PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION SYSTEMS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides New Orleans, La., 2-3 Nov 1983 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 875 Thomas M Kaneko, BASF Wyandotte Corporation (retired), and Larry D Spicer, Rhone-Poulenc Chemical Company, editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-875000-48 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103 # Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Libraiy of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pesticide formulations and application systems (ASTM special technical publication; 875) "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-875000-48." Papers presented at the Fourth Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems Includes bibUography and index Pesticides—Congresses Pesticides—AppUcation —Congresses I Kaneko, T M (Thomas M.) II Spicer, Larry D III ASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides IV Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Applications Systems (4th: 1983 : New Orleans, La.) V Series SB950.93.P453 1985 632'.95 85-13390 ISBN 0-8031-0413-8 Copyright © by A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y FOR T E S T I N G AND M A T E R I A L S 1985 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-13390 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Printed in Ann Arbor, Mich September 1985 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz Foreword The Fourth Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, on 2-3 November 1983 ASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides sponsored the event Thomas M Kaneko, BASF Wyandotte Corporation (retired), served as symposium chairman; Larry D Spicer, Rhone-Poulenc Company, served as symposium co-chairman Both men have edited this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Related ASTM Publications Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Third Symposium, STP 828 (1984), 04-828000-48 Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Second Conference, STP 795 (1983), 04-795000-48 Pesticide Tank Mix Applications: First Conference, STP 764 (1982), 04-764000-48 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho ASTM Editorial Staff Allan S Kleinberg Janet R Schroeder Kathleen A Greene Bill Benzing Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction FORMULATIONS Phosphorus-Based Anionic Surface-Active Agents and Their Role in Agrochemical Formulations—G P SHERIDAN Seed Treatment Formulations: Development of a Protocol— c G (BERT) HALLIDAY 15 Evaluation of Factors Affecting Tank Mix Compatibility of Pesticide Combinations—w E BRENNER, L J BROWN, AND I E MACHADO 24 A Method for Emulsion Optimization Through Computerized Regression Analysis—J E LOHR, JR 37 A SmaU-Scale System to Evaluate Anti-Foam Performance— R FRANK AND T L HAZEN 50 APPLICATIONS Initial Studies on the Effects of Droplet Size and Electrostatics on Spray Deposition Efficiencies—F R HALL AND D L REICHARD 61 Efficacy of Insecticides Applied Ultra-Low Volume in Vegetable Oils— R G L U T T R E L L 67 Use of Electrostatics, Rotary Atomizers, and Vegetable Oils in LowVolume Ground Application—L E BODE, B I BUTLER, AND L M WAX 78 Control of Spruce Budworm by Ultra-Low-Volume Application of an Insecticide Suspension—j G SHAFER 88 Injection of Chemicals for Subsurface Drip Irrigated Cotton— s TOLLEFSON Copyright Downloaded/printed University 98 by by of Low-Volume Applications of Roundup® Herbicide—R P SCHNEIDER 105 Evaluation of Plant Growth Regulators—T F ARMSTRONG 109 Effect of Fonnulation and Pressure on Spray Distribution Across the Swath with Hydraulic Nozzles—H R KRUEGER AND D L REICHARD 113 The Laboratory for Pest Control Application Technology (LPCAT): A New Interdisciplinary Approach for Solving a Difficult Problem—F R HALL 122 GRAITOLES Development of Toxic Baits for Control of Imported Fire Ants— W A B A N K S , C S L O F G R E N , A N D D F WILLIAMS 133 Water Dispersible Granule Development Process and Equipment— C A HOLLEY 144 Dry Application of Dry Flowable Formulations—D E GANDRUD AND N L HAUGEN 158 Determination of the Liquid Holding Capacity (LHC) or Sorptivify of Agricultural Carriers—E W SAWYER AND R J PURCELL, JR 167 SUMMARY Summary 185 Index 189 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of STP875-EB/Sep 1985 Introduction The Fourth Sjrmposium on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems was held on 2-3 November 1983 in New Orleans, Louisiana Like the previous three similar symposia (Philadelphia, 1980, ASTM STP 764; Kansas City, 1981, ASTM STP 795; Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, 1982, ASTM STP 828) it was sponsored by ASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides and organized by Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems The goals of this series are as follows: Provide an open forum for presentations, discussions, and state-of-theart review, covering the area of pesticide formulations, application systems, and related topics Allow for exchanges of ideas and discussions of problems confronted by manufacturers, shippers, applicators, and regulatory agencies Include a wide variety of topics in each symposium, such as formulating and testing procedures, container selection, storage stability ^-equipment and application techniques, and their relationships to pest control efficiency Discuss advances in overall techniques to improve the quality and yield of crops The papers in this volume are grouped into three sections: (1) Formulations, (2) Applications, and (3) Granules The five papers in the Formulations section cover the role of anionic surfactants, seed treatment formulations, computerized optimization of emulsions, tank mix compatibility of pesticide combinations, and evaluation of antifoam performance In the Applications section are nine different papers; the subjects discussed include applications of electrostatic spraying using water or vegetable oils as carrier for the pesticide in low-volume and ultra-low-volume applications, chemical injection for subsurface drip irrigation, evaluation of plant growth regulators, and laboratory research techniques for pesticide delivery systems Finally, the Granules section contains a paper each on the topics of carrier-based toxic baits for control of fire ants, development of water dispersible granules, dry application of dryflowables,and sorptivity determination of clay carriers As was done for earlier symposia, the program was designed to appeal to the entire audience, which consisted of people representing industry, academia, applicators, regulatory agencies, and research institutions The enthusiasm and keen interest expressed by the audience led the committee to expand the symposium to cover two full days Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright® 1985 University of ASTM by Washington b y A S l M International Int'l (all www.astm.org (University rights of reserved); Washington) Thu pursuant Dec to SAWYER AND PURCELL ON AGRICULTURAL CARRIERS 177 TABLE 5a—Physical evaluations and wet-end-point sorptivities of 25/50 absorbents Granular Products Georgia Montmorillonite Porter's Creek Montmorillonite 28 26 38 23 135 155 143 163 88 106 135 347 (swelled) Attapulgite Corncobs GRANULAR PRODUCTS (25/50 LVM) Free-fall density, "lb/ft' Van Trump test Sorptivities oil, % water, % GROUND PRODUCTS ASTM oil rub-out (g oil/2.5 g clay) Gardner-Coleman (mL oil/20 g clay) Alpine Screen Analysis -1-100 mesh, % -1-200 mesh, % -1-325 mesh, % "1 lb/ft' 2.1 2.1 1.6 28.1 32.0 19.3 0.1 41.5 64.5 2.0 10.0 42.5 0.2 6.0 38.5 16kg/m\ TABLE b—Sorptivities of various 25/50 granular absorbents— comparison•of dry and wet- end-point test results Dry End-Point Results; LHC Test (g liquid/g absorbent) Water MCB-HAN Wet-end-point results: Van Trump Sorptivities (g of oil/g absorbent X 100) oil, % water, % ASTM oil rub-outs ( — 100 mesh powder) (g oil/2.5 g clay) Gardner-Coleman (— 100 mesh powder) (mL oil/20 g clay) Attapulgite Georgia Montmorillonite Porter's Creek Montmorillonite Corncobs 35/65 36/64 37/63 40/60 22/78 27/73 30/70 10/90 135 155 143 163 88 106 135 347 2.1 2.1 1.6 28.1 32.0 19.3 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 178 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM several exceptions For example, the most sorptive mineral absorbent was the Georgia montraorillonite It showed an MCB-HAN LHC absorption of 40/ 60, higher than any of the others However, it showed an ASTM rub-out end point of 2.1, which is the same as the attapulgite This indicates that some absorbent factor was broken down by the spatula working during the ASTM test The granular corncobs gave even more erratic results—the LHC MCBHAN test results were 10/90, the lowest value of any absorbent, while the Van Trump oil absorption value was 135%, one of the higher values Evidently corncobs absorb at a slow rate and the LHC test involves contacting while the Van Trump test involves 12 to 18 h in absorption time While not within the scope of this paper, other more sophisticated lab and pilot plant tests, such as those listed below [2,8], are available that are more time-consuming and may more accurately predict plant impregnation results: For powdered carriers—a funnel flowability test for preblended dusts and wettable powders One version involves a cam vibrator; a second involves a rotating disk to clear the funnel bottom Pilot plant sized ribbon mixers and blenders are available They can be heated if desired Sizes that can be used to impregnate to 45 kg (5 to 100 lb) of carrier have been used These include small, commercially available mortar and concrete mixers Regardless of which test is used and what equipment is employed, the tester should remember that the objective of any test is to determine the suitability of the absorbent as a carrier for an agricultural formulation when prepared in the formulator's specific plant equipment using the formulator's time schedules Plant production involves the preparation of dry, flowable products when reasonable impregnation and handling times are employed With these objectives in mind, the LHC test or some variation of it appears to be the most feasible lab test Summary and Comments In this paper laboratory-scale sorptivity tests have been described that can be used by agricultural formulators to predict the liquid holding capacity of various absorbents during plant impregnations Tests include one dry-endpoint LHC test run with varied liquid absorbates and a short, scheduled contact time and three wet-end-point tests run with prescribed absorbates and longer, varied contacting times The effect of particle-size distribution of one absorbent (attapulgite) on absorption using various tests is shown Other factors examined are the effect of (1) absorbent heat treatment (RVM versus LVM), (2) absorbent moisture content, (3) absorbent type, (4) temperature of testing, and (5) longer contact times on absorption test end points From the data presented in this paper it was concluded that the dry-end-point LHC test was the most feasible Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori SAWYER AND PURCELL ON AGRICULTURAL CARRIERS 179 Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Gloria J Burkhart, Wolfgang Mehrmann (photographer), and Wayne J Weber for their assistance in preparing this paper APPENDIX I Floridin Company Standard Test Method 115: Van Tramp Absorption Test (developed by Van Tramp Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois) Standard Floridin Absorption Test for Granular Absorbents A TEST CONTAINER The test "thimbles" are cut from 35-mm outside diameter polyacrylate plastic tubing into sections about 45 mm long A wire (loose) is fastened across one end, being bent away from the "thimble" at the center A wire hook is attached to this "handle." A 5-cm (2 in.) square of single-layer gauze cloth (Bodmer's Old Reliable Bolting Cloth or a durable gauze) is glued to the opposite end of the thimble with a thick layer of collodion When dry, cut off excess gauze from edge of tube A line is etched around the tube 10 mm from the gauze end At the end of the test, the thimble and gauze may be washed in light naphtha and dried It is then ready for reuse B ABSORBATES Lube oil—SAE No 10 Penna lube oil—30.4° API gravity Water—tap water c PROCEDURE (Steps 3, and may be omitted if only total absorption capacity is of primary interest.) Weigh tube empty, fill to etched mark on tube with test absorbent, and reweigh to obtain weight of sample Place a small piece of heavy-gage stainless steel screen in a small baking pan [about 18 by 25 cm (7 by 10 in.)] and add the SAE No 10 oil until a film just covers the screen to a maximum depth of 1.58 mm ('/i6 in.) Place the erect tubes on the screen, gauze side down Measure (with a stop watch) the length of time necessary for the oil to be absorbed to the top of the sample (the end point is when the top surface first darkens) Withdraw the tube from the oil pan, drain and weigh The increase in weight is the oil absorbed and defined as "Initial Absorption Capacity" (lAC) Initial weight of oil absorbed % lAC = X 100 Weight of sample Record the time The thimble is again placed in the pan of oil and allowed to stand overnight The next morning it is removed and let drain for 15 It is then tilted and any extraneous drops touched with a Kleenex Reweigh the tube and calculate the "Total Absorption Capacity" (TAC) Final weight of oil absorbed % TAC = X 100 Weight of sample Use the same procedure for water Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori 180 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM APPENDIX II Floridin Co R&D Test Procedure No 105 Liquid Holding Capacity (LHC) for Granular Agricultural Carriers SUMMARY—This test measures g of liquid absorbed/g of granular absorbent where g liquid plus g absorbent = 100 g It consists of contacting a weighed amount of liquid with a weighed amount of granular clay in a 224-g (8 oz) jar, shaking for two minutes, and determining if all of the liquid has been absorbed by observing if any wet granules stick to the side of the bottle If the tested sample is nonadherent and free flowing, the sample is approved and has a liquid holding capacity (LHC) of greater than the ratio used If wet granules adhere to the sides of the bottle, the LHC is less than the amounts used Results are reported as g liquid/g absorbent where the total weight of the liquid plus absorbent equals 100 g REFERENCES—Monsanto Agricultural Division, Standard Analytical Method AQC-133-73 (two pages), 12/7/73, J.M.D EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Eight-ounce (228 g) wide-mouth screw-cap jars (aluminum lined lids or aluminum foil) 50 mL buret, stand and clamp Balance (Mettler, 800-g capacity, weighs to 0.002 g or equivalent) HAN—heavy aromatic naphtha MCB—monochlorobenzene, technical grade Timer 1000-mLgrad cylinders Hydrometer spindles covering the range of 0.900 to 1.200 SAFETY NOTE—Both solvcnts degrease the skin and should be washed off immediately MCB is moderaely toxic by inhalation so the blending and the test should be done in a hood PROCEDURE I Prepare the HAN-MCB organic liquid to achieve a density of 1.0 at 25°C by determining the gravity of the HAN and MCB at 25°C and blending them to obtain a solution with the correct gravity (density) This is done by assuming that volumes are additive and calculating the relative amounts to be usedi from the formula: X HAN density + lOO-A- 100 MCB density 1.0 where X= % HAN and 100-X = % MCB If the density of HAN is 0.933 and the density of MCB is 1.108, the formula becomes: X 0.933 + \OQ-X 100 1.108 1.0 and X = 57.71% (HAN) by weight 100-X = 42.29% (MCB) by weight Therefore to make up about L, mix 577.1 g of HAN with 422.9 g of MCB This mixture is made and the gravity is determined with a hydrometer If the desired density of 1.00 at 25°C is not obtained, add small portions of HAN if the density is over 1.00 or small portions of MCB if the density is less than 1.00 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SAWYER AND PURCELL ON AGRICULTURAL CARRIERS 181 II Determine the free moisture (FM) of the absorbent prior to running the LHC As the FM increases, the LHC decreases (LVM absorbent samples tend to pick up moisture from the air when held for long periods They can be redried if they have a high FM prior to testing.) III From a buret, add 32 mL of the above liquid to a vi^eighed 228-g (8 oz) jar for testing 25/50 LVM attapulgite Initially, reweigh to check that 32 g of liquid has been added After the accuracy of the buret delivery has been established, volumetric additions will be satisfactory with an occasional weighing as a check Weigh 68 g of clay (split from the sample), add to the jar, cap, and shake for Observe for the following: Worst Condition—The granules are entirely wet Wet granules coat the walls of the jar This sample has failed badly and has low sorptivity The sample does not pass the test and the test should be retried with lower amounts of liquid and higher amounts of absorbent (30/70, 28/72, 25/75, etc.) Poor Condition—The granules are all wet and a few adhere to the walls of the jar The results are borderline and the test should be rerun by weighing the liquid If reruns give the same results, the sample has failed to pass the test The tests should be rerun with slightly less liquid and slightly more absorbent (31/69 or 30/70) Passing Condition—Most of the granules are wet, but a few are dry and none adhere to the walls of the jar This sample passes the test Salt to Pepper—A fairly large number of granules are not wet and none adhere to the jar walls This results in a salt-and-pepper appearance It is indicative of samples with good sorptivities (32/68) This sample passes the test with considerable leeway To reach an end point, higher amounts of liquid and lower amounts of absorbent can be tried (33/67, 35/65, etc.) With 25/50 LVM attapulgite these tests are run at the 32% liquid level and establish a pass (Conditions or 4) or fail (Conditions and 2) situation Any sample fails if granules adhere to the jar To establish the total sorptivity or liquid holding capacity, refer to Monsanto's Standard Analytical Method AQC-133-73 IV Other comments on this test are: Temperature is not too important but the tests should be run at as close to 25°C as possible Care should be taken to run the test on a representative sample After adding the clay to the jar containing the liquid, the mixture is much wetter on the bottom To expedite the transfer of liquid from the overwet granules to the dry granules, tap the side of the bottom of the jar on the palm a few times during the two-minute shaking period (to loosen the caked granules on the bottom) The test can be run with water if LVM (nonslaking) absorbents are being tested Other liquids can be used also If such is the case, a density factor must be used to convert liquid volumes to grams (cm^ X density = g) and the absorbent weight adjusted so that g liquid + g absorbent = 100 g To simulate a two-stage plant impregnation, the impregnated sample of ni-3 can be dried and retested with the desired amount of liquid Liquids used can be solutions of toxicant compounds or solutions of other, less risky solutes Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize 182 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM References [/] Sawyer, E W., "Introduction to Granular Carriers, Granular Pesticide Formulations and Processing" in Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Second Conference, ASTM STP 795, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1983 [2] Van Valkenburg, W., Pesticide Formulations, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1973 [J] ASTM Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Spatula Rub-Out (D 281-31), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1980 [4] Gardner, H E and Coleman, R E., "Oil Absorption of Pigments." Gardner-Coleman Oil Absorption Test, Oil and Color Chemical Association Scientific Section Circular No 85, 1920 See also Gardner and Sward, "Physical and Chemical Examination of Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers and Colors," No 12, Gardner Laboratories, 1962, and ASTM Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Gardner-Coleman Method D 1483-60 (Reapproved 1979) [5] Van Trump Absorption Test, developed by Van Trump Laboratories, Chicago, Floridin Standard Test Method 115, 1972 [6] Monsanto Agriculture Division Standard Analytical Method AOC133-73, Dec 7, 1973 [7] Grim, R E Clay Mineralogy, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968 [S\ McKay, R C , Pesticide Solid Diluents and Carriers, Cite Publications, Middleport, NY, 1979 (Standard Method No 4252, Engelhard Minerals and Chemicals Corp.) [9] Oulton, T D., "Absorbents and Adsorbents," Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, Vol 4, Wiley, New York, 1967 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho Summary Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP875-EB/Sep 1985 Summary During his address as incoming president for 1984 at the Annual Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America, Dr C G McWhorter stated that in 1983 the total cost attributable to noxious weeds that affected production of food and fiber crops amounted to 20.0 billion dollars The breakdown of this sum was 3.1 billion for herbicides, 4.1 bilHon for tillage, and 12.8 billion for losses in crop yields Since Dr McWhorter's audience consisted largely of those interested specifically in weed science, it is understandable that he omitted mentioning the tremendous costs attributable to other pests such as insects and fungi Nevertheless, in spite of these staggering costs, the American agricultural industry has achieved production of such huge surpluses of crops year after year that food exports have contributed significantly to keeping our foreign trade imbalance from getting completely out of hand These surpluses also maintain our enviable image of benevolent supplier of food to needy countries throughout the world Much of this success is due not only to our fortunate abundance of land and raw materials but also to the skill and efforts of the entire agricultural community Researchers in industry, academia, and government have increased crop yield and improved quality by maximizing pesticide efficacy and improving techniques and equipment for pesticide application The widespread activity in these efforts is reflected by the papers in this volume This ASTM Special Technical Publication groups the papers of the Fourth Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems into three categories: (1) Formulations, (2) Applications, and (3) Granules The following sections summarize the papers from each of the three groups Formulations Widely different aspects of pesticide formulation and evaluation technology are covered in the first group of papers Sheridan explains how the choice of phosphorylating agent affects the composition, properties, and performances of the resulting phosphated nonionic surfactant He shows that phosphate esters prepared using phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) are suited as emulsifiers and dispersants for emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and suspension concentrates, which are otherwise known as liquid flowables, while those prepared using tetraphosphoric acid are particularly suited as compatibility agents and stabilizers for pesticide-fertilizer mixtures The his185 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all Downloaded/printed by Copyright" 1985 b y A S l M International www.astm.org University of Washington (University rights of reserved); Washington) Thu pursuant Dec 31 to 186 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM toric background of developments in seed treatment formulations and equipment is presented by Halliday He lists the overall characteristics of a desirable formulation and describes evaluation methods for its chemical, physical, and biological properties Tank mix compatibility testings were studied by Brenner et al by applying regression analysis to construct a model for predicting success or failure of planned experiments for the laboratory evaluation of mixes of two formulations each of a liquid flowable and an emulsifiable concentrate Extensive work was performed in systematizing and studying the results of numerous complex interactions The authors are candid in their concluding remarks: "The farmer/user, by means of a simple jar test, can make as good or better an assessment of this [compatibility] as a well-equipped laboratory To deduce that failure is unlikely under field conditions requires what is, most probably, an uneconomical level of effort to cover the possible interactions." A much less complex system, without the many interactions of independent variables confronted in the preceding paper, was chosen by Lohr He succeeded in modelling a situation, by use of computer regression analysis, to predict experimental outcome in the evaluation of the stabilities of emulsions produced at various dilution ratios and water hardnesses His method for emulsion optimization is limited to the use of one anionic and two nonionic surfactants, with xylene as the oil component Frank et al describe a smallscale laboratory apparatus for evaluating potential defoamers for pesticides, using an emulsifiable concentrate and three [liquid] flowables as examples Their simplified laboratory system is described as allowing easy and efficient comparative evaluations of defoamers and defoamer behavior under realistic conditions Applications Of the nine papers covered in the second section, seven deal with the evaluation of spraying techniques and/or low and ultra low volume (ULV) applications employing oil carriers, one with subsurface drip irrigation, and one with evaluation of plant growth regulators Hall and Reichard describe a highspeed photographic technique for studying the effects of such factors as droplet size and velocity, electrostatic charge, and type and concentration of surfactant upon the rebound of spray droplets from various types of leaves The authors use the data obtained by these studies to improve the deposition efficiency of sprays In field studies, to determine the efficacy of insecticides applied as ULV vegetable oil sprays, Luttrell obtained results showing that such sprays are just as efficacious as standard volume-water sprays in terms of controlling major cotton insects Bode et al explain the potential of low volume application of pesticides using vegetable oils as carriers, citing the development of practical rotary atomizers and electrostatic sprayers that made such techniques economically feasi- Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized SUMMARY 187 ble Their studies included the effects of viscosity of pesticide/vegetable oil mixtures over a wide range of temperatures upon spray patterns of several nozzle types Concerning the control of the spruce budworm, Shafer describes the development of Matacil flowable, an aminocarb insecticide that is dilutable with either oil or water, for satisfying a variety of use conditions, including ULV spraying from aircraft Test results for suspension and resuspension of flowable dilutions as well as for environmental impact and biological efficacy are given The application of systemic insecticides and fungicides, N-P-K fertilizers, and chelated micronutrients by injection into drip irrigation systems is described by Tollefson The necessary equipment for proper filtering and flow control is discussed A system for maintaining clean drip emitters and for decreasing the accumulation of salts at the surface of the irrigated soil is also described Schneider explains the low-volume application of Roundup, an aqueous solution of glyphosate herbicide, in field tests using several types of spray equipment and nozzles He shows how herbicide cost per acre is reduced for the farmer, while maintaining optimum weed control Evaluation of plant growth regulators, such as plant growth retardants (PGR), for various turfgrasses is described by Armstrong As the result of this investigation, he recommended that uniform standards be developed by PGR researchers to allow faster data analysis and more efficient decision making Krueger and Reichard reported their studies of the effects of distribution across the spray swath upon the effectiveness of the applied pesticide, using various types of hydraulic atomizing nozzles for water and emulsions at different pressures The authors also studied the effects of composition of spray mixture, type of nozzle, and operating pressure upon the optimum distances between nozzles A new interdisciplinary approach for solving problems involving pesticide application is described by Hall He outlines a methodology for investigating pesticide delivery, target impingement, and efficacy with the purpose of effecting optimization of pesticide usage Granules The four papers dealing with granules are grouped in this section to emphasize the rapidly growing interest of formulators and applicators in granule technology Banks et al report that of more than 4400 chemicals tested for control of field populations of fire ants, only three primary toxicants demonstrated promise Most of their latest studies show Amdro fire ant bait and Prodrone insect growth regulator, solubilized in soybean oil and absorbed onto a granular carrier such as Pregel (defatted corn grit), as giving effective fire ant control Described by Holley is the process development and required equipment for agglomerating pesticide formulations into water dispersible granules Details of operating the suggested equipment are also given Gandrud and Haugen describe field evaluations of the dry application of Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions autho 188 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM dry flowable formulations in low volume use of various herbicide granular products Rates as low as a fifth of a pound per acre can be metered and distributed uniformly by using a new metering and distribution system The paper by Sawyer andPurcell explains test results of several methods for determining liquid holding capacity (LHC) or sorptivity of a number of powdered and granular carriers used in making pesticide granules The effects of absorbent type, particle size distribution, heat treatment, moisture content, temperature of testing, and contact time are shown The authors conclude that the dry end point LHC test method is the most feasible Thomas M Kaneko Research Associate (retired from BASF Wyandotte Corp.), Trenton, MI 48183; symposium chairman and editor Larry D Spicer Manager, Formulations, Rhone-Poulenc Chemical Co., Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852; symposium co-chairman and editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz STP875-EB/Sep 1985 Index D Agricultural carriers Attapulgite clays for, 173 Corncobs for, 177 Laboratory absorptivity tests for, 169, 170, 179-181 Low volatile material, grades of, 171 Montmorillonite clays for, 177 Regular volatile material, grades of, 171 Alkyl acid phosphates, Anti-foam performance Evaluation parameters for, 54 Laboratory testing apparatus for, 51 Packaging/transfer testing for, 53 Armstrong, T R , 109-112 ASTM Standard D 3601, 51 B Banks, W A., 133-143 Bode, L E., 78-87 Brenner, W E., 23-36 Brown, L 1,23-36 Butler, B J., 78-87 Compatibility agents, 13, 135 Co-pesticide ratio, 25 Com crops Injury by herbicides to, 162 Weed control in, 161-162 Defoamers Evaluation of, 56 Influence on flowables by, 55 Diazinon4E, 117-118 Dose targeting of pesticides, 127-130 Drip irrigation of cotton crops Above-ground method of, 99 Equipment used for, 99-100 Pesticides used in, 101-102 Plant nutrients used in, 101 Subsurface method of, 99 Water-soil amendments used in, 103-104 Dry application of herbicides Dry flowables for, 158-166 Pneumatic applicators for, 158 E Emulsifiable concentrates, 25 Emulsion Oil phase of, 37, 39 Separation of, 42 Stability of, 38 Top creaming of, 37, 43 Flowables, 25, 55-57 Foaming Testing apparatus for, 51 Test procedures for, 51 Volume calculation of, 53 Foxtail control, 82-86 Frank, Rudolph, 50-58 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec189 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by www.astm.org Copyright 1985 b y A S l M International University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 190 PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS: FOURTH SYMPOSIUM M Gandrud, D E., 158-166 Glyphosphate herbicide Efficacy in reducing tillage by, 106-108 Field trials of, 106 Granular pesticides Applicator for dry application of, 158 Carriers for, 135-142, 168-169 Herbicides of, 158-166 Insecticides of, 135-142 Low volume uses of, 158-166 H Hall, F R., 61-66, 122-130 Halliday, C G (Bert), 15-22 Haugen, N L., 158-166 Hazen, J L.,50-58 HLB of nonionic surfactants, 41 HoUey, C A., 144-157 I Insecticides applied ULV Bioassay studies of, 75 Efficacy of, 73 Field studies on cotton of, 71 Residue analyses of, 70 Standard-volume water sprays of, 70,72 Synthetic pyrethoids used in, 68, 72 Vegetable oils used in, 67, 70, 72 K Kaneko, T M., editor, 1-2, 185-188 Krueger, H R., 113-121 Lofgren, C S., 133-143 Lohr, I E , Jr., 37-49 Luttrell, R G., 67-77 Machado, I E., 23-36 Malathion formulations, 11 N Nonionic surfactants Ethoxylated types of, 11 Hydrophile-lipophile balance of, 41 Phosphated types of, Ratios of, 42 O Optimization of emulsion formulations, 38-40 Orthophosphoric acid, Pesticide delivery improvement Evaluation of intermittent sprayer for, 124 Multidisciplinary research team for, 123-124 Phosphorylating agents Phosphorous pentoxide, 5, Tetraphosphoric acid, 5, Plant growth regulators Efficacy of, 110,112 Evaluation parameters of, 110 Pneumatic applicator for dry flowable formulations, 159 Polyphosphoric acid, Purcell, R J., Jr., 167-182 R Red imported fire ant, 135-142 Reichard, D L., 61-66, 113-121 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions author INDEX Sawyer, E W., 167-182 Schneider, R P., 105-108 Seed treatment Biological evaluation of, 20 Desirable properties of, 16 Equipment for, 17 Pesticides for, 15, 16 Protocol for formulations of, 19 Shafer, J G.,88-97 Sheridan, G P., 5-14 Soybeans Crop injury to, 159-160 Weed control in, 160-161 Spicer, L D., editor, 1-2, 185-188 Spray deposition Biological effects of, 61 Deposit formation by, 62 Efficiencies in, 61-66 Physicochemical properties of, 62 Spray distribution Nozzle effects on, 114-116 Pressure effects on, 114-116 Spray droplets Electrostatic generator for, 62 Impaction on cabbage leaves by, 64-65 Velocities of, 64 Rebound from cabbage leaves of, 65 Spruce budworm control Aminocarb insecticide for, 88 Laboratory and aerial spraying for, 89-97 Surfactants Alkyl acid phosphate types of, Foaming properties of, 9, 10 Hydrophile-lipophile balance of nonionic types of, 41 Hydrotroping properties of, 8, 10 Nonionic alkoxylate types of, Solubilities of, Suspension concentrates, 11 191 Tank mix compatibility Analysis of data for, 27-36 Laboratory test procedures for, 2426 Mixing order effects on, 24, 29-32 Tollefson, Scott, 98-104 Toxic bait for red imported fire ants, 134, 140 U Ultra-low-volume application of pesticides Foxtail control by, 82-85 Velvetleaf and pigweed control by, 84-86 Velocities of droplets, 64 Viscosities, 38, 79, 80, 92 W Water dispersible granules Agglomerators for, 145-152 Dryers for, 152-153 Problems in production of, 145 System design for, 153-157 Wax, L M., 78-87 Williams, D F., 133-143 Xylene, 37, 118-119 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 18:05:31 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authoriz