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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT THE VIET NAM INSTITUTE OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING NGUYEN THANH THUY RESEARCH TO ESTABLISH THE SCIENTIFIC BASE FOR ZONING[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING - MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT THE VIET NAM INSTITUTE OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING NGUYEN THANH THUY RESEARCH TO ESTABLISH THE SCIENTIFIC BASE FOR ZONING AND PRIORITIZING WETLAND ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION AND RESTORATION BASED ON LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES MAJOR: SURVEYING AND MAPPING ENGINEERING CODE: 9.52.05.03 SUMMARY OF PH.D THESIS Hanoi, 2023 This work was completed at the Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, The Viet Nam Institute of Surveying and Mapping Scientific supervisors: Dr Le Anh Dung Assoc.Prof.Dr Tran Quoc Binh Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis will be defended at the Institute level evaluation Committee of The Viet Nam Institute of Surveying and Mapping on hour day month .2023 The thesis can be found at the library: National Library, Hanoi Or the Library of The Viet Nam Institute of Surveying and Mapping PREAMBLE In Vietnam, a large area of land is occupied by wetlands, which play an essential role in developing ecosystems, protecting the environment, and mainly conserving biodiversity Wetlands provide valuable ecological services with high economic value and meet various social values such as spiritual, aesthetic, and scientific research However, over time, the biodiversity and functions of many wetland ecosystems have been severely degraded, mainly caused by socio-economic development activities Given this situation, it is essential to conduct fundamental research, evaluate the current environmental status and biodiversity, map degraded wetland ecosystems, propose conservation solutions, and restore and sustainably use biological resources Currently, no documents text regulates the establishment of maps for ecosystems, specifically for wetland ecosystems Previous research papers and mapping projects of Vietnam's wetland classification have mainly relied on water and vegetation cover These have not indicated the characteristics of basic conditions for forming ecosystems in wetland areas, such as solid foundation factors, origins, soil conditions, height, climate, hydrology, and marine biology On the other hand, the approach to ecological landscape has been studied and applied in many countries and Vietnam in various projects Some preliminary studies have been conducted for specific wetland ecosystems Therefore, applying landscape analysis knowledge to determine the boundaries of wetland ecosystems is also an approach that needs to be researched In addition, it is necessary to study and determine areas that need to conserve nature and biodiversity, establish criteria, and identify a list of important national projects, priority projects for environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation, and propose a prioritization order for implementation under current legislation However, there are no specific regulations on evaluation criteria and rankings for wetland ecosystems that need priority protection and restoration Multiple-criteria evaluation is a widely applied method in decision-making problems However, individual evaluation methods still have some limitations that must be overcome Therefore, combining multiple-criteria analysis methods is a suitable approach to prioritize wetland ecosystems for conservation and restoration The study was conducted in the flood-prone Dong Thap Muoi area, where the last remaining typical ecosystem of reeds and flooded forests This area is one of the ecosystems with a relatively sizeable flooded area and high biological diversity in Vietnam, the habitat of many endangered and rare species on the list of protected species Currently, the area faces many challenges, such as forest fires, the invasion of alien species, agricultural production activities, aquaculture, industrial development, human tourism, and climate change Therefore, it is necessary to conduct the research "Research to establish the scientific basis for zoning and prioritizing the wetland ecosystems protection and restoration based on landscape ecology, application of remote sensing and GIS technologies." This thesis proposes the scientific basis and process for creating a wetland ecosystems protection and restoration priority zoning map 1.1 The targets of the thesis The target is to establish the scientific basis for priority zoning for protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems based on landscape approach, application of remote sensing, and GIS technologies 1.2 Object and scope of the study 1.2.1 Research objects The main research object of the thesis is wetland ecosystems (components and influencing factors) 1.2.2 Research scope Scientific scopes are wetland ecology in general (coastal, inland), remote sensing, and GIS technologies in wetland ecosystems (WES) research Spatial scope: typical inland wetland ecosystems of 08 wetland areas in Dong Thap Muoi are: 1) Tram Chim National Park; 2) Lang Sen Wetland Reserve; 3) Dong Thap Muoi Ecological Reserve; 4) Xeo Quyt relic site; 5) Gao Giong eco-tourism area; 6) Dong Thap Muoi Medicinal Plant Reserve; 7) Tan Lap floating village; 8) Dong Sen Go Thap Ecological Area Time range: period 2010-2018 1.3 Research Methods - Methods of collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing documents: used to collect and synthesize natural, socio-economic, and environmental conditions and pressures acting on wetlands, synthesize, process, and convert the value of ecosystem services in tourism at different times in 2018 - Interview method: conduct in-depth interviews with local people, officials and managers, and environmental and biodiversity experts to determine assessment objectives and criteria for the study area protection and restoration priority for related parties; verify ranking results and create maps - Comparative method: used to compare the results with the field to check and identify landscape types, classification results, and information on vegetation cover and wetland types - Multi-criteria analysis method: used to determine the weights of the criteria in the AHP method and evaluate and rank the priority orders of protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems by the TOPSIS method - Expert method: used to consult experts through in-depth interviews and seminars to determine priority objectives and evaluation criteria; determine the importance of the criteria according to the pair of comparisons through the questionnaire - GIS-based spatial analysis method: used to standardize layers of information on geology, geomorphology, topographic elevation, hydrology, overlapping land use, analysis and processing to create a map of wetland ecosystems water; assigning information on flora and fauna, ecosystem service value, analyzing and processing information on water environment quality; establishment of distance raster layers to assess pressures on tourism and leisure services; extract fires (hotspot); extraction of saltwater intrusion data - Remote sensing method: used to process and crop satellite images; extract information of vegetation cover change, cover correction, land use, wetlands - Map method: used to establish wetland ecosystems restoration and protection priority map 1.4 New points of the thesis - Propose a set of criteria to determine priority and a combined multi-criteria assessment method AHP-TOPSIS to rank the priority of protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems - Propose the process of applying landscape theory, remote sensing technology, GIS, and multi-criteria assessment to zone and prioritize protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems - Having determined with a scientific basis the distribution of 03 natural and 04 artificial wetland ecosystems, selected 11 protection criteria and 03 restoration criteria to evaluate the priority; the assessment takes into account weighting and ranks the priority of protection and restoration for 08 areas in Dong Thap Muoi, shown on maps at scale 1:100,000 1.5 Defensive arguments Landscape ecology, remote sensing, and GIS technologies efficiently build, process, analyze and spatialize input spatial data to define boundaries and zone and prioritize protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems - The proposed set of criteria and the combined method of AHPTOPSIS allow the evaluation and prioritization of the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems reliably 1.6 Scientific and practical significance 1.6.1 Scientific significance - Establishing a scientific basis and proposing the priority zones mapping process for protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems using remote sensing, GIS technologies, and landscape analysis - Contributing to perfecting the criteria for assessing and identifying wetland ecosystems that must be prioritized for protection and restoration - Proposing applying the AHP-TOPSIS hybrid method to determine the priority order of protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems to combine the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses of these two methods 1.6.2 Practical significance - Contributing to the completion of legal regulations on the identification of wetland ecosystems that need to be prioritized for protection and restoration based on a set of criteria for determining the level of biodiversity, functions (services ecology), pressure, and status of wetland ecosystems in Vietnam accurately and quickly - The products of the thesis on Dong Thap Muoi contribute to the basis for decision-making in policy-making, resource planning, and the environment related to wetland ecosystems CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES The Ph.D student researched and gave an overview of wetland ecosystems, landscape zoning, and priority zoning for WES protection The Ph.D student also learns about the research and application of remote sensing and GIS technologies, landscape analysis related to priority zoning for the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems, studies to identify a set of criteria to evaluate the priority level of protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems; regulations and legal documents related to the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems; spatial methods and information quantification, priority ranking in Vietnam and the world In addition, it delves deeply into the functions, values, and challenges of the current WES in Vietnam and explores studies related to the Dong Thap Muoi wetland test area From the review studies, the following conclusions can be drawn: - The landscape can be clearly defined, stable, and homogeneous, providing a theoretical basis for studying ecosystem management and serving the goal of biodiversity conservation; wetland ecosystems not have a straightforward methodology to define the boundaries Therefore, approaching the landscape to determine the ecosystem boundary is an issue that needs to be studied [9], [45], [66] - To prioritize the protection and restoration of wetland ecosystems, it is necessary to identify the values of ecosystem services, the influencing factors causing the risk, their state of health, and the degree of their deterioration Remote sensing and GIS technologies have been applied to establish landscape composition maps and ecological maps and identify several criteria for assessing ecosystem status and risk pressures on the ecosystem There has been no regulation or adequate research on applying remote sensing technology, GIS, and landscape to zone and priority protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems - Existing research works are still fragmented and not fully systematic regarding objectives, criteria, indicators, indices, and methods of determining priority levels for protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems - The application of multi-criteria analysis methods in solving spatial decision-making problems has been widely applied in many fields, but these methods still have certain limitations Many methods of quantification and spatial analysis of attribute and qualitative information have been applied in many fields, especially in natural resources and environments However, there have not been comprehensive studies in quantifying and ranking the priority of protecting and restoring wetland ecosystems CHAPTER ESTABLISHING THE SCIENTIFIC BASE FOR ZONING AND PRIORITIZING WETLAND ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION AND RESTORATION BASED ON LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES 2.1 The process of applying landscape analysis, remote sensing, GIS technologies, and multi-criteria assessment of zoning and prioritizing the wetland ecosystems protection and restoration COLLECTING DATA, DOCUMENTATION, FIELD INVESTIGATION GIS AND REMOTE SENSING DEFINE WETLAND ECOSYSTEM'S PROTECTION, RESTORATION PRIORITY TARGETS CREATE THE CRITERIA LAYERS DEFINE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF WETLAND ECOSYSTEM'S PROTECTION, RESTORATION PRIORITY TARGETS CREATE WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS LAYER CREATE INTEGRATED LAYER EXPORT INTEGRATED DATA CR 0,1 ESTABLISH PAIRWISE COMPARISION MATRIX DEFINE DECISION MATRIX CALCULATE THE WEIGHT OF ALL CRITERIA NORMALIZED DECISION MATRIX CALCULATE THE CONSISTENCY RATIO (CR) CR