Astm stp 1180 1993

STP 1180 Masonry: Design and Construction, Problems and Repair John M Melander and Lynn R Lauersdorf, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-011800-60 ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Library of Congress C a t a l o g i n g - i n - P u b l i c a t i o n Data Masonry : design and construction, problems and repair / John M Melander and Lynn R, Lauersdorf, editors (STP ; 1180) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8031-1492-3 Masonry Congresses I Melander, John M., 1949 II Lauersdorf, Lynn R., 1937Ill Series: ASTM special technical publication ; 1180 TA670.M343 1993 693'.i dc20 93-1147 CIP Copyright 1993 A M E R I C A N SOCIETY F O R TESTING A N D MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the A M E R I C A N SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.50 per copy, plus $0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970; (508) 744-3350 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1492-3/93 $2.50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were printed "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors Printed in Fredricksburg, VA May 1993 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword This publication, Masonry: Design and Construction, Problems and Repair, contains papers presented at the symposium of the same name held in Miami, FL on Dec 1992 The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committees C-1 on Cement, C-7 on Lime, C-12 on Mortars for Unit Masonry, and C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units Lynn R Lauersdorf, State of Wisconsin, and John M Melander, Portland Cement Association, presided as symposium co-chairmen, and were editors of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction Contents O v e r v i e w - - L R LAUERSDORF AND J M MELANDER ix DESIGN AND DETAIL Design a n d Testing to Reduce Efflorescence Potential in New Brick M a s o n r y W a l l s - - l R CHIN AND L PETRY 18 Discussion B r i c k Veneer W a l l s - - P r o p o s e d Details to Address C o m m o n Air a n d W a t e r P e n e t r a t i o n P r o b l e m s - - R s PIPER AND R J KENNEY 22 The Influence of Horizontal Reinforcement on the Shear Performance of Concrete M a s o n r y W a i l s - - s FOLTZ AND C W C YANCEY 32 Economical Design of Shelf A n g l e s - - R H R TIDE AND N V KROGSTAD 60 I n t e r i m R e p o r t on a Study to D e t e r m i n e L a p Splice R e q u i r e m e n t s for Reinforced M a s o n r y - - M P SCHULLER, M I HAMMONS, AND R H ATKINSON 75 Seismic B e h a v i o r of U n r e i n f o r c e d Hollow Clay Tile Infilled F r a m e s - R D FLANAGAN, R M BENNETT, AND J E BEAVERS 91 INSTALLATION AND MATERIALS C o m p r e s s i v e S t r e n g t h s a n d B o n d S t r e n g t h s of P o r t l a n d C e m e n t - L i m e M o r t a r s - J M MELANDER AND J T CONWAY 105 A Study of t h e Compatibility of B r i c k a n d M o r t a r for M a x i m i z i n g M a s o n r y B o n d S t r e n g t h - - A T KRAUKLIS 121 Discussion Flexural B o n d S t r e n g t h of C o n c r e t e M a s o n r y P r i s m s Using M a s o n r y C e m e n t M o r t a r s - - j M MELANDER, S K GHOSH, V S DUBOVOY, E G HEDSTROM, AND R E KLINGNER 145 152 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author Frictional Characteristics of Clay Brick Pavers B E TRIMBLE AND B T KULAKOWSKI 165 Laboratory Study of the Corrosion of Steel Studs and Screws used in Masonry W a l l s - - g J KUDDER AND J E SLATER 172 Influence of Aggregate Microstructure on the Volume Stability of Lightweight Concrete M a s o n r y - - T w BREMNER AND D RAE 186 Variables Affecting the Strength of Masonry M o r t a r s - - a T WRIGHT, g D WILKINS, AND G W JOHN 197 TESTING AND EVALUATION Flexural Bond Strength T e s t i n g m A n Evaluation of the Bond Wrench Testing P r o c e d u r e s - - w M McGINLEY 213 A Comparative Review of Various Test Methods for Evaluating the Water Penetration Resistance of Concrete Masonry Wall Units M E DRISCOLL AND R E GATES 228 Comparison of Laboratory Freeze-Thaw Procedures M A VICKERS 240 Predicting Durability of Brick Veneer Walls in Cold Ciimates J E LOVATT 250 Using Modified ASTM E 1105 to Evaluate the Resistance of Masonry Barrier, Mass, and Skin Walls to R a i n - - N v KROGSTADAND R A WEBER 265 Evaluation of ASTM E 514-90 Water Penetration and Leakage Test to Assess Performance of Integral Water Repellent Admixtures D CHIN AND R E GATES 277 A Theoretical Model of Water Penetration Into Concrete Masonry U n i t s - P F BARKOFSKYAND M E DRISCOLL 301 Including ASTM E 514 Tests in Field Evaluations of Brick M a s o n r y - K R HOIGARD, R J KUDDER, AND K M LIES 314 Procedures and Fixtures for Removing, Capping, Handling, and Testing Masonry Prisms and Flexural Bond S p e c i m e n s - - w D JONES ANt) M B BUTALA 326 STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES Quantification of Masonry Deterioration through Statistical Modelling-A Case S t u d y - - A R WHITLOCK, w B FAIRLEY, AND A J IZENMAN 341 Evaluation of Injectable Cementitious Grouts for Repair and Retrofit of M a s o n r y - R H ATKINSONAND M P SCHULLER 355 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Cladding an Existing Building with Masonry Veneer G o COLE AND P L K E L L E Y 369 Failures of Interior Masonry Walls Subjected to Lateral Air Pressure B S KASKEL AND R C ROMERO 386 Urethane Foam Injection as a Method of Remedial Repair for Masonry Cavity Walls R j K E N N E Y A N D R S PIPER 397 Deterioration and Stabilization of Berea Sandstone on the Hamilton County Courthouse F A HERGET AND R W CROOKS 412 Author Index 427 Subject Index 429 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further repro Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Overview These proceedings are the seventh in a series of ASTM symposia on masonry that began in 1974 Committee C-1 on Cement formally joined with Committees C-7 on Lime, C-12 on Mortars for Unit Masonry, and C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units in sponsoring this symposium Eighteen papers were presented orally at the symposium and the other ten were presented in poster sessions The symposium continued to provide a forum for the dissemination and exchange of information and experiences related to all facets of masonry Special Technical Publications (STP) containing papers presented at five of the six preceeding masonry symposia were also published by ASTM The list of these symposia follows STP 589 Masonry: Past and Present, from the symposium held June 25, 1974, in Washington, D.C., was the first in this series It provided a basis for future symposia The second symposium in this series was held June 29, 1976, in Chicago, IL Twelve papers were presented, but an STP was not published from this symposium Several of the papers appeared in ASTM's Journal of Testing and Evaluation STP 778 Masonry: Materials, Properties, and Performance, from the symposium held Dec 9, 1980, in Orlando, FL, covered the third in the series STP 871 Masonry: Research, Application, and Problems, from the symposium held Dec 6, 1983, in Bal Harbour, FL, covered the fourth in the series It was dedicated to J Ivan Davison STP 992 Masonry: Materials, Design, Construction, and Maintenance, from the symposium held Dec 2, 1986, in New Orleans, LA, covered the fifth publication in the series STP 1063 Masonry: Components to Assemblages, from the symposium held Dec 5, 1989, in Orlando, FL, covered the sixth in the series It was dedicated to Alan H Yorkdale STP 1180 Masonry: Design and Construction, Problems and Repair, from the symposium held Dec 1992, in Miami, FL, covered the seventh and latest in the series that continues Russell H Brown, Clemson University, John T Conway, Holnam, Inc., Kenneth A Gutschick, National Lime Association, Harry Harris, Ash Grove Cement Co., George Judd, consultant, and John H Matthys, University of Texas at Arlington, served as the symposium steering committee Russell H Brown, George Judd, Harry A Harris, and John H Matthys each chaired the respective oral presentation sessions titled: Design and Detail, Installation and Materials, Testing and Evaluation, and Strategies and Techniques The 28 papers presented at the symposium and published in this STP were peer-reviewed by 90 ASTM committee members from C-l, C-7, C-12, and C-15 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized HERGET AND CROOKS ON BEREA SANDSTONE Fig S a n d b l a s t e d Fig T y p i c a l face brick exposing delamination of voids sandstone and 417 fissures units Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions 418 MASONRY:DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMSAND REPAIR of the m o r e s e v e r e l y d e t e r i o r a t e d stones w e r e also d e l a m i n a t i n g on the b a c k side of the stone Blind e x f o l i a t i o n of the stone was found to o c c u r in several a d d i t i o n a l stones by t a p p i n g w i t h a w o o d e n mallet H e r e the stone was d e l a m i n a t i n g in m u c h the same m a n n e r as d e s c r i b e d above but the o u t e r layer had not yet begun to fall away g i v i n g the a p p e a r a n c e that the stone was still sound Such instances of b l i n d e x f o l i a t i o n w e r e c o n f i n e d to stones w h i c h w e r e f a c e - s h e l l bedded S a m p l e s of the stone w e r e t a k e n at several l o c a t i o n s a r o u n d t h e b u i l d i n g and analyzed Cores w e r e t a k e n of p o r t i o n s of the h o r i z o n t a l belt c o u r s e and of the south e n t r a n c e balcony T h e s e cores w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y cm (3/4 in) in d i a m e t e r by i0 cm (4 in) deep E a c h was t a k e n v e r t i c a l l y from a h o r i z o n t a l l y b e d d e d stone a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 cm (8 in) thick P e t r o g r a p h i c studies found the p r i m a r y c e m e n t i n g m a t e r i a l of the s a n d s t o n e to be m e a g e r amounts of h a l l o y s i t e c l a y in w h i c h trace a m o u n t s of c a l c i t e are present The stone is a fine-grained, finely b e d d e d and finely c r o s s - b e d d e d sandstone It is finely p o r o u s b e c a u s e of an i n s u f f i c i e n t amount of m a t e r i a l to fill i n t e r s t i c e s b e t w e e n the particles It has a n o m i n a l w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n of percent Clay bound s a n d s t o n e s are o f t e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d u r a b i l i t y problems E x a m i n a t i o n of one of the core samples found the e x t e r i o r s u r f a c e of the stone to c o n t a i n several t h i n incipient d e l a m i n a t i o n s to a d e p t h of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.5 cm (i in) The next cm (2 in) of the core w e r e judged sound The deepest p o r t i o n of the core c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the interior 2.5 cm (I in) or m i d d l e of the stone also c o n t a i n e d t h i n incipient delaminations This indicates some of the d e l a m i n a t i o n s m a y have b e e n p r e s e n t since the stone was first p l a c e d in the wall This p a r t i c u l a r sample was t a k e n from the edge of the south e n t r a n c e b a l c o n y at the 2nd floor level W h i t e stains a p p e a r i n g to be salts in the stone w e r e o b s e r v e d in this area Chemical analysis of the sample c o n f i r m e d c h l o r i d e has b e e n i n t r o d u c e d into the stone One t h e o r y to e x p l a i n the p r e s e n c e of salts in this location is the p o s s i b l e s a l t i n g of the b a l c o n y slab to p r e v e n t ice b u i l d - u p and leakage over the entrance C a r e f u l removal of some of the e x t e r i o r d e l a m i n a t i o n s r e v e a l e d layers of sand t r a p p e d b e t w e e n the d e l a m i n a t i o n s and b o d y of the stone It a p p e a r s that the o r i g i n a l c e m e n t i n g m e d i u m h o l d i n g t o g e t h e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l grains of sand had c o m p l e t e l y b e e n d e s t r o y e d in these areas l e a v i n g o n l y the fine sand particles A n a l y s i s of t h e s e e x t e r i o r d e l a m i n a t i o n s found e v i d e n c e of fly ash and g y p s u m masses The g y p s u m is b e l i e v e d to be the product of acid rain w i t h lime from the m o r t a r joints The flyash is a result of older coal fired stoves and furnaces A few of the stones had a m o t t l e d a p p e a r a n c e on p o r t i o n s of their e x t e r i o r surface S u b s e q u e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n found that the blade of a p o c k e t k n i f e could be i n s e r t e d into t h e s e m o t t l e d areas and that such areas had b e e n r e d u c e d to a p o w d e r - l i k e consistency No p a t t e r n of such d e t e r i o r a t i o n was d i s c e r n i b l e and it was o b s e r v e d to o c c u r in both faceshell b e d d e d and p r o p e r l y b e d d e d stones S e v e r a l p a t t e r n s of d e t e r i o r a t i o n w e r e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n survey The most p r e v a l e n t p a t t e r n was the d e l a m i n a t i o n and o f t e n s e v e r e e r o s i o n of stones b e n e a t h h o r i z o n t a l p r o j e c t i o n s Such d e l a m i n a t i o n s w e r e c o n s i s t e n t l y o b s e r v e d b e n e a t h the 2nd floor belt c o u r s e and b e n e a t h sills at all windows D e t e r i o r a t i o n p a t t e r n s similar to t h o s e left by w a v e action on a b e a c h w e r e t y p i c a l l y o b s e r v e d in these areas as shown in Figure Such stones w e r e t y p i c a l l y o r i e n t e d Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductio HERGET AND CROOKS ON BEREA SANDSTONE Fig D e l a m i n a t i o n s horizontal projections form a w a v e - l i k e pattern 419 in stone b e n e a t h "properly" with the b e d d i n g planes p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the face of the wall yet the d e t e r i o r a t i o n was often severe w i t h shards of stone w e i g h i n g up to 260 gm (0.5 ib} loose and in danger of falling W h i l e the m o r e severe d e t e r i o r a t i o n occurred b e n e a t h the larger o v e r h a n g s d e l a m i n a t i o n s were o b s e r v e d b e n e a t h ornamental p r o j e c t i o n s as small as cm (3/4 in) It is b e l i e v e d that these horizontal p r o j e c t i o n s c o n t r i b u t e d to t h e d e l a m i n a t i o n of t h e stone First the h o r i z o n t a l ledges allowed water to seep b a c k into the wall and absorb into the r e l a t i v e l y p o r o u s sandstoneThe w a t e r w o u l d n a t u r a l l y m i g r a t e b a c k out of the stone d u r i n g dry p e r i o d s t h r o u g h evaporation Portions of the stone b e n e a t h the p r o j e c t i o n w e r e n a t u r a l l y protected A t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t a n t s such as fly ash a c c u m u l a t e d here over time filling the pores The surfaces under the p r o j e c t i o n s b e c a m e relatively impermeable t r a p p i n g m o i s t u r e b e h i n d them Subsequent cyclical freezing caused the o b s e r v e d delaminations T h e s e d e l a m i n a t i o n s were more p r o n o u n c e d in areas w h e r e t h e y could follow the natural b e d d i n g planes of the stone The survey also showed m a n y of the d e t e r i o r a t e d stones w e r e faceshell bedded E n t i r e faces of some of these stones w e r e m i s s i n g w i t h subsequent layers continuing to d e l a m i n a t e and fall The e x t e r i o r layer of m a n y of these stones had changed from the original gray color to m o r e of a light brown color P e t r o g r a p h i c analysis of some of these layers showed ferruginous particles w i t h i n the sandstone had o x i d i z e d to depths of m m (3/16 in) This in conjunction with a t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t a n t s p r o d u c e d a r e l a t i v e l y impermeable crust which t r a p p e d w a t e r w i t h i n the stone and w i t h cyclical freezing caused d e l a m i n a t i o n s to occur A n o t h e r p a t t e r n w h i c h was evident was the d e t e r i o r a t i o n of m a n y stones at grade The foundation and basement walls were c o n s t r u c t e d of r u b b l e limestone The grade around m u c h of t h e b u i l d i n g w a s h e l d a few Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori 420 MASONRY: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMS AND REPAIR i n c h e s b e l o w t h e b o t t o m of the first c o u r s e of sandstone However, w h e r e v e r t h e g r a d e d i d c o m e in c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s a n d s t o n e d e l a m i n a t i o n s w e r e observed C a p i l l a r y a c t i o n w i t h i n t h e s t o n e a p p e a r e d to d r a w m o i s t u r e u p as h i g h as 35 c m (14 in) in some areas D e l a m i n a t i o n s o c c u r r e d in b o t h f a c e - s h e l l and p r o p e r l y b e d d e d s t o n e s and a g a i n are b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n c a u s e d by c y c l i c a l f r e e z i n g of t h e s a t u r a t e d stone A s i m i l a r p h e n o m e n a w a s o b s e r v e d at e a c h of t h e e n t r a n c e s to t h e building with the most severe deterioration occurring on the south e n t r a n c e s h o w n in F i g u r e H e r e t h e s t o n e s w e r e d e l a m i n a t e d and d e e p l y e r o d e d as h i g h u p as 107 c m (42 in) f r o m t h e e n t r a n c e f l o o r slab White s t a i n s w e r e o b s e r v e d on t h e s t o n e a l o n g t h e e d g e of t h e d e l a m i n a t i o n s F u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n d e t e r m i n e d t h e s e w e r e salts w h i c h h a d w i c k e d u p w a r d f r o m d e - i c i n g salts t h r o w n o u t o n t o t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b a n d steps Severe d e t e r i o r a t i o n w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d a l o n g e i t h e r side of t h i s e n t r a n c e w h e r e s n o w ( p r e s u m a b l y m i x e d w i t h d e - i c i n g salts) h a d b e e n s h o v e l e d and p i l e d b e h i n d t h e w i n g w a l l s of the e n t r a n c e stairs H o l e s w e r e o b s e r v e d to h a v e e r o d e d in t h e s e areas as d e e p as cm (2-3/4 in) R e s e a r c h of t h e l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e s salts w i t h i n fine g r a i n e d s t o n e s h a v e c a u s e d s i m i l a r p r o b l e m s in t h e p a s t [!] D i s s o l v e d s a l t s i n f i l t r a t e t h e s t o n e and r e c r y s t a l i z e as t h e stone d r i e s out This r e c r y s t a l i z a t i o n o c c u r s in t h e p o r e s of t h e stone u n t i l c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s are f o r m e d e v e n t u a l l y c a u s i n g s u r f a c e d e l a m i n a t i o n s While various poultices and methods have been attempted to remove salts from stone none seem to have consistently performed satisfactorily and s e v e r a l are r e p o r t e d to h a v e c a u s e d f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e stone Fig S e v e r e d e t e r i o r a t i o n of s a n d s t o n e at s o u t h e n t r a n c e Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduc HERGET AND CROOKS ON BEREA SANDSTONE 421 W h i l e the p r e d o m i n a n t form of d e t e r i o r a t i o n o b s e r v e d in the s a n d s t o n e was d e l a m i n a t i o n of the e x t e r i o r s u r f a c e a n o t h e r somewhat p r e v a l e n t c o n d i t i o n o b s e r v e d was cracking The e x t e r i o r w a l l is e s s e n t i a l l y a m o n o l i t h i c c o n s t r u c t i o n of stone and b r i c k on the order of 45 cm (18 in) thick The interior face is p l a s t e r e d and p a i n t e d and serves as the interior r o o m finish W h e n o r i g i n a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d the f a c i l i t y was w i t h o u t air c o n d i t i o n i n g w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of f i r e p l a c e s and steam heat l o c a t e d around the g r o u n d floor The t e m p e r a t u r e of the e x t e r i o r wall was close to that of the o u t s i d e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e and any t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t t h r o u g h the wall t h i c k n e s s was small T y p i c a l of c o n s t r u c t i o n of this time p e r i o d the e x t e r i o r walls w e r e b u i l t w i t h o u t p r o v i s i o n for d i f f e r e n t i a l movements W i t h the i n c o r p o r a t i o n of air c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s to m a i n t a i n the interior t e m p e r a t u r e near 21.1~ (70"F) the wall e x p e r i e n c e d m u c h g r e a t e r thermal g r a d i e n t s and m o v e m e n t s in general T h e r e s u l t has b e e n c r a c k i n g of the e x t e r i o r masonry M a n y of t h e s e cracks occur b o t h in the stone and b r i c k masonry Quite often t h e y are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an open head joint in the stone m a s o n r y and e x t e n d v e r t i c a l l y or s o m e t i m e s d i a g o n a l l y up into the b r i c k masonry M e a s u r e m e n t s i n d i c a t e t h e s e cracks are t y p i c a l l y active, o p e n i n g and c l o s i n g in r e s p o n s e to t e m p e r a t u r e P R E V I O U S MAII~I~ENANCE It a p p e a r s that v e r y little m a i n t e n a n c e has b e e n p e r f o r m e d on the e x t e r i o r of the C o u r t h o u s e to date and that often w h a t was p e r f o r m e d did m o r e h a r m t h a n good U n d o u b t e d l y the two most p r e v a l e n t forms of m a i n t e n a n c e have b e e n c l e a n i n g of the b r i c k and stone and p e r i o d i c tuckpointing C l e a n i n g of the m a s o n r y in the e a r l y 1950's was p e r f o r m e d by light sandblasting W h i l e c o n s i d e r e d " s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t " t e c h n o l o g y in its day such p r a c t i c e is now shunned by the industry S a n d b l a s t i n g the b r i c k d e s t r o y e d the outer p r o t e c t i v e skin and e x p o s e d the m u c h m o r e p o r o u s b o d y of the brick Holes, voids and fissures in the b r i c k w e r e n o w e x p o s e d to the weather This a l l o w e d copious a m o u n t s of w a t e r to i n f i l t r a t e the b r i c k and s u b s e q u e n t l y saturate the stone masonry The effect of s a n d b l a s t i n g on the s a n d s t o n e itself is not k n o w n but p r e s u m a b l y it w o u l d have r e m o v e d any loose m a t e r i a l and e x p o s e d a new layer of stone to the a t m o s p h e r e a c c e l e r a t i n g the d e t e r i o r a t i o n Both the b r i c k and stone m a s o n r y appear to have b e e n t u c k p o i n t e d at least twice d u r i n g the life of the b u i l d i n g as two d i f f e r e n t colors of t u c k p o i n t i n g m o r t a r are evident The t u c k p o i n t e d m o r t a r s are P o r t l a n d Cement b a s e d and m u c h h a r d e r t h a n the original lime mortar W i t h such t h i n m o r t a r joints the t u c k p o i n t i n g m o r t a r has t y p i c a l l y b e e n b u t t e r e d into the e r o d e d joints so that a skim coat of m o r t a r nun (1/8 in) or less in depth was applied This h a r d e r m o r t a r a l o n g the edge of the b r i c k and stone units has r e s u l t e d in c h i p p a g e of some of the m a s o n r y units A n u m b e r of the stone m o r t a r joints have had a t h i n layer of sealant t o o l e d over the e r o d e d mortar In m a n y cases this sealant has failed and p e e l e d b a c k away from the joint w h e r e - s i d e d a d h e s i o n had occurred This does not appear to have a f f e c t e d the stone itself Finally, there are several areas b e n e a t h the 2nd floor w i n d o w sills w h e r e the stone has d e t e r i o r a t e d and e r o d e d to depths up to cm Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au 422 MASONRY:DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMS AND REPAIR (1-1/2 in) A t t e m p t s have b e e n m a d e to repair t h e s e areas w i t h a c e m e n t i t i o u s b a s e d material All of the p a t c h e s have d e t e r i o r a t e d and b e c o m e loose A number of p a t c h e s have a l r e a d y fallen The p a t c h i n g m a t e r i a l a p p e a r s to have t r a p p e d water w i t h i n the stone and a c c e l e r a t e d t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n as the e r o s i o n appears m o r e severe t h a n in similar u n p a t c h e d areas REPAIR R.EC~ATIONS The overall r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n calls for the C o u r t h o u s e g r o u n d s to have walkways, benches and p l a n t i n g s d e s i g n e d to e n c o u r a g e the public to u t i l i z e the space m o r e and get up close to the building To this end a m a j o r t h r u s t of the repair p r o g r a m has been to p r o v i d e as d u r a b l e a facade as p o s s i b l e while m a i n t a i n i n g the o r i g i n a l a e s t h e t i c s of the building E x p e r i e n c e on this and other b u i l d i n g s has shown that repairs must not be m a d e h a s t i l y and must address the c a u s e s rather t h a n the symptoms of the p r o b l e m s o t h e r w i s e the repairs w i l l u l t i m a t e l y b e c o m e p r o b l e m s themselves Thus the second major t h r u s t of the p r o g r a m has b e e n to d e v e l o p a p r o g r a m w h i c h u t i l i z e s p r o v e n m e t h o d s and e m p h a s i z e s long t e r m d u r a b i l i t y so that additional repairs are not n e c e s s a r y w i t h i n the f o r e s e e a b l e future The repair p r o g r a m hinges on the f o l l o w i n g considerations: - - Repair or r e p l a c e all d e t e r i o r a t e d m a t e r i a l s such that loose fragments will not be of danger to the public Implement repairs w h i c h will not e x a c e r b a t e or a c c e l e r a t e d e t e r i o r a t i o n or b e c o m e p r o b l e m s themselves U t i l i z e t e s t e d and p r o v e n repair t e c h n i q u e s s a t i s f a c t o r y l o n g - t e r m performance the w h i c h have shown Since the p r e s e n c e of water in the m a s o n r y is the m a j o r cause of the d e t e r i o r a t i o n repairs should m i n i m i z e the amount of w a t e r w h i c h can i n f i l t r a t e the m a s o n r y walls in the future An e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w of the l i t e r a t u r e was m a d e long b e f o r e the p r e p a r a t i o n of any repair d o c u m e n t s began Books, articles and p a p e r s from around the w o r l d from the late 1800's to the p r e s e n t w e r e r e v i e w e d to d e t e r m i n e what had p r e v i o u s l y been tried and p r o v e n to w o r k in s i m i l a r circumstances O u t s i d e c o n s u l t a n t s were b r o u g h t in to test and o f f e r their e x p e r i e n c e r e g a r d i n g the v a r i o u s p r o b l e m s at hand Samples of the various repairs w h i c h were e v e n t u a l l y d e c i d e d u p o n w e r e i m p l e m e n t e d by an e x p e r i e n c e d m a s o n r y r e s t o r a t i o n c o n t r a c t o r p r i o r to r e l e a s i n g the d o c u m e n t s for bidding This h e l p e d to e n s u r e the p r o p o s e d r e p a i r m e t h o d s w e r e suitable for this b u i l d i n g and that they could be p e r f o r m e d in a r e a s o n a b l e and cost e f f e c t i v e manner The d e l a m i n a t i n g stone proved to be the most d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m to address C o n s o l i d a t i o n m a t e r i a l s and m e t h o d s w e r e r e v i e w e d in detail R e v i e w of the l i t e r a t u r e shows c o n s o l i d a t i o n of s a n d s t o n e s has been a t t e m p t e d since at least the early 1800's [2] T h e general c o n c e r n a p p e a r s to be that they often more harm than good Some of the r e f e r e n c e s c l a i m e d that w h i l e c o n s o l i d a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a p p e a r e d to be Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions HERGET AND CROOKS ON BEREA SANDSTONE 423 s u c c e s s f u l in the short t e r m that over longer p e r i o d s of t i m e the stone c o n t i n u e d to d e l a m i n a t e and the d e l a m i n a t i o n s w e r e d e e p e r and m o r e severe [3] M a n u f a c t u r e r s of c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s w e r e c o n s u l t e d but w e r e u n s u r e h o w d e e p l y the m a t e r i a l c o u l d p e n e t r a t e the stones b e c a u s e of the v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n individual stones and the v a r i e d o r i e n t a t i o n of the b e d d i n g planes Ultimately, w h i l e the latest g e n e r a t i o n of c o n s o l i d a t i o n m a t e r i a l s m a y indeed prove to be u s e f u l for such p r o b l e m s it was d e c i d e d early in the d e s i g n p r o c e s s not to a l l o w this b u i l d i n g to be a "test case." O t h e r s have t r i e d to r e - p i n d e l a m i n a t i n g stone w i t h s t a i n l e s s steel dowels and epoxy As this p a r t i c u l a r stone is d e l a m i n a t i n g in such t h i n layers, down to m m (1/32 in) and less, p r e s s u r e i n j e c t i o n of an e p o x y or other similar m a t e r i a l to r e a d h e r e the d e l a m i n a t i o n s was impossible A trial r e p a i r was m a d e b r i n g i n g in m a s t e r stone c a r v e r s on site to try to r e s h a p e the d e t e r i o r a t e d stone in place The c o n c e p t was to r e m o v e the loose m a t e r i a l b a c k to sound s u b s t r a t e and r e s h a p e it to b l e n d in w i t h the s u r r o u n d i n g work A t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e on v a r i o u s d e g r e e s of d e t e r i o r a t e d stones w i t h o u t success It was found that repair of e v e n small areas of fine d e l a m i n a t i o n s c a u s e d a d j a c e n t "sound" areas to b l i s t e r and delaminate W o r k i n g b a c k and forth across the face of the stone c a u s e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y d e e p e r d e l a m i n a t i o n s R e s h a p i n g was a t t e m p t e d on b o t h f a c e - s h e l l b e d d e d and p r o p e r l y b e d d e d stones w i t h o u t success This was a t t r i b u t e d to the fine c r o s s - g r a i n b e d s p r e s e n t in the stones The r e s h a p i n g concept was u l t i m a t e l y rejected Thus it was d e t e r m i n e d the d e l a m i n a t e d stones could not be "repaired." The d e l a m i n a t i o n s w o u l d c o n t i n u e to p r o g r e s s and c o u l d not e v e n be r e s h a p e d b a c k to sound material P e t r o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d that at least some of the stones c o n t a i n e d i n c i p i e n t d e l a m i n a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e m since the time of c o n s t r u c t i o n m a k i n g the stone e v e n m o r e suspect The d e c i s i o n was m a d e to r e p l a c e the d e f e c t i v e stones With the aid of the c o n d i t i o n survey the stones w e r e p r i o r i t i z e d w i t h r e g a r d to the apparent extent of deterioration This was done v i s u a l l y on a s l i d i n g scale but as shown e a r l i e r m a y not be a c o m p l e t e l y r e l i a b l e i n d i c a t i o n of the d e t e r i o r a t i o n a c t u a l l y o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n e a c h stone The r e p a i r p l a n intends to r e p l a c e as m a n y of t h e d e t e r i o r a t e d stones as the budget will allow c o n c e n t r a t i n g on r e p l a c e m e n t of the m o s t s e v e r e l y d e t e r i o r a t e d stones first M a n y of the stones to be r e p l a c e d are t h i n or r o u g h l y I0 cm (4 in) or less in thickness These will be r e m o v e d c o m p l e t e l y and r e p l a c e d w i t h new stones T h i c k e r p i e c e s m a y be cut b a c k w i t h new p i e c e s d o w e l e d in and e p o x i e d to the r e m a i n i n g stone substrate This allows the c o n t r a c t o r to p e r f o r m the b u l k of the w o r k w i t h o u t c o s t l y u n d e r p i n n i n g or removal and salvage of a d d i t i o n a l sound m a t e r i a l w i t h the s u b s e q u e n t inherent r i s k of damage Samples of new stone will be p h y s i c a l l y t e s t e d and r e q u i r e d to meet A S T M S t a n d a r d S p e c i f i c a t i o n for Q u a r t z - B a s e d D i m e n s i o n Stone (C 616) criteria The stone will also be p e t r o g r a p h i c a l l y e x a m i n e d to e v a l u a t e its p o t e n t i a l durability An a l t e r n a t e has b e e n i n c l u d e d in the contract to r e p l a c e the d e t e r i o r a t e d stones w i t h cast stone but at this point it does not appear to be as cost e f f e c t i v e as new sandstone The e x t e r i o r w y t h e of b r i c k w h i c h was d a m a g e d by s a n d b l a s t i n g will be r e m o v e d and r e p l a c e d w i t h new face brick The o r i g i n a l t h i n m m (1/8 in) w i d e or less m o r t a r joints will be r e p l a c e d w i t h n o m i n a l m m Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduction 424 MASONRY:DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMS AND REPAIR (1/4 in) t h i c k joints This w i l l allow the joints to be filled c o m p l e t e l y w i t h m o r t a r w h i l e a c c o m m o d a t i n g a s l i g h t l y s m a l l e r b r i c k than the o r i g i n a l units The m o r t a r w i l l be t i n t e d s l i g h t l y from the o r i g i n a l w h i t e lime m o r t a r to a e s t h e t i c a l l y d e - e m p h a s i z e the w i d e r joints All new a n c h o r a g e s for both the b r i c k and stone m a s o n r y will be s t a i n l e s s steel New s t a i n l e s s steel f l a s h i n g s w i t h weeps will be i n c o r p o r a t e d to limit the amount of w a t e r w h i c h can i n f i l t r a t e and s a t u r a t e the b r i c k and stone masonry All of the r e m a i n i n g stone m o r t a r joints will be cut out and c a u l k e d to m i n i m i z e water infiltration The joints will be cut out w i t h a hand held g r i n d e r and hammer and chisel w h e r e n e c e s s a r y to m i n i m i z e d a m a g e to the a d j a c e n t stone S e v e r e l y b u l g i n g s t o n e w o r k at the 3rd floor w i n d o w w i l l s will be removed and replaced Minor b u l g e s will simply be reanchored Cracks in the s t o n e w o r k will be cut out and caulked The m a j o r i t y of these cracks appear to be "working" and c a u s e d by d i f f e r e n t i a l t h e r m a l movements The p l i a b l e c a u l k i n g should a l l o w these n a t u r a l " e x p a n s i o n joints" to c o n t i n u e to function All of the r e m a i n i n g stone m a s o n r y will be cleaned The m a s o n r y has b e c o m e soiled w i t h several d i f f e r e n t types of m a t e r i a l s over time A t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t a n t s such as soot and fly ash have d a r k e n e d m o s t of the stone p a r t i c u l a r l y under o v e r h a n g s w h e r e rain action cannot help clean them G r e e n organic m a t e r i a l s are p r e s e n t in areas on the north elevation The tops of all h o r i z o n t a l ledges w e r e c o a t e d in the 1950's w i t h a m a t e r i a l d e s i g n e d to prevent p i g e o n s from roosting This has p r o v e n to be the most d i f f i c u l t material to clean in sample c l e a n i n g areas S a m p l e c l e a n i n g areas have i d e n t i f i e d the o p t i m u m m e t h o d s and m a t e r i a l s to clean the m a s o n r y w i t h o u t d a m a g i n g it further C o n c e n t r a t i o n s of c l e a n i n g m a t e r i a l s and m a x i m u m w a t e r p r e s s u r e s will be c a r e f u l l y m o n i t o r e d t h r o u g h o u t the w o r k to e n s u r e a d d i t i o n a l d a m a g e does not occur S%~MARY The 114 year old H a m i l t o n C o u n t y C o u r t h o u s e is c u r r e n t l y u n d e r g o i n g a m a j o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n effort The w o r k on the e x t e r i o r s a n d s t o n e and b r i c k m a s o n r y will be the most e x t e n s i v e since its construction Improper m a i n t e n a n c e i n c l u d i n g s a n d b l a s t i n g in the early 1950's is a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t o r to the p r e s e n t deterioration The fineg r a i n e d clay bound Berea S a n d s t o n e is d e l a m i n a t i n g on all e l e v a t i o n s of the building The two basic p a t t e r n s of d e t e r i o r a t i o n are b e n e a t h h o r i z o n t a l p r o j e c t i o n s and stones which are i m p r o p e r l y f a c e - s h e l l bedded The p r i m a r y cause of this d e t e r i o r a t i o n is the cyclical freezing of the s a t u r a t e d stone A t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t a n t s and acid rain are also b e l i e v e d to have c o n t r i b u t e d to the d e t e r i o r a t i o n Repair d o c u m e n t s have b e e n g e n e r a t e d and are in the b i d d i n g p h a s e at this time The p r o p o s e d repairs have focused on l i m i t i n g the amount of w a t e r i n f i l t r a t i o n and further d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the masonry An e x t e n s i v e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w and i n v e s t i g a t i o n has b e e n c o m p l e t e d to e n s u r e only t r i e d and p r o v e n m e t h o d s and m a t e r i a l s will be u t i l i z e d so that t h e p r o p o s e d repairs are s u i t a b l e and will not u l t i m a t e l y be the source of a d d i t i o n a l p r o b l e m s in the future Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author HERGET AND CROOKS ON BEREA SANDSTONE 425 RB~ItZN~S [!] Gilder, C B., "Property Owner's Guide to the Maintenance and Repair of Stone Buildings," Technical Series No 5, The Preservation League of New York State, Inc., 1982, p [2_] Schaffer, R J., "The Weathering of Natural Building Stones," SPecial Report No 18, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, 1932, p 83 [3_] Caroe, A~ D R., and Caroe, M B., Stonework: Maintenance a~d Surface Repair , Church House Publishing, London, 1984 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1180-EB/May 1993 Index A John, G W., 197 Jones, W D., 326 Atkinson, R H., 75, 355 B K Barkofsky, P R., 301 Beavers, J E., 91 Bennett, R M., 91 Bremner, T W., 186 Butala, M B., 326 Kaskel, B S., 386 Kelley, P L, 369 Kenney, R J., 22, 397 Klingner, R E., 152 Krauklis, A T., 121 Krogstad, N V., 60, 265 Kudder, R J., 172, 314 Kulakowski, B T., 165 C Chin, D., 277 Chin, I R., Cole, G G., 369 Conway, J T., 105 Crooks, R W., 412 L Lies, K M., 314 Lovatt, J E., 250 D Driscoll, M E., 228, 301 Dubovoy, V S., 152 M McGinley, W M., 213 Melander, J M., 105, 152 F P Fairley, W B., 341 Flanagan, R D., 91 Foltz, S., 32 Petty, L, Piper, R S., 22, 397 G Gates, R E., 228, 277 Ghosh, S K., 152 R Rae, D., 186 Romero, R C., 386 H S Hammons, M I., 75 Hedstrom, E G., 152 Herget, F A., 412 Hoigard, K R., 314 Schuller, M P., 75, 355 Slater, J E., 172 T I Tide, R H R., 60 Trimble, B E., 165 Izenman, A J., 341 427 Copyright 1993 by ASTM Intemational www.astm.org Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 428 MASONRY: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMS AND REPAIR V Wilkins, R D., 197 Wright, B T., 197 Vickers, M A., 240 W Y Weber, R A., 265 Whitlock, A R., 341 Yancey, C W C., 32 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP1180-EB/May 1993 Subject Index A Abrasion index, 165 Absorption, 240 cold water, 165 Admixtures, 277, 355 Argr~eegates,186 ntrainment, 197 Air infiltration, 22 Air leakage, 250 Air pressure, 301, 386 Alkali, ASTM Standards (See also Standards) C 67: 3, 240 C 157:186 C 331:186 C 1072: 121, 152, 213 E 514: 228, 277, 314 E 518:121 E 1105:265 B Barrier walls, 265 Berea sandstone, 412 Bond beams, 32 Bond strength, 197 flexural, 105, 152 C 1072: 121, 152, 213 E 518:121 Bond wrench, 213 testing, 152 Brick, 3, 152, 412 C 67" 3, 240 E 514:314 clay, 165 concrete, 152 masonry, 314 pavers, 165 veneer, 22, 121, 172, 250, 369 Capillary action, 228, 250, 301 Cavity walls, 397 Cement, 3, 105, 197 C 157:186 Cladding, 121 recladding, 369 Clay brick pavers, 165 Clay masonry fired, 341 grouted, 75 Clay tile, 91, 326 C 67: 3, 240 Compressive strength, 105, 165, 197, 240 Concrete C 157:186 block, 32, 277 brick, 152 masonry, 152, 228, 301 C 331:186 grouted, 75 Condensation, 250 Condition assessments, 341 Copings, Corrosion tests, 17 Curtain walls, 121 Cyclic loading, 32 D Darcy's law, 301 Deflection, 397 Deformation, inelastic, 60 Delamination, 397, 412 Dimensional tolerances, 369 Doors, water penetration of E 1105:265 Drainage walls, 265 E Efflorescence, C F Calcium carbonate, Calibration, 213 Flashing, 3, 22, 265, 369 429 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 430 MASONRY: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROBLEMS AND REPAIR Flexural bond strength, 105, 152 C 1072: 121, 152, 213 E 518:121 specimens, 326 Fly ash, 186 Frames, infilled, 91 Freezing, 412 Freeze-thaw testing, 228, 240, 250 Friction, 60 Frost resistance, 240 Modellinjg statisncal, 341 water penetration, 301 Mortar, 3, 91 C 157:186 C 270:105 portland cement-lime, 105, 152, 197 e N, 152, 197 e S, 32, 121, 152, 197 water repellent, 277 :~ G Grout, cementitious, 355 Grouted masonry, 75 H Handling, masonry specimens, 326 Injection foam, 397 grout, 355 Insulation, 22 Interior walls, 386 L Laminar spalling, 240 Lap splice strength, 75 Lateral loads, 386 Leakage tests, 265, 301 E 514: 228, 277 efflorescence potential, Lime, 105, 197 Loads, lateral, 386 M Masonry assemblages, 91 Masonry partition walls, 386 Masonry prisms, 152, 326 Masonry, reinforced, 75 Masonry units, 152, 228, 277, 301, 341 C 270:105 C 331:186 Masonry veneer, 60, 397 Material compatibility, 314 N Nondestructive testing, 326, 341, 355 P Partition walls, 386 Paving, 165 Pendulum tester, 165 Permeability, 3, 22, 165 E 514: 228, 277, 314 E 1105:265 brick, 314 freezing, 412 freeze-thaw testing, 228, 240, 250 modelling of, 301 resistance, 228, 265, 277 tests, water flow rates, 265 urethane foam, 397 Polyurethane, 397 R Resression modelling, 341 Reinforcement bed joint, 32 horizontal, 32 vertical, 32 Reinforcing bars, 75 Relieving angles, 369 Repair, masonry, 355, 412 grout, 355 quantifying, 341 recladding, 369 urethane foam injection, 397 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX 431 U Salts, water-soluble, Sandstone, 412 Screws, 172 Seismic capacity, 91 Shear behavior, 32 Shelf angles, 60 Shims, 60 Shrinkage, 186 Sills, Skid resistance, 165 Skin walls, 265 Spalling, 240, 250, 341 Splice strength, 75 Spray rack, 265 Stability, volume, 186 Standards (See also ASTM Standards), 105, 121 masonry limit states design, 75 specifications, mortar, 105 Uniform Building Code, 105, 213 Statistical modelling, 341 Steel frames, 91 Steel studs, 121, 172 T Thermal bridge, 22 Tile, clay, 91, 326 C 67: 3, 240 Trade coordination, 369 Tube test, 228 Uniform Building Code, 105, 213 Urethane foam, 397 U.S Department of Energy, 91 V Veneer brick, 22, 121, 172, 250 masonry, 60, 397 recladding, 369 Volume stability, 186 W Water penetration, 3, 22, 165 E 514: 228, 277, 314 E 1105:265 brick, 314 freezing, 412 freeze-thaw testing, 228, 240, 250 modelling of, 301 resistance, 228, 265, 277 tests, water flow rates, v265 urethane foam, 397 Wetting, 186, 250 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Sun Dec 27 14:41:40 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized