u s e it is a r e l a t l v e l y l o w - c o s t alternatlve with no equlpment needs S I R is r e c e l v l n g i n c r e a s e d a t t e n t l o n w l t h the n u m b e r of s u p p o r t e r s a n d d e t r a c t o r s b o t h r ~ s l n g R o g e r s m a k e s the b a s i c a n d i m p o r t a n t p o l n t that d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a leak rate is r e l a t e d to the tlme b e t w e e n o b s e r v a t l o n s of f l u l d at rest as well as the p r e c i s i o n of an o b s e r v a t i o n In o t h e r words, the s h o r t e r tlme that y o u look at a t a n k level the m o r e p r e c i s e y o u n e e d to be for leak detectlon T h e n e x t paper, b y D o n Flelscher, is an e n l i g h t e n l n g l o o k at the e r r o r s a s s o c l a t e d w l t h i n t e r n a l m o n ~ t o r z n g of t a n k s w h e n uslng automatic tank gauges T h l s znformatlon, b a s e d on s e v e r a l y e a r s of U S T testing, d e m o n s t r a t e s h o w s u c h e r r o r s can o c c u r a n d p u t s t h e m in proper perspective Flora, Glauz, a n d H e n n o n p r o v l d e an excellent, c o m p r e h e n s l v e o v e r v z e w (includlng e s t i m a t e d costs) of the v a r l o u s l e a k - d e t e c t l o n o p t l o n s for a l r p o r t h y d r a n t s y s t e m s C l e a r l y the g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m at a l r p o r t s is d e a l i n g w ~ t h r e l a t l v e l y large, long, p r e s s u r i z e d p i p e l l n e s r a t h e r t h a n the t a n k s p e r se M a r e s c a a n d E c k e r t e x a m i n e one a p p r o a c h to this p r o b l e m ~n t h e l r r e s e a r c h p a p e r that a p p l l e s a c o u s t i c s e n s i n g to the l o c a t i o n of leaks in p r e s s u r l z e d p l p e l l n e s External Monitoring U S T leaks can a l s o be d e t e c t e d b y m o n i t o r l n g the e n v l r o n m e n t s u r r o u n d l n g the t a n k s The two p r l m a r y m e t h o d s are to m o n l t o r for h y d r o c a r b o n v a p o r s in the soil gas or to d e t e c t fuel f l o a t i n g o n t o p of Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho OVERVIEW IX the g r o u n d water External m o n m t o r a n g is d e p e n d e n t upon the c a p a b a l l t y of the sensor, their number, locataon, and a n a l y s a s of the data they generate External m o n a t o r a n g as g r e a t l y c o m p l a c a t e d by the fact that each site has its own specafac c h a r a c t e r a s t a c s S c h r e a b e r and R o s e n b e r g report how soal gas and g r o u n d w a t e r condataons, f o l l o w a n g i n j e c t a o n of hydrocarbons, can be m o d e l l e d w a t h computer p r o g r a m s T h e y d e m o n s t r a t e that d a f f u s a o n of h y d r o c a r b o n vapors an a sandy backfall is i n f l u e n c e d by temperature, soil moasture, and the type of o r g a n a c c o m p o u n d Thear results have b e e n v a l i d a t e d wath a large, o u t d o o r p h y s i c a l model by R i c h a r d J o h n s o n of the O r e g o n G r a d u a t e Instatute S c h r e l b e r and R o s e n b e r g also d e m o n s t r a t e that c o m p u t e r m o d e l l i n g can address how fuel draans down to the w a t e r table and spreads out u p o n at The h a r d w a r e for external m o n a t o r i n g as o b v i o u s l y important Portnoff et al p r e s e n t the results of r e s e a r c h c o m p a r a n g the two types of v a p o r sensors that are c o m m e r c a a l l y a v a a l a b l e for monatoring at U S T sates Each type has ats own a d v a n t a g e s and dasadvantages The r e v m e w p a p e r by G r e y p r o v l d e s a n f o r m a t a o n on faber optlc sensors that have the future p o t e n t i a l of p r o v a d a n g more accurate data for m o n i t o r i n g hydrocarbon vapors as well as fuel d a s s o l v e d an ground w a t e r The p a p e r by D u r g a n and M a c h e l s o n p r o v a d e s some field results usang v a r a o u s types of vapor sensors P u b l a s h e d c o n t a n u o u s v a p o r data and analysis f r o m faeld sites has been sorely lacking Thear conclusaon as that v a r a a t a o n s in v a p o r c o n c e n t r a t a o n s are real and e x p l a i n a b l e but there are so m a n y that a u t o m a t i c data analysas b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y External m o n i t o r a n g has also a d d r e s s e d the assue of p a p e l a n e leakage M a r t i n and J e n s e n p r o v a d e a n f o r m a t i o n on h o w leaks can be d e t e c t e d and thear locataon d e t e r m a n e d by p u l l a n g a v a c u u m an a p e r m e a b l e tube laad along the p a p e l a n e T h o m p s o n and G o l d i n g p r e s e n t s i m i l a r a p p r o a c h but descrabe h o w tracer chemacals can p r o v i d e additional informataon Regulations a and Standards Thas s e c t l o n of the b o o k deals p r a m a r a l y w a t h protocols, regulataons, and standards that help m a a n t a a n q u a l a t y an U S T leak detectaon Young p r o v a d e s an o v e r v i e w of h o w the U S E P A set up thardp a r t y t e s t l n g of l e a k - d e t e c t a o n e q u a p m e n t / m e t h o d s and the r e a s o n l n g b e h l n d at Glauz et al focuses on EPA's test p r o t o c o l for p a p e l a n e leak d e t e c t a o n and suggests r e v a s a o n s for i m p r o v e m e n t Whale U S T leak d e t e c t a o n as r e q u a r e d t h r o u g h o u t the U S there are q u e s t l o n s about the level of c o m p l a a n c e Sutton-Mendoza demonstrates h o w N e w M e x a c o has taken the U S T r e g u l a t a o n s to the faeld, e n f o r c e d them, and q u a n t i f i e d their success mn e x p e d m t i n g e n f o r c e m e n t There as a n e e d to have samilar types of a n f o r m a t a o n from other states as the U S E P A p r o c e e d s wath encouragang enforcement of leak detectmon throughout the country G u l l e d g e a d d r e s s e s h o w p e r f o r m a n c e c r a t e r i a and standards, such as those from ASTM, can influence ansurance p r o g r a m s an b o t h a p o s a t a v e and n e g a t a v e m a n n e r Site and Risk Evaluation One of the d r l v a n g forces b e h a n d l e a k - d e t e c t a o n m o n a t o r a n g as the desare to reduce the fanancaal rask a n c u r r e d w h e n tank leakage c o n t a m a n a t e s the s u b s u r f a c e There are a v a r a e t y of factors that can increase the risk at a site One of these as the type of chemical an the tank and H a l l g e r et al p r o v a d e an anformatave survey of the Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized X LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS c h e m l c a l s that are s t o r e d in U S T S e v e r a l o r g a n l z a t i o n s h a v e f a c e d the t a s k of h a v m n g to deal w l t h a large n u m b e r of U S T s yet not k n o w l n g w h e r e to start Ferguson d e m o n s t r a t e s h o w the U S P o s t a l S e r v m c e a s s e s s e d the e n v l r o n m e n t a l a n d r e g u l a t o r y rzsk t h e y f a c e d at e a c h U S T slte in the N o r t h e a s t R e g l o n a n d p r l o r l t l z e d t h e m for f u t u r e a t t e n t l o n a n d f u n d l n g Goldlng and Wichman e v a l u a t e d slte c o n t a m l n a t l o n b y c o l l e c t l n g sozl gas, sol1, a n d / o r g r o u n d w a t e r s a m p l e s f r o m a b o u t 500 U S T sltes In Iowa They conducted t e s t s mn the f l e l d w l t h a d d l t l o n a l t e s t l n g at l a b o r a t o r l e s They also e v a l u a t e d a b o u t 200 of the sltes b y u s l n g a t r a c e r test m e t h o d O n c e it is c l e a r that a slte ms c o n t a m l n a t e d a n d n e e d s c l e a n up, s p e c l f z c slte f a c t o r s s h o u l d be a d d r e s s e d to h e l p d e c l d e on the m e t h o d of r e m e d z a t l o n Fan a n d T a f u r l p r e s e n t a m e t h o d that h e l p s to s c r e e n the v a r l o u s r e m e d l a t l o n t e c h n o l o g l e s a n d f l n d the m o s t a p p r o p r l a t e one The S y m p o s i u m C o - C h a l r m e n g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e the e f f o r t s of the authors, revlewers, a n d A S T M p e r s o n n e l that h a v e m a d e this publlcatlon posslble Philip B Durgin Ph.D Veeder-Root Co , Simsbury, C T Symposium Chairman and Edltor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 218 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS and the fifth one is ex-situ, a b o v e g r o u n d e i t h e r on site or at a c e n t r a l i z e d t r e a t m e n t / d i s p o s a l facility The five m e t h o d s and f a c t o r s c r i t l c a l to the s u c c e s s of each t e c h n o l o g y are p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e s t h r o u g h Soli v e n t i n q - - S o l l v e n t i n g (Table 4) is a g e n e r a l term that refers to any t e c h n i q u e that r e m o v e s v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c v a p o r s f r o m the v a d o s e zone It m a y be p a s s i v e or active For r e m o v i n g p e t r o l e u m h y d r o c a r b o n v a p o r in the v a d o s e zone at a leaking u n d e r g r o u n d s t o r a g e site, a c t i v e v e n t i n g is the m o s t e f f e c t l v e and w i d e l y u s e d process Actlve ventlng u s e s e x t r a c t i o n w e l l s to induce n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t to m o v e v a p o r s t h r o u g h the soil layer toward the well; thus, it is c o m m o n l y c a l l e d v a c u u m e x t r a c t i o n or soll vapor e x t r a c t i o n (SVE) technology The s u c c e s s of a soll vapor e x t r a c t i o n s y s t e m d e p e n d s b o t h on the p r o p e r t i e s of the c o n t a m i n a n t s and on the p r o p e r t i e s of the soil The v o l a t i l i t y of a c o n t a m l n a n t is an i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a f f e c t i n g the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of SVE to that compound The p a r a m e t e r that best d e s c r l b e s a c o m p o u n d ' s v o l a t i l i t y is its v a p o r pressure B i o r e s t o r a t l o n - - I n sltu b i o r e s t o r a t l o n (Table 5) of the u n s a t u r a t e d zone is a p r o c e s s w h e r e o x y g e n and s o m e t l m e s n u t r l e n t s are a d d e d to c o n t a m l n a t e d soll to p r o m o t e the b r e a k d o w n of p e t r o l e u m h y d r o c a r b o n s by n a t u r a l l y o c o u r r l n g m l c r o o r g a n l s m s to c a r b o n dloxlde, water, and other n o n - t o x l c end products For a s u c c e s s f u l b l o r e s t o r a t l o n system, an a d e q u a t e s u p p l y of o x y g e n and n u t r l e n t s must be a v a l l a b l e to the m l c r o o r g a n l s m s t h r o u g h o u t the zone of c o n t a m i n a t i o n T h i s is u s u a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d by a d d i n g n u t r i e n t - e n h a n c e d water to the v a d o s e zone through i n f i l t r a t i o n b a s i n s or through r e c h a r g e wells O x y g e n m a y be i n t r o d u c e d to the s u b s u r f a c e by i n j e c t i n g e i t h e r air or h y d r o g e n peroxide A b l o r e s t o r a t l o n s y s t e m can be i n s t a l l e d r e l a t l v e l y qulckly, but it m a y take several m o n t h s for the m l c r o b e s to start s i g n l f l c a n t d e g r a d a t i o n , p a r t l c u l a r l y if the c o n t a m l n a n t r e l e a s e is recent F u r t h e r m o r e , the s y s t e m m a y r e q u i r e p e r l o d i c a d u s t m e n t of the d o s a g e s of o x y g e n and n u t r i e n t feeds in order to o p e r a t e e f f i c i e n t l y Soli f l u s h i n q - - S o l l f l u s h i n g (Table 6) r e f e r s to an in sltu p r o c e s s that i n v o l v e s f l o o d l n g the zone of c o n t a m l n a t l o n w i t h w a t e r or a w a t e r - s u r f a c t a n t m i x t u r e in order to d l s s o l v e the c o n t a m i n a n t s into the water The c o n t a m l n a t e d w a t e r is then p u m p e d a b o v e to the g r o u n d w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c l l l t y by e x t r a c t l o n wells The well n e t w o r k must be s t r a t e g i c a l l y d e s l g n e d and i n s t a l l e d so that the m o b l l i z e d m i x t u r e of c o n t a m l n a n t s and w a t e r w~ll not e s c a p e to the s a t u r a t e d zone to c a u s e groundwater contamlnatlon A compound's soil/water partitlonlng c o e f f l c l e n t and w a t e r s o l u b i l l t y are the most important factors H y d r a u l l c m e t h o d s - - H y d r a u l i c m e t h o d s (Table 7) i n c l u d e sumps, F r e n c h dralns, and o t h e r d e s l g n s to c r e a t e an area of high p e r m e a b 1 t y In the v a d o s e zone for c o l l e c t l n g and r e m o v l n g the a c c u m u l a t e d m o b l l e n o n a q u e o u s p h a s e llqu~d and c o n t a m l n a t e d Soll water The m e t h o d s are s l m p l e and r e l a t l v e l y i n e x p e n s l v e , but not remove the resldual p o r t l o n of the c o n t a m l n a n t s Thus, they are llkely to be s e l e c t e d as an inltlal step in the c l e a n u p optlon O t h e r p h y s l c a l b a r r l e r s to flow (e.g caps, s l u r r y walls, etc.) are not a d d r e s s e d here b e c a u s e they are t y p l c a l l y not p r a c t i c a l at leaklng u n d e r g r o u n d s t o r a g e tank sltes E x c a v a t l o n - - A s an a l t e r n a t l v e to the four In sltu treatment m e t h o d s , e x c a v a t e d soll m a y be treated on slte or t r e a t e d and d l s p o s e d at an off- slte f a c i l l t y (Table 8) O n - s i t e t r e a t e d soll is s o m e t l m e s p l a c e d back into the e x c a v a t i o n area At present, e x c a v a t i n g c o n t a m i n a t e d soil is m o r e c o m m o n than in situ treatment E x c a v a t i o n is e a s y to u n d e r t a k e and m a y be done q u l c k l y ( d e p e n d i n g u p o n the d e p t h of c o n t a m l n a t l o n and soll type), and it has the a b 1 t y to r e m o v e most or Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz FAN AND TAFURI ON SELECTING CLEAN-UP TECHNOLOGIES 219 u3 -,-n I -,.t Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 220 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS ,.IJ & Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized FAN AND TAFURI ON SELECTING CLEAN-UP TECHNOLOGIES 221 all of the c o n t a m i n a t i o n from the site to an o f f - s i t e t r e a t m e n t ~ d i s p o s a l facility A wide v a r i e t y of a b o v e - g r o u n d p r o c e s s e s m a y be used for treating e x c a v a t e d soil, including low temperature thermal desorption, incineration, soil w a s h i n g , b i o d e g r a d a t i o n (i.e., c o m p o s t l n g and slurry reactor), using soil as an a g g r e g a t e in asphalt production, and others Recovery or c o n t a i n m e n t of floatinq N A P L T e c h n o l o g i e s for recovery or c o n t a i n m e n t of f l o a t i n g N A P L are p u m p i n g wells and trench excavation N A P L r e c o v e r y can also be a c c o m p l i s h e d by v a c u u m e x t r a c t i o n (or v a c u u m - e n h a n c e d pumping), which is a s p e c i a l i z e d form of soil venting It has not, however, b e e n w i d e l y a p p l i e d at UST sites W o r k s h e e t s for each of these t e c h n o l o g i e s are i l l u s t r a t e d in T a b l e s 9, i0, and 11 P u m p i n o w e l l s - - T h e two m a i n types of recovery systems involving p u m p i n g w e l l s are single pump and dual p u m p systems (Table 9) In single p u m p systems, one pump is used to remove both g r o u n d w a t e r and NAPL For dual systems, one pump is used to create a d e p r e s s i o n in the water table and another to remove floating NAPL Dual p u m p systems are more c o m m o n l y used than single pump methods, b e c a u s e m i x i n g of g r o u n d w a t e r and N A P L is avoided Also, the N A P L r e c o v e r y Dump need only be o p e r a t i n g w h e n a significant layer of N A P L is accumulated Aboveg r o u n d f a c i l i t i e s for water treatment and N A P L storage should be provided T r e n c h e x c a v a t i o n - - T r e n c h e x c a v a t i o n (Table 10) is e f f e c t i v e for r e c o v e r y and c o n t a i n m e n t of floating NAPL The liquld phase will move in the d i r e c t i o n of the groundwater Therefore, it is installed d o w n g r a d i e n t of the plume to intercept the f l o a t i n g liquid and to p r e v e n t further m i g r a t i o n of the contaminants Oil skimmers and oil s e p a r a t o r s are u s u a l l y equipped to remove floating N A P L in the trench y a g u u m e x t r a c t i o n - - V a c u u m e x t r a c t i o n (or v a c u u m - e n h a n c e d pumping) (Table 11) with or w i t h o u t air sparging has been shown to improve N A P L removal In the c a p i l l a r y fringe zone The p r o c e s s will increase removal of the m o b i l e p o r t i o n of the liquid phase and enhance the v o l a t i l i z a t i o n of the resldual N A P L by Inducing alr into the s a t u r a t e d zone One a d v a n t a g e of using this m e t h o d is that the system can be d e s i g n e d to treat c o n t a m i n a n t s in both the vadose zone and the s a t u r a t e d zone Remediation of d l s s o l v e d phase c o n t a m i n a n t s in s a t u r a t e d zone The two basic types of t e c h n o l o g i e s for r e m e d i a t l n g g r o u n d w a t e r with d l s s o l v e d c o n t a m l n a n t s are in situ b i o r e s t o r a t i o n and g r o u n d w a t e r p u m p - a n d - t r e a t methods Tables 12, 13, and 14 p r e s e n t w o r k s h e e t a for e v a l u a t i n g the f e a s i b i l i t y of using these t e c h n o l o g i e s to treat groundwater In Situ b i o r e s t o r a t i o n - - I n situ b i o r e s t o r a t i o n (Table 12) of the o o n t a m l n a t e d g r o u n d w a t e r has b e e n d e v e l o p e d and a p p l i e d more c o m m o n l y than r e m e d l a t n of soil in the u n s a t u r a t e d zone The system includes: i n e c t l o n wells to Introduce o x y g e n - e n r i c h e d water with or w i t h o u t n u t r i e n t s u p s t r e a m of the c o n t a m l n a t e d plume in the s a t u r a t e d zone; d o w n s t r e a m r e c o v e r y wells to prevent spreading of the d i s s o l v e d contaminants; and, a b o v e - g r o u n d nutrlents, o x y g e n m l x i n g and feeding equipment Water w l t h d r a w n through the recovery well can be r e o l r c u l a t e d through the chemical feeding f a c i l i t y and i n j e c t i o n wells back to the aquifers Groundwater pump-and-treat systems Pump-and-treat technology involves e x t r a c t l n g the g r o u n d w a t e r and treatlng it at an a b o v e - g r o u n d Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth 222 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS -IJ -, I -I ,Q -,-I t~ 4J ," , I -.-I -IJ ,-.I O I I Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized FAN AND TAFURI ON SELECTING CLEAN-UP TECHNOLOGIES 223 T A B L E l O - - W o r k s h e e ~ ~or e v a l u a t i n a the ~ e a s J b J l i t v of u s i n a t r e n c h e x c a v a t i o n to contain floatina NAPL Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 224 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 4- -r r 4- I I N 4J -rl 4J 4J Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized FAN AND TAFURI ON SELECTING CLEAN-UP TECHNOLOGIES 225 t r e a t m e n t facility T h i s m e t h o d is a p p r o p r i a t e for m o s t g r o u n d w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n p r o b l e m s , e s p e c i a l l y for p e t r o l e u m h y d r o c a r b o n s that are l i g h t e r than water H o w e v e r , the t e c h n o l o g y m a y not be e f f i c i e n t for h e t e r o g e n e o u s a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s w h e r e low h y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t i v i t y zones r e s t r i c t c o n t a m i n a n t f l o w toward the e x t r a c t i o n wells The s y s t e m i n c l u d e s a set of e x t r a c t i o n wells, p u m p i n g e q u i p m e n t , and w a t e r treatment processes The two m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s u n i t s for r e m o v i n g d i s s o l v e d p e t r o l e u m h y d r o c a r b o n s are air s t r i p p i n g (Table 13) and a c t i v a t e d c a r b o n a d s o r p t i o n (Table 14) Of the air s t r i p p i n g m e t h o d s , p a c k e d towers work best at r e m o v i n g V O C s f r o m g r o u n d w a t e r However, the q u a l i t y of effluent f r o m a p r o p e r l y d e s i g n e d o a r b o n a d s o r p t i o n unit c a n a c h i e v e d r i n k i n g w a t e r standards Air s p a r u i n g - - A i r s p a r g i n g is an i n n o v a t i v e t e c h n o l o g y w h i c h is b e i n g u s e d at an i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of sites for the r e m e d i a t i o n of c o n t a m i n a t i o n in the s a t u r a t e d zone The s y s t e m i n v o l v e s the i n j e c t i o n of o i l - f r e e air into the s a t u r a t e d zone to s t r i p v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s d i s s o l v e d in g r o u n d w a t e r and a d s o r b e d to s o i l s f r o m the s a t u r a t e d zone The vapor p h a s e c o n t a m i n a n t s t r a n s f e r r e d to the u n s a t u r a t e d zone are then c a p t u r e d u s i n g soil v a p o r e x t r a c t i o n U n d e r s t a n d i n g the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of air transport in b o t h the s a t u r a t e d and u n s a t u r a t e d zones is i m p o r t a n t to e v a l u a t e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of air s p a r g i n g systems MONITORING The p u r p o s e of m o n l t o r l n g is to d e t e r m i n e the a m o u n t and m o v e m e n t of p o l l u t a n t s in the s u b s u r f a c e e n v i r o n m e n t before, during, and after remedlation A n e f f e c t i v e monltorlng p r o g r a m i n c l u d e s the d e s i g n of a r e l i a b l e well n e t w o r k to e n s u r e a c o m p l e t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of and a s s e s s m e n t of the site c o n d i t i o n s The f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d in s e t t i n g up an e f f e c t i v e m o n i t o r i n g network~ At least o n e well s h o u l d be placed up-gradlent or o u t s i d e of the zone of c o n t a m i n a t i o n p r o d u c e d by the r e l e a s e so that a c c u r a t e b a c k g r o u n d levels can be m o n i t o r e d T h e r e s h o u l d be e n o u g h d o w n - g r a d l e n t w e l l s to a d e q u a t e l y m o n i t o r the h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l e x t e n t of contamination, e s p e c l a l l y in c o m p l e x s t r a t i g r a p h y or f l u c t u a t l n g g r o u n d w a t e r table areas W e l l s s h o u l d be s c r e e n e d in the zone of c o n t a m i n a t i o n at a p p r o p r i a t e depths Special a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n to the d e s i g n of the length of well screens L o n g e r s c r e e n s are m o r e l i k e l y to i n t e r c e p t the c o n t a m i n a n t plume, but m a y r e s u l t in d i l u t e d soll gas or g r o u n d w a t e r samples Shorter screens p r o v i d e b e t t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n e s t i m a t e s but r e q u i r e m o r e a c c u r a t e l o c a t i o n to e n s u r e the p l u m e is i n t e r c e p t e d Well s c r e e n length in the c a p i l l a r y zone m u s t be longer than the total d e p t h of g r o u n d w a t e r f l u c t u a t i o n s in o r d e r to adequately m o n i t o r f l o a t l n g NAPL All p a t h w a y s for p o t e n t i a l m i g r a t l o n of c o n t a m l n a n t s s h o u l d be m o n l t o r e d in m u l t l p l e s t r a t l g r a D h l e s and aqulfers The o v e r a l l o b e c t l v e s of a m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m are to~ (1) a s s e s s the site c o n d l t l o n s to d e t e r m i n e a r e m e d i a t l o n a p p r o a c h , i n c l u d i n g the f e a s i b i l i t y and r e q u i r e m e n t of a "no action" decision; (2) e v a l u a t e the p r o g r e s s of in sltu treatment; and (3) d e t e r m i n e site c o n d i t i o n s after t r e a t m e n t is termlnated Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a 226 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS J O 4J 49 J,J ~ O ~) 4J o.o~ 4J o q:3 4J (J -H 4J ~1 4J fd ~> 4J I Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized FAN AND TAFURI ON SELECTING CLEAN-UP TECHNOLOGIES Monltorinq 227 to S e l e c t R e m e d i a t i o n A p p r o a c h A f t e r c o m p l e t l o n of the d e s k - t o p a n a l y s i s of site c o n d i t i o n s and t r e a t m e n t t e c h n o l o g y screening, a field m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d to f l n a l i z e the s e l e c t l o n and d e s i g n of a c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n approach The m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m will i n c l u d e f i e l d s a m p l i n g to v e r i f y soil and slte c h a r a c t e r l s t l c s and to c o n f i r m p r e v i o u s a s s u m p t i o n s r e g a r d l n g the s u b s u r f a c e e n v l r o n m e n t It is also i m p o r t a n t to p r o p e r l y d e s l g n and o p e r a t e a m o n l t o r i n g well n e t w o r k to d e t e r m i n e c o n t a m i n a n t m o v e m e n t and to e x a m i n e p a s s i v e b i o d e g r a d a t i o n p o t e n t i a l (There are some c a s e s w h e r e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g b i o d e g r a d a t i o n m a y be a f e a s i b l e o p t i o n to a t t a i n site r e m e d i a t i o n To a s s e s s this "no a c t i o n " a l t e r n a t i v e and to e v a l u a t e d e c i s i o n criteria, a p r o p e r l y d e s i g n e d m o n i t o r l n g n e t w o r k in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h site s p e c i f i c v a p o r and g r o u n d w a t e r t r a n s p o r t m o d e l i n g , s h o u l d be p e r f o r m e d ) Monltorlnq Remediatlon Progress O n c e a t e c h n o l o g y has b e e n selected, d e s i g n e d and installed, it is e s s e n t l a l that the p e r f o r m a n c e of the treatment s y s t e m be c o n t i n u a l l y e v a l u a t e d to e n s u r e that it is o p e r a t i n g e f f e c t i v e l y R e m e d i a t i o n of p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t r e l e a s e s is o f t e n a long process A treatment t e c h n o l o g y is u s u a l l y d e s i g n e d to r e m o v e one or m o r e s p e c i f i c c o n s t i t u e n t s to a s p e c i f i e d level that is o f t e n set to c o n f o r m to r e g u l a t o r y standards P e r f o r m a n c e is then e v a l u a t e d b y m e a s u r l n g the c o n c e n t r a t l o n s of each c o n Z a m l n a n t of concern, and c o m p a r i n g those l e v e l s to c l e a n u p goals M e a s u r i n g the p r o g r e s s of f l o a t i n g N A P L removal is u s u a l l y a c c o m p l l s h e d s l m p l y by c o m p a r l n g the v o l u m e of N A P L r e m o v e d to an e s t l m a t e of the total f l o a t i n g NAPL However, m e a s u r i n g removal p r o g r e s s for c o n t a m l n a n t s d l s s o l v e d in soll w a t e r a n d / o r a d s o r b e d on soil p a r t i c l e s is m o r e difficult An e f f e c t i v e in situ m o n i t o r l n g well n e t w o r k is n e c e s s a r y to e v a l u a t e how the t e c h n o l o g y is w o r k i n g and h o w the o v e r a l l c l e a n u p is p r o g r e s s l n g P r o p e r m o n i t o r i n g can d e t e c t p r o b l e m s in the d e s l g n or i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the s e l e c t e d technology If a t e c h n o l o g y is p e r f o r m i n g p o o r l y , it m a y be due to an i m p r o p e r d e s i g n a r l s l n g f r o m an i n c o m p l e t e site c h a r a c t e r l z a t l o n In thls case, it m a y be n e c e s s a r y to r e - e x a m l n e the d a t a that w e r e c o l l e c t e d for the site assessment M o r e d a t a m a y be n e e d e d to e n h a n c e the site i n v e s t i g a t i o n D e s i g n m o d i f i c a t i o n s m a y be w a r r a n t e d if the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of site condltions changes appreciably Post R e m e d l a t l o n O p e r a t i o n M o n i t o r l n q R e m e d l a t l o n of a site is c o m p l e t e w h e n the c l e a n u p g o a l s and c l e a n u p c r l t e r l a are met and m a l n t a i n e d Just m e e t i n g the c l e a n u p c r l t e r l a is not a s u f f l c l e n t r e a s o n to s u s p e n d r e m e d i a t l o n Monitoring of the slte s h o u l d c o n t l n u e a f t e r c l e a n u p b e c a u s e c o n t a m i n a t i o n levels c a n i n c r e a s e after treatment stops The f o l l o w i n g are some of the c a u s e s of ~ n c r e a s e d c o n t a m l n a t i o n levels at a site @ A d s o r b e d c o n t a m i n a n t s or c o n t a m i n a n t s in low p e r m e a b i l i t y zones c a n p e r s i s t in the s u b s u r f a c e but m a y not be d e t e c t e d at m o n l t o r l n g w e l l s w h i l e the s y s t e m is o p e r a t i n g After shutdown these c o n t a m i n a n t s will tend to d i s p e r s e c a u s i n g f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e s in c o n t a m l n a t i o n levels in soll gas or g r o u n d water Soil gas or g r o u n d w a t e r flow p a t t e r n s c r e a t e d by e x t r a c t l o n w e l l s c a n d 1 u t e samples A f t e r p u m p l n g stops, normal f l o w p a t t e r n s r e t u r n and c o n c e n t r a t i o n levels m a y increase T h e r e f o r e , the d e c l s l o n to d l s c o n t l n u e m o n i t o r l n g s h o u l d be m a d e j o i n t l y w l t h r e g u l a t o r y o f f i c i a l s and e x p e r l e n c e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s to e n s u r e that r e m e d ~ a t ~ o n is a c t u a l l y complete Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a 228 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUNDSTORAGE TANKS REFERENCES [!] Lyman, W J., and Noonan, D C., "Assessing UST Corrective Action Technologles: Site Assessment and Selection of Unsaturated Zone Treatment Technologies," EPA/600/2-90/011, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, March 1990 [2] Reidy, P J., Lyman, W J., and Noonan, P C., "Assessing UST Corrective Action Technologies: Early Screening of Cleanup Technologies for the Saturated Zone," EPA/600/2-90/027, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, June 1990 [_3] Lyman, W J., Reidy, P J., and Levy, S., "Assessing UST Corrective Actlon Technology: A Scientific Evaluation of the Mobility and Degradability of Organic Contaminants in Subsurface Environments," EPA/600/2-91/053, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, September 1991 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP 1161-EB/Mar 1993 Author Index P D Partin, J K., 105 Portnoff, M A., 90 Durgin, P B., 115 E Eckert, E G., 53 R F Rogers, W F., Rosenberg, M S., 73 Fan, C.-Y., 211 Ferguson, K W., 189 Fleischer, D W, 17 Flora, J D, Jr, 30, 151 Schreiber, R P., 73 Starr, J W, 175 Sutton-Mendoza, S A, 162 G Glauz, W D, 30, 151 Golding, R D, 131, 197 Grace, R, 90 Grey, A E., 105 Gulledge, W P., 167 Guzman, A M., 90 T Tafuri, A N., 211 Thompson, G M, 131 H W Hennon, G J, 30, 151 Hlbner, J., 90 Hlllger, R W., 53, 175 Wzchman, T A., 197 M Y MacArthur, M P, 175 Maresca, J W., Jr., 53, 175 Martin, M V., 123 Mlchelson, R W., 115 Yezm, J J, 53 Young, T M, 139 229 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Copyright* 1993 www.astm.org Downloaded/printed byby ASTM International University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP 1161-EB/Mar 1993 Subject Index A F Absorption, 123, 131 Acetone, 175 Acoustic ermssion, 53 Acoustic sensing methods, 53 Air permeability, 131 Aarports hydrant systems, 30 leak detection at, 131 Automated gas testing, 90 Automated monitoring systems line detectors, 151 tank gauge, 3, 17, 139 Fiber optic sensors, 105 Field analytical methods, 197 Field inspections, 162 Frozen soil, effects of, 151 Fuel storage tank, G Gasohne, 115 Gas sensor, 90 Gauge, tank, automatic, 3, 17, 139 H Hazardous chemicals, 175 Humidity, sensor effects by, 90 Hydrant systems, airport, 30 Hydrocarbons, 73, 115, 197 B Bulk modulus, 151 Butane, 90 C Independent testing, 139 Inspections, field, New Mexico, 162 Installation, monitoring points, 115 Institute for Environmental Auditing, 167 Insurance, environmental Impairment liability, 167 Interstitial monitoring, piping, 30 Inventory analysis, Iowa, hydrocarbon contamination, 197 Certification, 167 Chart errors, tank, 17 Chemical sensing, 105 Chemical tracers, 131 Chromatograph, gas, field mobilized, 197 Cleanup, site, 73, 105, 211 Coefficient of expansion, 17 Comphance, 167, 189 D Diffusion, vapor, 73, 123 L E Enforcement, state regulatory, 162 Environmental impairment liability insurance, 167 Evaporation, 17 Exposure potential, 189 Leak rate, Level measurement, 17 Light transmission, 105 Liquid detectors, 139 Line tests, 151 Locatmn, leak, 53 231 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 232 LEAK DETECTION FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS M Management plans, 189 Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor, 90 Methane, 90 Methanol, 175 Methyl ethyl ketone, 175 Modeling, 73 risk assessment, 189 Monitoring system design, 73 Site assessments, 115, 167, 197, 211 Soil matrLx, 211 Soil moisture content, 123, 151 Soil sorption, 211 Soil vapor, 73, 131, 197 extraction, 211 Standards, 167 Statistical evaluation, 151 inventory reconciliation methods, 139 Steel tanks, 175 System design, monitoring, 105 N New Mexico, storage tanks enforcement program, 162 T O Tank gauging, automatic, 3, 17, 139 Tanks, nonpetroleum, 175 Temperature measurement, 151 gauging system, 17 Tightness testing methods, 139, 151, 197 Toluene, 175 Tracer methods, 30 Tracers, 131 Tubes, sensor, 123 Overfill/spill protection, 115 P Passive acoustics, 53 Permeablhty air, 131 soil, 197 Petroleum pipes, 53 Pipes, 123, 131 petroleum, 53 underground, 17, 30 Pollutant mlgratmn, 211 Polymer adsorption gas sensor, 90 Pressure-step methods, 30 R Rainfall, 211 Regulatory reinforcement, New Mexico, 162 Remediatlon, 73, 105, 211 Risk assessment, 189 S Sensors and sensor methods acoustic, 53 fiber optic, 105 metal oxide semiconductor, 90 polymer adsorption gas, 90 tubes, 123 U U S Postal Service, 189 V Valve pit leak, underground piping, 131 Vapor diffusion, 73 Vapor monitoring, 115, 123, 139 Vapor sensor testing, 90 Volatile tracers, 131 Volumetric leak detection, X Xylene, 90, 175 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:40:07 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ISBN 0-8031-1858-9